肥密处理对不同大豆品种产量和品质的影响

以中黄30、铁丰31和铁豆37为材料,在不同施肥和不同种植密度(12.0、16.5、21.0万株·hm-2)处理下,比较了3个大豆品种的农艺性状、产量和品质表现.结果表明:不同密度下,大豆产量差异极显著,并且高密度条件下的产量最高;不同肥力条件下,大豆产量差异不显著.不同肥密处理对不同大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量影响不同,低密度中肥处理提高了中黄30和铁豆37蛋白质含量,降低了3个大豆品种脂肪含量.中密度中肥处理提高了中黄30和铁丰31蛋白质含量.施肥处理降低了中黄30脂肪含量,提高了铁丰31和铁豆37脂肪含量.高密度施肥处理提高了中黄30和铁豆37蛋白质含量.施肥处理增加了铁丰31脂肪含量.     

种植密度对辽宁省主栽大豆品种主要性状及产量的影响

选用当前辽宁省主栽的两种不同结荚习性的4个大豆品种,对不同种植密度处理两种结荚类型大豆品种的农艺性状、产量构成性状、群体产量和品质进行分析比较。结果表明：有限结荚类型品种辽豆15号和铁丰29号适宜种植密度在12万-15万株／hm^2;亚有限结荚类型品种辽豆21号和铁丰31号适宜种植密度在18万株／hm^2左右。随种植密度增加,品种的株高、籽粒蛋白质含量呈现递增趋势,而有效分枝数、单株粒重和百粒重等性状及籽粒脂肪含量呈现递减趋势;种植密度对不同结荚类型大豆品种的主茎节数、百粒重和群体产量影响存在较大差异。     

双季糯高粱间作大豆群体优化技术研究

为了明确南方双季糯高粱与大豆间作模式下最优群体配置结构,以常规双季糯高粱国窖红1号和大豆品种南豆12为试验材料,比较分析糯高粱和大豆不同密度配置对作物主要农艺性状、产量构成因素、产量及效益的影响。结果表明:同一大豆密度下,随糯高粱密度的增加,两季糯高粱株高均增加,穗长、千粒重、穗粒重降低,产量表现为先增后减;随两作物密度的增加,大豆株高、底荚高度增加,有效分枝数、单株有效荚数、单株粒数和百粒重降低,产量先增加后降低;糯高粱总产以高粱9万株·hm-2、大豆9万株·hm-2密度处理最高,达8 701.39 kg·hm-2;大豆产量以糯高粱7.5万株·hm-2、大豆10.5万株·hm-2密度处理最高,达1 875 kg·hm-2;两季作物总产量、总产值、净收益、产投比均以糯高粱9万株·hm-2、大豆密度10.5万株·hm-2密度处理最高,分别为10 097.22 kg·hm-2、46 511.1元·hm-2、29 193.6 kg·hm-2、2.69。双季糯高粱、大豆1.8 m开厢,"2∶2"间作模式下,国窖红1号、南豆12密度分别为9万和12万株·hm-2是常规双季糯高粱、大豆高产高效最优群体配置结构。     

栽培措施对重庆秋大豆产量及农艺性状影响

采用3因素3水平正交试验来研究秋大豆品种、施肥和密度因素对农艺性状、经济性状和产量的影响.结果表明:密度是影响秋大豆产量形成的最主要因素,增加密度可显著提高秋大豆产量(P<0.05);施肥对秋大豆有效分枝数影响最大;株高、结荚高度和百粒重主要由品种自身的遗传因素决定;主茎节数、有效荚数和单株粒数受施肥和密度因素的共同影响.综合考虑,重庆地区秋大豆的最优措施为:浙春3号施用过磷酸钙675 kg·hm-2+尿素75 kg·hm-2,密度为50万株·hm-2,此时产量可达2 268.5 kg·km-2.     

株行距配置对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响

为筛选出适宜四川丘陵山区大豆生产的株行距配置,以结荚习性不同的两个大豆品种南夏豆25和南农99-6为试验材料,分析不同株行距配置下的大豆农艺性状和产量构成因素.结果表明:密度为25万株·hm-2时,相同株距下行距配置的变化对主茎高度和重心高度影响不明显,株距从8 cm扩大到10 cm有利于抑制植株主茎高度的增加.重心高...     

商豆6号高产群体生育动态及生理指标的研究

研究了商豆6号3 784.5 kg·hm-2产量的群体生育动态及生理指标.结果表明,在密度181 350 ～ 191 850株·hm-2、单株成荚65.4 ～ 72.3个、单株粒数137.3～145.2个、百粒重16.6～17.2 g条件下,均能实现3 800kg·hm-2的产量；开花至结荚期是植株生长最快的时期,株高日增长2.12 cm;结荚期叶面积指数达最大值(5.72),叶面积变化动态属稳升稳降型；全生育期总光合势2 636 831.83 m2·d,平均净光合生产率4.70 g·m-2·d-1,干物质积累12 393.56 kg·hm-2,粒茎比0.52,经济系数0.31.     

混施微肥对不同类型大豆产量性状的影响

试验通过拌种结合叶面喷肥的施肥方式,研究了硼、钼、锌、锰、铁微量元素对铁丰30号、铁丰31号和铁豆37号的产量性状的影响.结果表明,该施肥方式下施用不同剂量的微量元素,均增加了不同类型大豆的单株荚数、每荚粒数、单株粒数、分枝数和籽粒产量,但对其百粒重和主茎节数影响较小.     

株行距配置对夏大豆光合特性及产量的影响

在5.5×105株·hm-2种植密度下,共设计5种株行距配置,即行距×株距分别为:30 cm×6 cm(A)、(15+30)cm×8 cm(B)、60 cm×3 cm(C)、(15+15+60)cm×6 cm(D)、40 cm×4.5 cm(E),研究不同株行距配置对夏大豆光合特性和产量的影响,为北疆麦后复播大豆高产,筛选出合理的株行距配置提供理论依据。结果表明:等行距模式夏大豆的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合速率(Pn)等指标均随着行距的增大株距的减小而减小,即表现为A处理E处理C处理,其中A处理SPAD值、LAI、Pn测定期平均值分别比C处理的高8.89%、19.20%、2.72%;同株距条件下,D处理的SPAD值、LAI、Pn测定期平均值分别比A处理高2.72%、18.73%、7.09%。株距最宽的宽窄行B处理测定期SPAD值、LAI、Pn的平均值均比D处理的要高,而且各处理中B处理的产量最高为1 628.94 kg·hm-2,较A、C、D、E处理分别增加43.62%、75.69%、25.03%、51.21%,且均达极显著差异水平(P0.01)。说明适当缩行增株构建的株行距配置是提高夏大豆产量的重要措施之一。     

种植模式对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响

为研究不同种植模式对大豆生长发育和产量的影响,以黑河43为材料,于2019年在黑龙江省大西江农场进行大豆种植模式大区对比试验。共设计7种种植模式,对不同种植模式下的大豆叶面积指数、农艺性状和产量构成进行分析。结果表明:垄上四行不等行距模式产量最高,为3 414.65 kg·hm~(-2),其次是大垄种小垄管模式,为3 384.82 kg·hm~(-2),比试验农场采用的垄上三行种植模式分别提高了7.6%和6.7%,不同种植模式间产量差异显著。垄上四行等行距种植模式结荚期叶面积指数最高,为2.87,与其它模式差异显著。垄上四行不等行距模式的大豆株高和底荚高均最高分别为67.2和16.85 cm。垄上三行模式植株最粗,为5.22 cm,单株粒数最多,为52.06,但百粒重在所有模式中最低,为18.63 g。大垄种小垄管种植模式收获株数最多,达到35.7株·m~(-3),常规种植模式百粒重最高,为19.85 g,其它指标均处于中等水平。相关分析显示,大豆产量与茎粗、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.464、0.762、0.750和0.970。垄上四行不等行距种植模式产量最高,其它指标也有良好表现,综合来看,垄上四行种植模式是较为理想的高产模式。     

玉/豆套作模式下玉米播期与密度对大豆农艺性状及产量的影响

为完善"麦/玉/豆"新三熟模式的配套栽培技术,寻求玉豆套作体系下获取玉米、大豆共同高产的最佳玉米播期和密度;通过大田试验,采用玉米播期与密度二因素裂区设计,研究了不同玉米群体对玉/豆模式下大豆农艺性状及产量的影响.结果表明:玉米适当晚播(3月26日～4月5日)和密植(4.8～6万株·hm-2)有利于玉米产量的提高;玉米早播(3月6日)与稀植(3.6万株·hm-2)能降低大豆株高、增加茎粗、缩短结荚高度、增加分枝数,提高20 cm～60 cm层分枝荚数、粒数和60 cm以上层主茎英数与粒数,比晚播(4月15日)处理增产40.42%,比高密度(6万株·hm-2)处理增产35.79%;玉米适当早播(3月6日～3月26日)和适度密植(4.8万株·hm-2)有利于玉豆套作体系总产量和总产值的提高.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.