马铃薯/燕麦间作对马铃薯光合特性与产量的影响

在宁夏南部山区,通过田间小区试验,以单作马铃薯为对照,研究了4种马铃薯燕麦间作行数比[2∶2(P₂O₂)、2∶4(P₂O₄)、4∶2(P₄O₂)、4∶4(P₄O₄)]对马铃薯光合特性与产量的影响。结果表明,开花期,间作马铃薯的叶面积指数(LAI)、比叶重(SLW)显著下降,随着第1茬燕麦的收获,间作马铃薯能获得更多的光照和更广阔的生长空间,良好的通风透光条件使SLW有一定程度的回升;成熟期间作LAI高于单作。整个生育期P₄O₄处理的LAI和叶绿素总含量(Chla+Chlb)显著高于其他间作处理。在开花期,与单作相比,间作马铃薯叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)显著降低,胞间 CO₂浓度(C_i)显著提高;成熟期,光合指标的变化趋势与开花期相反。与单作相比,间作马铃薯由于增加了单株块茎重、单株商品薯重,减少了小薯个数,而使产量显著增加,P₄O₄产量最高。马铃薯/燕麦间作具有一定的间作优势,各间作处理经济产量土地当量比(LER)均大于1,其中P₄O₂的土地当量比最大,为1.22;其次为P₄O₄处理。在马铃薯/燕麦间作生产中适当增加马铃薯行数或减少燕麦行数有利于增加间作优势,在生产中宜采用马铃薯与燕麦间作行数比为4∶2、4∶4的间作模式。     

苜蓿+玉米间作系统产量表现及其种间竞争力的评定

本试验目的在于探讨不同苜蓿+玉米间作模式下种间竞争力变化,及其对间作系统产量建成的影响。试验设苜蓿、玉米行数比分别为2∶2,3∶2,4∶2,5∶2四个间作处理,每处理3个重复,其所占间作面积比分别为33％∶67％,43％∶57％,50%∶50%,55%∶45%,玉米、苜蓿单作为对照组。测定各处理干物质产量,采用土地当量比(LER)、侵占力(Aam)、相对拥挤系数(RCC)等指标来评定不同间作处理系统内的作物竞争力。结果表明,在苜蓿+玉米间作系统第1年生产中,苜蓿竞争力大于玉米,所有间作处理总产量和经济产出均低于单作玉米,高于单作苜蓿,各间作处理相比以5∶2间作模式生产性能最佳。在第2年生产中,苜蓿进入高产期,始终占据间作系统的优势生态位,所有间作处理生物总产量都不低于单作玉米和单作苜蓿,经济产出均大于单作苜蓿和单作玉米,5∶2间作模式表现出最佳的生产优势。     

施氮对胡麻／大豆间作体系作物间作优势及种间关系的影响

农业生产中氮是最大的土壤养分资源,影响间作体系的生产力优势,然而,氮对作为北方旱作农业的新型间作模式的胡麻/大豆间作体系的影响机理并不清楚。本研究通过田间试验,探讨了不同施氮水平(0,75,150kg/hm2)对胡麻/大豆间作体系的间作优势特征、种间关系和间作产量的影响。结果表明,胡麻/大豆间作体系表现出明显的种间优势,胡麻/大豆间作的生物量和产量的土地当量比(LER)值均大于1,且随施氮量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,在N1(75kg/hm2)下均达到最大,分别为1.25和1.30。胡麻的种间竞争能力在N0(0kg/hm2)和N1(75kg/hm2)下强于大豆(Ao0,CRo1),在N2(150kg/hm2)下弱于大豆(Ao0,CRo1)。胡麻/大豆间作体系的籽粒产量和生物学产量在N1下均达到最大,分别为2440.5kg/hm2和7594.3kg/hm2。说明胡麻/大豆间作体系在N1(75kg/hm2)下最利于胡麻大豆协调增产。     

三种豆科作物与玉米间作对玉米生产力和种间竞争的影响

合理的种间配置是间作系统中作物获取高产,种间相互作用发挥优势的关键。本研究设置蚕豆/玉米(M/F)、大豆/玉米(M/S)和豌豆/玉米(M/P) 3种豆科作物与玉米间作模式,以及相应单作种植,通过测定单间作条件下作物产量、生物量,明确3种豆科作物与玉米间作对间作玉米生产力和间作作物种间资源竞争力的影响。结果表明,3种间作模式均具有间作优势,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,两年平均土地当量比分别为1.38 (M/F)、1.19 (M/S)、1.26 (M/P);两年结果均是M/S中玉米产量最高,至收获期,与大豆间作的玉米产量可达单作玉米产量的93.6% (2017)和71.2% (2018);M/S中玉米的穗粒数显著高于M/F和M/P中;地上部生物量及采样期平均生长速率均表现为M/S>M/P>M/F;共生期内大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力(A_sm)随共生期推进逐渐降低,而蚕豆相对于玉米的竞争力(A_fm)和豌豆相对于玉米的竞争力(A_pm)逐渐升高;玉米单独生长时期3种间作模式玉米的补偿效应(CE)无显著差异,各间作模式两年平均CE值均小于1;因此,在本试验条件下,甘肃河西走廊灌区玉米与大豆间作是保证间作玉米稳产的有效措施。     

三种豆科作物与玉米间作对玉米生产力和种间竞争的影响

合理的种间配置是间作系统中作物获取高产,种间相互作用发挥优势的关键。本研究设置蚕豆/玉米(M/F)、大豆/玉米(M/S)和豌豆/玉米(M/P) 3种豆科作物与玉米间作模式,以及相应单作种植,通过测定单间作条件下作物产量、生物量,明确3种豆科作物与玉米间作对间作玉米生产力和间作作物种间资源竞争力的影响。结果表明,3种间作模式均具有间作优势,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,两年平均土地当量比分别为1.38 (M/F)、1.19 (M/S)、1.26 (M/P);两年结果均是M/S中玉米产量最高,至收获期,与大豆间作的玉米产量可达单作玉米产量的93.6%(2017)和71.2%(2018);M/S中玉米的穗粒数显著高于M/F和M/P中;地上部生物量及采样期平均生长速率均表现为M/SM/PM/F;共生期内大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力(A_(sm))随共生期推进逐渐降低,而蚕豆相对于玉米的竞争力(A_(fm))和豌豆相对于玉米的竞争力(A_(pm))逐渐升高;玉米单独生长时期3种间作模式玉米的补偿效应(CE)无显著差异,各间作模式两年平均CE值均小于1;因此,在本试验条件下,甘肃河西走廊灌区玉米与大豆间作是保证间作玉米稳产的有效措施。     

带幅设计对玉米/苜蓿间作群体光环境特征及光能利用效率的影响北大核心CSCD

探究间作带幅设计对玉米/苜蓿间作群体光环境特征、产量及光能利用效率(LUE)的影响,提出黄土高原旱作条件下玉米/苜蓿间作群体最佳带幅比例。研究设置了玉米单作(SM)、紫花苜蓿单作(SA)以及玉米/紫花苜蓿1∶2(I_(12))、2∶2(I_(22))和2∶4(I_(24))间作5种种植模式,并采用田间试验和数学模拟相结合的方法,分别测定了玉米和苜蓿的干物质产量及作物冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)等指标;建立了考虑光线入射角度和群体冠层结构几何关系的玉米/苜蓿间作群体辐射传输模型,并用实测值对其进行了验证。试验结果表明,在2018年,单作处理的苜蓿干物质产量显著高于间作处理(P<0.05),而在2019年各间作处理苜蓿的干物质分别比单作高197.8、180.3和197.0 g·m^(-2);处理I_(12)、I_(22)和I_(24)两年总的玉米生物量比SM处理高12.1%、0.9%和23.9%。所有间作处理的土地当量比在2019年均大于1.0,表现出间作优势。辐射传输模型可准确模拟玉米/苜蓿间作群体冠层底部的光合有效辐射,间作群体光合有效辐射模拟值与实测值的平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为59.0和66.6μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)。除玉米和苜蓿生育前期及玉米收获后,不同间作处理苜蓿群体冠层上方的PAR均低于单作苜蓿。2018和2019年I_(12)、I_(22)和I_(24)间作处理玉米的光能利用效率分别比单作处理高52.5%、9.3%、51.7%和28.5%、9.6%、21.0%,而间作苜蓿的LUE仅在2019年显著高于单作19.2%、32.4%和20.9%(P<0.05)。因此,合理的玉米/苜蓿间作带幅搭配可改善苜蓿的光照环境,提高其光能利用效率,尤其是玉米/紫花苜蓿2∶4间作群体光能利用效率和产量优势显著,建议在具有类似气候的地区推广种植。     

单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作不同饲草作物生产性能、效益评价

为解决海河平原区苜蓿第3～5茬草雨季收获难的问题。于2011-2016年在位于河北衡水的河北省农林科学院旱作所试验站开展了单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作5种不同饲草作物模式评价研究,以及单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的生产性能比较研究。结果表明,单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作不同饲草作物模式评价研究得出,30-30cm、20-40cm两种行距处理下的单作苜蓿小区干草产量无显著差异(P0.05);套作高丹草处理下苜蓿第2年前2茬干草产量显著低于单作苜蓿小区干草产量(P0.05);套作青贮玉米处理后的总食物当量数显著高于单作苜蓿小区(P0.05),但套作青贮玉米处理后的总经济效益与单作苜蓿小区无显著差异(P0.05);套作青贮玉米处理下的平均光能利用率、水分利用效率、土地当量比均显著高于单作苜蓿小区(P0.05)。单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的生产性能比较研究得出,30-30cm、20-40cm行距套作青贮玉米处理下的苜蓿前2茬干草产量、总食物当量数、总经济效益、平均光能利用率、水分利用效率、土地当量比均无显著差异(P0.05)。综合得出,海河平原区单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的关键种植技术为:单作苜蓿田采用20-40cm宽窄行秋播种植,于第2年前2茬苜蓿草收获后,在宽行中间套作青贮玉米,青贮玉米密度在6万株·hm-2以内,9月底将套作的青贮玉米与苜蓿一起收获,之后苜蓿田苜蓿正常越冬,下一年再重复种植青贮玉米。该模式在保证与单作苜蓿同等经济效益的前提下,可有效解决苜蓿3～5茬草雨季收获难、资源利用效率低的问题。     

盐碱地甜高粱间作大豆对作物生产性能和光合特性的影响

为研究盐碱地甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor)间作大豆(Glycine max)行比对光合特性变化生产性能的影响,确定科学合理的间作行比,本研究以甜高粱单作(TS),大豆单作(DS)为对照,设置甜高粱-大豆间作1∶1(T1D1),1∶3(T1D3),2∶2(T2D2)和2∶4(T2D4)4种间作模式,对两种作物生产性能、光合特性及甜高粱营养价值进行研究。结果表明,间作促进甜高粱的生长,但对大豆无明显差异。间作行比下,土地当量比均大于1,其中T1D3土地当量比最大,达1.22;甜高粱Pn,Ci,Gs,Tr表现最好的是T2D4,大豆光合特性表现最好的是T1D3处理;同时,T2D4处理甜高粱也拥有较高的粗蛋白含量,为10.03%。经主成分(PCA)分析得出T2D4最好,该间作行比有利于创造良好的群体冠层内部光环境,从而收获较高较优的甜高粱草产量和大豆产量。     

半干旱区全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯/蚕豆间作的产量和水分效应

间套作是提高农田资源利用效率和缓解连作障碍的有效措施,但就旱作全膜覆盖马铃薯豆科作物间作的增产机制及其效应,目前缺乏系统研究认识。试验于2011-2014年在西北黄土高原半干旱区的甘肃省农业科学院定西试验站进行 (104°36' E,35°35' N),以新大坪和临蚕131为试验材料,设马铃薯单作、蚕豆单作和薯蚕间作3个处理,记载生育期、测定年际土壤含水量,作物产量,计算作物生育期耗水量、水分利用效率、资源竞争力、土地当量比等参数,揭示西北黄土高原旱作区马铃薯间作蚕豆对作物生育期、产量、耗水特征和水分利用效率的影响,以评价区域马铃薯/蚕豆间作的产量和水分效应。结果表明,马铃薯/蚕豆间作的共生期长达100 d以上,共生期耗水占全生育期耗水总量的42.5%~58.3%,是马铃薯单作总耗水量的68.2%~86.3%;间作显著提高了作物耗水量,并使马铃薯花后耗水量显著降低。尽管间作后使产量较马铃薯单作在2011和2014年下降18.1%~31.2%,并使不同降水年型的作物水分利用效率显著下降,但使2012年的作物产量提高了10.6%,而且4年土地当量比达1.3~1.5,蚕豆对于马铃薯的资源竞争力为0.31~1.15。所以半干旱区全膜覆盖马铃薯垄沟间作种植具有显著提高土地生产效率的潜力,但需要通过科学搭配作物组合才能实现增产增效、改善农田环境的目的。     

燕麦间作箭筈豌豆效应对后作产量的影响

2006-2007年,对燕麦(Avena sativa L.)与箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)不同间作比例下的产量和氮素营养特点进行研究。结果表明:间作对燕麦产量的影响极显著(P<0.01),对箭筈豌豆产草量影响较小:燕麦与箭筈豌豆按3:1间作土地当量比大于1,具有明显产量优势(P<0.05),2006和2007年间作燕麦产量分别比单作提高12.2%和16.8%;燕麦植株的含量氮提高了1.6%~6.8%;间作后茬复种燕麦产量极显著高于连作(P<0.01),其产量是连作燕麦的1.1~1.5倍,但处理间差异不显著。说明燕麦与箭筈豌豆间作,可改善土壤肥力,为后茬作物生产提供养分基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -