前作和施氮量对玉米-大豆套作体系下大豆干物质积累及产量的影响

为完善以玉米-大豆套作系统为核心的三熟模式配套栽培技术,提高玉米-大豆套作体系下大豆的产量,研究了小麦(A1)、豌豆(A2)、蚕豆(A3)及马铃薯(A4)4种前作处理和施氮0(B1),30(B2)和60(B3)kg·hm-23种水平对大豆农艺性状、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:前作豌豆和蚕豆处理与前作小麦相比,提高了大豆茎粗、分枝数和R2、R8期的单株干物质积累量,降低了株高,其中,前作为蚕豆处理的大豆茎粗、分枝数、单株干物质积累量比前作为小麦处理的高3.5%、5.9%和5.7%,产量也较小麦前作平均高197.94 kg·hm-2;不同前作下各施氮处理对大豆农艺性状及产量的影响表现不一致,前作蚕豆、豌豆处理,大豆株高和分枝数随施氮量的增加而升高,茎粗和产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势;而前作小麦和马铃薯处理的大豆株高、茎粗、分枝数和产量则均随施氮量的增加而提高;所有处理中以A3B2处理组合大豆农艺性状较好,产量最高,即前作蚕豆和施氮30 kg·hm-2时有利于玉米-大豆套作体系下大豆农艺性状的改善和产量的提高。     

氮肥对套作大豆干物质积累与分配的影响

在麦/玉米/豆种植模式下,研究了施氮量对套作大豆干物质积累与分配的影响.结果表明,随着施氮量的提高,大豆LAI增大,叶片衰老延缓,在盛荚期保持更大的叶面积,有利于干物质的积累.适宜的施氮量(≤135 kg/hm2)在大豆结荚期后能协调植株各部分干物质的输出率,对套作大豆有明显的增产作用;高氮处理(180.225 kg/hm2)促使植株茎、叶干物质量在始熟期积累过多,而干物质的输出率降低,导致源/库比例不协调,对豆荚的贡献率降低,产量降低.就不同器官而言,叶片对籽粒的贡献率大于茎秆对籽粒的贡献率.干物质量与产量构成因素存在明显相关,在套作大豆苗期,根、茎干物质量与充实度、产量显著正相关;在套作大豆生育中、后期,叶片干物质积累量与产量构成因素呈显著负相关.综上所述,适宜施氮量(45～90 kg/hm2)提高干物质的贡献率,减少大豆秕粒,有利于套作大豆获得高额产量.     

利用~(15)N标记研究大豆叶面氮素的吸收与分配

为研究大豆叶面氮素吸收与分配规律,以黑龙江省三江平原大豆主栽品种合丰48为试验材料,采用15N示踪法在大豆R5期进行叶面施氮,研究大豆不同器官对氮素吸收与分配情况。结果表明:不同施氮处理条件下,以4.5kg·hm-2(N3)处理大豆各器官干物质量及氮素积累量显著高于其它处理,其中籽粒干物重23.2 g,总干物重73.9 g,分别较不施氮处理(N0)高7.91%和14.93%;籽粒氮素单株积累量为137.2 g,较不施氮处理(N0)高13.11%。同一施氮水平下,大豆不同器官15N积累量为籽粒茎叶荚皮叶柄根,差异达到显著水平。不同施氮处理下,各器官15N积累量随着施氮量的增加而增加,在4.5 kg·hm-2(N3)条件下最高,籽粒单株积累量为8.32 mg。15N在各器官的分配比例与积累量总体趋势一致,不同施氮量间无明显相关性。     

生物炭与氮肥施用量对大豆生长发育及产量的影响

通过大田圆柱管栽培试验,研究生物炭与氮肥的交互作用对大豆生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:适量施入生物炭对单株干物质积累与LAI的调控起到了促进作用,其调控作用在生育后期大于生育前期。在R6期C1(施炭750 kg·hm-2)处理单株干物重与LAI最高,但随着施炭量的进一步增加单株干物重与LAI却逐渐下降,施炭量为C3(施炭2 250 kg·hm-2)时单株干物重与LAI低于不施炭处理。施入生物炭使大豆株高降低,施炭量越多株高降低幅度越大。在相同施炭量条件下,不同施氮处理各生育时期单株干物重及叶面积指数的均值以N2(施氮60 kg·hm-2)最高,叶绿素的均值以N3(施氮90 kg·hm-2)最高。施炭750 kg·hm-2和施氮42 kg·hm-2为大豆高产的最优施用组合,理论产量为3 546.9 kg·hm-2。生物炭与氮肥配合施用,主要是通过调节单株粒数来影响产量。     

氮肥与根瘤菌配施对南疆春大豆结瘤和生长的影响

为了探讨最适合南疆地区的氮肥和根瘤菌配施方案,设置3个施氮水平(N0:0 kg·hm-2;N1:90 kg·hm-2;N2:180 kg·hm-2)与3种根瘤菌(SMH12、T6和SN7-2)拌种的田间试验,研究主栽大豆品种新大豆8号结瘤情况、干物质积累及分配、产量及其构成因素对施氮及接种根瘤菌的响应.结果表明:随着施...     

玉米株型和幅宽对套作大豆碳氮代谢及产量的影响

在玉/豆套作模式下,采用玉米株型与种植幅宽二因素裂区设计,研究了不同田间配置对套作大豆碳氮代谢与产量的影响。结果表明,较大幅宽和紧凑型玉米下,大豆被荫蔽的程度有所减缓,碳氮代谢变化趋势朝着利于产量形成的方向发展。主要表现为,茎叶中的碳氮含量和关健酶在各时期保持在较高的水平;R4期后叶片中的淀粉迅速降解为糖运至籽粒,而氮的下降速率缓慢。结合前期的研究,我们得出,R2是大豆经历光照转换的重要时期,该时期植株的碳氮代谢能力对大豆后期产量的形成起着重要的作用。而R6期大豆表现出来的碳、氮代谢水平,又能一定程度的反映产量水平。本试验条件下,对玉米、大豆两季作物的经济效益进行分析后得出,利于大豆生长,且保证全年高产,高效的最优组合为：与紧凑型玉米套作,大豆幅宽1.17m,玉米幅宽0.83m。     

氮肥调控对冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为了探讨河南省安阳地区冬小麦合理高效的氮肥调控模式,2008-2010年通过田间试验,比较分析了不同基追比(10∶0和6∶4)和施氮水平(100、200和300kg·hm-2)下冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮肥利用效率的差异。结果表明,增施氮肥显著促进了冬小麦的干物质积累和籽粒产量的形成,在基追比10∶0下,氮肥农学效率(NE)随着施氮量的增加呈降低趋势。在相同追施比例下,干物质量、籽粒产量、氮素生理利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率(NUE)以施氮200kg·hm-2时最高。在施氮100kg·hm-2时,提高氮肥基施比例更有利于增加干物质量、产量和氮肥利用效率;伴随施氮量的增加,提高追肥比例能有效增加干物质量、籽粒产量、NE、PNUE和NUE。本试验中,在施氮200kg·hm-2、基追比为6∶4条件下,冬小麦的干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率表现最佳。     

钼肥对套作大豆干物质积累与分配及产量的影响

在"玉/豆"套作模式下,采用完全随机区组设计,研究钼肥干拌种对套作大豆干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,五节期(V5)到完熟期(R8)套作大豆干物质积累总量随施钼量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,且都以B2(1.0g/kg)处理最高;V5期到盛花期(R2)干物质主要分配在茎秆和叶片中,钼肥处理降低了干物质在茎秆中的分配率,而增加了叶片的分配比例;R8期时干物质向荚果的分配比例最高,且随施钼量增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,而向茎秆和叶片的分配则表现为相反的趋势;施钼肥能够提高茎叶中的干物质向荚果的转移率及其对荚果的贡献率和产量,且均以B2处理最优。     

密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响

为明确种植密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响,以冬小麦品种石麦18为材料,于2013-2014年度在河北省藁城市进行了密度(基本苗150万、225万、300万和375万·hm-2)和施氮量(180、240和300kg·hm-2)的二因素裂区试验。结果表明,小麦各生育时期群体总茎(穗)数随密度的增加而增加,但4种密度下都取得了较高的穗数。越冬前至开花期叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均随密度的增加而增加,但基本苗为150万和225万·hm-2时开花后LAI和干物质积累量都高于基本苗300万和375万·hm-2。各生育时期(除起身期外)不同施氮量之间总茎数差异不显著。干物质积累量随着施氮量增加呈增加趋势,高施氮量下开花后LAI衰减较慢。密度对产量及其构成因素的影响均显著,施氮量仅对千粒重和产量的影响显著;密度与施氮量对千粒重和产量有显著的交互效应。基本苗150万·hm-2、施氮量240~300kg·hm-2处理的小麦产量最高,分别为10 308.65和10 221.98kg·hm-2。因此,建议在低密度下适当增施氮肥。而从节本增效考虑,在高密度下应适当减少氮肥投入,以实现小麦的高产高效。     

氮肥和密度对冬小麦光合生理和物质积累的影响

为给小麦高产栽培中氮肥和密度科学管理提供参考,以矮抗58和周麦22号为材料,研究了施氮量和播种密度对小麦植株光合生理、物质积累及产量性状的影响.结果表明,适量增施氮肥和增加密度能显著提高小麦叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和群体干物质积累量,使植株在灌浆期仍能保持较高的光合能力,促进花后干物质的积累,有利于产量的提高.不同品种的籽粒产量对氮肥和密度的响应存在差异,周麦22号的平均籽粒产量高于矮抗58.在本研究条件下,矮抗58籽粒产量在375万基本苗·hm-2和360 kg·hm-2施氮量处理组合下最高;周麦22号籽粒产量在225万基本苗·hm-2扣240 kg·hm 2施氮量处理组合下最高.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.