玉米苗期在盐胁迫下耐盐相关QTL分析

通过对玉米耐盐性状基因的QTL定位,找到耐盐性状控制位点在染色体上的位置,来帮助耐盐玉米品种的选育和基因的克隆。本研究选用耐盐自交系8723和盐敏感自交系P138为材料构建的F2群体,通过Jionmap 4.0软件对F2群体构建分子遗传连锁图谱。构建了一个包含有174个SSR标记位点的分子遗传连锁图谱,平均分布在玉米的10条染色体上共2 764.3 cM,标记区间平均间距为15.88 cM。通过对表型数据的分析,对玉米的4个植株性状进行了QTL定位。结果共检测到8个与玉米苗期耐盐性状相关的QTLs,分别位于2号、4号、6号、9号染色体上。本研究结果为幼苗在盐碱地正常生长提供科学依据。     

玉米自交系萌发期耐盐性鉴定

为了完善玉米自交系萌发期耐盐性的鉴定评价标准,筛选耐盐性强的玉米种质资源,解析玉米自交系萌发期耐盐性遗传机制,为玉米萌发期耐盐性育种提供理论依据和技术支撑。对390份玉米自交系耐盐性相关的10个生理指标进行测定,利用主成分分析确定为5个综合指标,即7d发芽率、芽干重、芽鲜重、根干重和根长,可作为玉米萌发期耐盐性鉴定指标。根据隶属函数分析确定各材料的耐盐综合评价指数,并通过聚类分析将材料萌发期耐盐性分为6个等级,其中高度盐敏感型材料298份,中度盐敏感型材料49份,盐敏感型材料27份,耐盐型材料9份,中度耐盐型材料5份,高度耐盐型材料2份。     

棉花耐盐性的SSR鉴定研究

土壤盐碱化现已成为危害农业发展和生态环境的全球性问题,培育和鉴选棉花耐盐品种是合理开发利用盐碱地的有效途径。本研究选用25份耐盐(包括耐和抗)和23份盐敏感棉花种质为实验材料,采用SSR技术,展开了棉花耐盐性鉴定技术的有关研究。从DNA快速提取到PCR扩增和产物检测以及多标记组合鉴定等环节进行分析探讨,初步制定了一套适于棉花耐盐性分子鉴定的方法,即多标记组合鉴定法。并用11份材料对该方法进行了验证,结果表明和0.4%盐量胁迫法的鉴定结果的相符率达90.91%。初步研究结果表明多标记组合鉴定法可用于棉花耐盐分子标记辅助鉴定。     

玉米抗灰斑病基因的分子标记

玉米灰斑病是我国玉米生产中的重要病害,培育和种植抗病品种是防治此病的有效途径.1年内在3个灰斑病重发区选取64份我国常用玉米自交系进行了抗灰斑病鉴定,分别筛选出高抗、抗病和中抗自交系2份、15份和12份.采用集团混合分组分析法,分别以10个抗病和10个感病玉米自交系基因组DNA构建抗病基因池和感病基因池.从100对AFLP引物组合中筛选出54对在抗感基因池间呈多态性的引物,进一步在组建抗池和感池的20份自交系之间检测到8个多态性片段.通过片段的回收、克隆和测序,将其中的P51M38-100扩增片段转化为SCAR标记(SCAR-100).利用SCAR-100标记分析64份玉米自交系的基因型,结合田间抗病和感病表型进行相关分析,卡方测验表明SCAR-100标记与抗灰斑病显著相关.采用Mo17×黄早四群体(190个F2单株)和X178×B73群体(181个F8家系),结合已构建的SSR和AFLP标记连锁图谱,均将SCAR-100标记定位于第3染色体上,分别位于SSR标记umc1399-bnlg1754和umc1320-bnlg1754之间.开发抗病基因的分子标记可为分子标记辅助育种提供基础.     

陆地棉耐盐性状与SSR分子标记的关联分析

本研究以134份陆地棉栽培种为试验材料,测定其在0.3%盐浓度(质量分数)下的出苗率,并使用74对SSR引物对这些材料进行基因组变异扫描。利用Structure2.3.4软件分析该自然群体的遗传结构,在此基础上采用Tassel2.1软件对耐盐性状与SSR分子标记进行关联分析,寻找与棉花耐盐性状相关的分子标记。研究结果表明:(1)134份陆地棉栽培种的出苗率呈极显著差异,并筛选出27个盐敏感材料和10个耐盐材料。(2)74个SSR分子标记共检测出148个多态性位点,涉及246个等位变异,变异范围为2~7,平均每个标记3.32个;基因多样性指数变异范围为0.0295~0.4959,平均值为0.2897;SSR分子标记多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.0290~0.3729,平均值为0.2381。(3)通过群体结构分析,将该自然群体划分2个亚群体,分别包含89份和45份材料。(4)关联分析共发现8个与棉花耐盐性状相关的SSR分子标记位点,表型变异解释率变幅为2.91%~7.82%,平均值为4.32%。此研究结果可以为棉花耐盐性状分子标记辅助选择育种提供参考。     

一个新的抗玉米矮花叶病基因的发现及初步定位

由SCMV引起的矮花叶病是我国的主要玉米病害之一, 鉴定和发掘新的抗病基因对于玉米抗病遗传育种具有重要意义。以抗病自交系海9-21和感病自交系掖478杂交的一个BC₂F₃群体为试验材料, 通过人工接种矮花叶病毒进行抗病性鉴定, 发现该分离群体中抗病植株与感病植株数符合1∶3的分离比例, 推测其抗病基因是由1对隐性基因控制。抗感池和SSR标记连锁分析表明, 存在一个新的玉米矮花叶病隐性抗病基因(或等位基因), 将该基因命名为scm3。scm3基因来源于抗病玉米自交系海9-21, 位于第3染色体短臂3.04~3.05区域, 在SSR标记umc1965和bnlg420之间, 遗传距离分别为45.7 cM和6.5 cM。连锁的标记还有umc1307、umc2265、bnlg2241和umc2166, 它们与scm3之间的遗传距离分别是8.3、13.3、15.5和19.7 cM, 这些SSR标记与scm3基因在染色体上的排列顺序为umc1965—scm3—bnlg420—umc1307—umc2265—bnlg2241—umc2166。     

玉米自交系苗期耐盐性鉴定及筛选研究

旨在加强玉米耐盐性的研究和利用,本研究采用水培法,以NaCl胁迫拟田间盐生条件,在适宜的盐胁迫处理浓度的基础上,以耐盐系数为指标,通过主成分分析、隶属函数分析和聚类分析对242 份玉米自交系苗期的耐盐性进行综合鉴定。结果表明：发芽率、根干重、苗干重、根鲜重、根长和苗鲜重可作为玉米自交系的苗期耐盐性筛选和鉴定指标;通过聚类分析可将242 份玉米自交系苗期的耐盐性划分为5 类,其中B红-2 等12 份玉米自交系的耐盐性较强,NC320 等42 份玉米自交系的耐盐性中等,50K-4-1 等58 份玉米自交系的耐盐性一般,H070480 等77 份玉米自交系的耐盐性敏感,甘1 号等53 份玉米自交系的耐盐性高度敏感。     

玉米种质资源亲缘关系的分子标记鉴定及其耐盐性评价

为鉴定10份玉米材料的亲缘关系,测试其耐盐性强弱并初步探讨玉米耐盐的生理机制,采用20对SSR引物对10份玉米材料的DNA进行PCR扩增,采用NJ法进行聚类分析,构建亲缘关系图;同时分别配置浓度为0、100、200、300 mmol/L的NaCl溶液,对幼苗进行盐胁迫实验,并测定株高作为耐盐性的指标;7次盐处理后,对抗氧化物酶包括超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性进行了鉴定。根据分子标记的结果初步鉴定出了10个玉米材料间的亲缘关系,10份材料的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.54-0.71。结合株高和酶活的测定结果筛选出了耐盐性较强的玉米材料5份,分别为‘先玉335’、‘郑单958’、LH214、83IBI4和LH204。研究结果对于玉米耐盐育种的亲本组合选配具有一定意义。     

偃麦草单株耐盐性相关分子标记研究

筛选与偃麦草耐盐性相关的分子标记可以加速育种进程。本研究通过渐近式盐胁迫对来自于12份耐盐性不同的偃麦草材料的240个单株进行耐盐性鉴定。运用EST-SSR分子标记,采用拟BSA法,从101对EST-SSR标记中筛选与偃麦草耐盐相关的分子标记。结果表明,引物E57扩增的条带E57-T200和引物E59扩增的条带E59-S140与耐盐性显著相关,二者可应用于耐盐性强单株的辅助选择。     

棉花耐盐性的SSR标记研究

针对两个典型的棉花耐盐材料(中07和中棉所35)和两个典型的盐敏感材料(新研96-48和中棉所12),开展了寻找与棉花耐盐有关的SSR标记的研究。利用3528对引物,最终筛选出274对引物在4个材料间具有SSR多态性。其中,有10对引物Y01、Y02、Y03、Y04、Y05、Y06、Y07、Y08、Y09、Y10在耐盐性不同的材料中扩增出差异性片段。扩增图谱显示,同一引物在耐盐的中07和中棉所35中扩出的片段与盐敏感的新研96-48和中棉所12扩出的片段不同。初步研究结果认为,这10对引物有望成为鉴定棉花耐盐性的标准引物,从而将耐盐材料与盐敏感材料从分子角度鉴别开来,为棉花耐盐性分子鉴定等研究提供参考。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.