地毯草耐铝性初步评价

本研究选取相对总二级分枝个数比、相对总茎长比、叶片枯黄率、坪用质量、相对地上部干质量比和相对地下部干质量比6个指标,对不同地理分布的19份地毯草（Axonopus compressus）种质和1份品种的耐铝性差异进行初步评价,从而明确地毯草种质的耐铝性。结果表明,在2.10 mmol·L-1的铝处理后,不同种质之间的生长存在显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)差异,不同指标间的变异系数范围为18.73%~39.63%,其中相对地上部干质量变异系数比最小(18.73%),而坪用质量最大(39.63%);部分指标间存在极显著相关(P＜0.01),相关系数最高达-0.920;聚类分析表明,20份优良品种被分为三大类,即耐铝型、中间型和敏铝型。     

中国假俭草种质资源主要性状变异及其形态类型

对中国59份假俭草的11个重要经济性状进行统计分析,并对其形态类型加以聚类分析。结果表明:1花序密度变异系数高达76.9%,是所测性状中变异范围最大者,叶长次之,变异系数为31.3%,结实率、草层高度以及生殖枝高度变异系数分别为23.0%、18.0%及22.1%,变异范围为25.0%～74.8%、14.3～33.2cm及5.8～17.0cm;百粒重、叶宽、花序长、花序小花数以及节间长度变异幅度相对较小,分别为15.1%、14.6%、12.5%、12.5%及11.4%,其中以节间直径最小,仅为4.7%;2生殖枝高度和花序密度随着纬度的增加,呈显著增高和极显著增加趋势,而其它性状未出现显著变异规律;3节间直径与叶宽呈极显著正相关;草层越高,生殖枝愈高,节间愈长愈粗,而生殖枝愈高,花序愈长,节间愈长,花序密度也愈大,结实率愈高;4在欧氏距离11.2处,可将供试草种分为营养繁殖型和种子繁殖型两大类型,前者花序密度低,结实率低,叶片较长,而后者花序密度高,结实率较高,叶片则较短。     

中华结缕草种质资源形态变异及其形态类型

本文对在我国广泛分布的三年生以上有代表性的32份中华结缕草种源的10个外部性状变异及其规律加以分析,并对10个外部性状进行相关分析和聚类分析。结果表明,1中华结缕草种内形态变异很大。其中,形态指数变异系数最大,可高达41.5%,其次依次为草层高度、叶色及叶长,其变异系数为22.2%～22.6%,节间长度的变异系数为17.8%。而节间直径、叶宽、花序长及小穗长等方面变异较小。2随着纬度的增加,中华结缕草的叶长、生殖枝高和花序长均显著增加,而叶色却明显变淡,匍匐茎越不发达。而东部种源的节间比西部种源更短。3中华结缕草草层越高,生殖枝越高,叶片越长,花序越长,小穗亦愈长;而生殖枝愈高,花序和小穗愈长,叶片越长,节间越粗,而叶色越浅,匍匐茎愈不发达。4在欧氏距离13.5处,中华结缕草可被分为矮细型、粗疏型及粗密型三个类型。矮细型和粗密型拥有同样的坪用价值,且明显高于粗疏型。     

地毯草种质资源耐盐性初步评价

选取相对总茎长、相对总二级分枝数、根冠比、叶片枯黄率和坪用质量5个指标,对不同地理分布的20份地毯草（Axonopus compressus）种质的耐盐性差异进行初步评价,以明确地毯草种质的耐盐性。结果表明,经浓度150 mmol·L-1的盐处理后,不同种质间的生长存在显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）差异,不同指标间的变异系数范围在9.1%~50.9%,其中根冠比最小,而叶片枯黄率最大;部分指标间的相关性存在极显著差异,相关系数最高达-0.927;聚类分析将20份优良品系（种）分为三大类,即耐盐型、中间型和敏盐型。     

偃麦草种质资源外部性状变异及其形态类型的初步研究

对41份偃麦草Elytrigia repens种质资源的16个外部性状变异及其分布规律进行研究,并在对16个指标性状进行相关分析及主成分分析的基础上,对34份材料进行聚类分析。结果表明,偃麦草种内形态指标变异较大,变异系数为4.88%～33.30%,其中叶层高度变异系数最大,达33.30%,其次为旗叶长(26.03%),而种子宽度、种子长度、种子厚度、颖长、叶长变异较小,均在10.0%以下;海拔高度与偃麦草生殖枝高呈显著正相关(P0.01),与颖长呈显著负相关(P0.01),而在纬度上的相关性却呈现相反趋势;经度仅与穗下第1节间长呈显著正相关(P0.01);在对外部性状相关分析及主成分分析的基础上,通过聚类分析,在欧氏距离5.0处,34份偃麦草材料可被划分为高大型、偏高大型、特殊型、低矮型4个类型,且特殊型和低矮型均具有开发为草坪草的潜能。     

假俭草杂交后代生殖性状遗传及相关性分析

选用假俭草2份生殖性状存在差异的种源材料E102和E092(1)进行杂交,获得F₁分离群体,应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对F₁群体的花序密度、生殖枝高度、每穗粒数和花序长度等生殖性状进行遗传分析,已初步明确假俭草上述性状的遗传特性。结果表明,1)在调查的杂交后代的4个生殖性状中,变异系数由大到小依次为花序密度(54.10%)>生殖枝高度(13.17%)>每穗粒数(8.92%)>花序长度(8.42%),变异系数最大的为花序密度,最小的为花序长度。2)花序密度的最佳遗传模型为A-4模型,即一对主基因模型,该主基因表现为负向完全显性,即显性效应等于负的加性效应,主基因遗传率为60.71%。生殖枝高度的最佳遗传模型为B-1模型,即2对主基因,加性－显性－上位性模型,主基因遗传率为93.73%。花序长度也是B-1模型,主基因遗传率为96.79%。每穗粒数最佳遗传模型均为A-0模型,即无主基因模型。性状间相关分析结果表明,叶片长度与叶片宽度、叶片长度与草层高度之间呈极显著的正相关,相关系数分别是0.417 8和0.628 5;生殖枝高度与花序密度、生殖枝高度与每穗粒数之间呈显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.374 8和0.356 2;生殖枝高度与草层高度之间呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.423 0。     

结缕草属植物的抗旱性初步评价

以目前生产上广泛应用的‘兰引3号’结缕草、‘青岛结缕草’和马尼拉为对照,对48份结缕草种源的表征永久萎蔫系数(APWI)进行了测定并分析,结果如下:1)各种源的APWI的变异范围为8.7 8%~1 3.4 1%,变异系数为9.10%。在48份供试种源中,APWI显著低于‘兰引3号’结缕草的有6份种源;APWI显著低于马尼拉的有2份种源;APWI显著低于‘青岛结缕草’的有15份种源;APWI同时显著低于3份对照的有2份种源。结缕草属植物的APWI存在极显著的差异。2)结缕草属植物不同种的APWI不同,其排序为:中华结缕草>大穗结缕草>结缕草>沟叶结缕草=细叶结缕草,其中变异系数最大为结缕草。3)APWI在结缕草、中华结缕草种内存在着极显著的差异,且结缕草种内抗旱性差异明显高于中华结缕草种内差异。4)结缕草属植物的APWI与经度和纬度均未发现显著相关;结缕草、中华结缕草种内的APWI与经纬度也未发现显著的线性相关。     

东北鼢鼠与草原鼢鼠头骨特征及差异

头骨在哺乳动物各项生命活动中所携带的相关信息具有代表性,对头骨的研究可以为哺乳动物分类提供依据,还可以为探索哺乳动物适应性进化如何塑造物种形态积累基础性资料。为明确邻域分布的近缘种对所处生境产生适应性进化在形态上表现出的差异,本研究通过对东北鼢鼠(Myospalax psilurus)头骨(标本26号)与草原鼢鼠(M.aspalax)头骨(标本17号)外部形态比较,选取颅全长、基长、腭长、颧宽、眶间宽等13项具有代表性的形态指标,以体重作为协变量进行协方差分析。结果表明,两种鼢鼠的下齿列长在种内性别间均存在显著差异(P <0.01),腭长、鼻骨长仅在草原鼢鼠性别间产生显著差异(P <0.05)。听泡长仅在东北鼢鼠性别间产生差异(P <0.05)。种间差异性分析显示,颅全长、基长、腭长等10项头骨形态指标存在显著差异(P <0.05)。此外,东北鼢鼠的颅全长等9项头骨指标均与体重增长呈显著正相关性(P <0.05),而仅眶间宽表现为极显著负相关(P <0.01);草原鼢鼠只有颅全长、基长、颧宽等5项数据指标与体重增长显著正相关(P <0.05)。...     

秦岭火地塘天然次生油松林间草本层碳密度

为精确估计秦岭火地塘林区天然次生油松(Pinus tablaeformis)群落的碳密度,以林下草本层为研究对象,采用分层抽样法确定在既定精度下的调查样方数量.通过草本生物量调查,以TOC-VTH-2000A型TOC分析仪测定不同器官含碳率,分析不同草种相同器官和同一草种不同器官含碳率的差异,结合器官生物量及草种密度,推算其碳密度.结果表明:不同草种茎、根的含碳率间差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),茎与茎、根与根的含碳率差值最高分别达14.46%和26.06%;同一草种的叶与茎、茎与根及叶与根的含碳率间差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01),差值最高分别达11.31%、16.83%和19.86%;在95%的可靠性下,误差±0.0198 MgC·hm^-2时,草本层碳密度的估计值为1.829 MgC·hm^-2,占乔木地上部碳密度的3.660%.     

内蒙古草木樨属26份种质表型性状多样性分析

对内蒙古的26份草木樨种质资源表型性状多样性进行研究,结果表明:(1)草木樨22个表型性状种质间变异程度较高,叶面积的变异系数最大,为59.09%,小花长变异系数最小,为9.7%。(2)主成分分析表明,草木樨的22个表型性状可简化为5个主成分,其累计贡献率达到82.446%,以株高因子贡献率最高,为36.9%,株高、花序长、单序粒数、叶形指数、花萼长、花长、荚果长等性状是造成草木樨种质资源表型差异的主要因素。(3)采用系统聚类分析可将26份草木樨种质材料分为6大类。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -