基于荧光标记的茶树花转录组序列SSR标记开发

本研究对204 199条茶树花转录组Unigenes进行SSR简单重复序列的查找,得到含有SSR的序列60 581个,出现频率为29.67%。EST-SSR重复类型以单核苷酸和二核苷酸为主,占总SSR比例的85.69%,其中主要重复基序类型为单核苷酸,占总SSR的47.97%,A/T重复类型出现最多。采用荧光标记PCR技术对设计合成的100对SSR引物进行引物筛选,其中有28对引物扩增条带清晰、多态性好,在4个品种的茶树花中得到有效性验证。结果表明,茶树花转录组的SSR标记开发是可行的,这些EST-SSR的开发对茶树花遗传多样性分析、分子育种和开发茶树不育相关的SSR标记等具有重要意义。     

辣椒花药转录组SSR位点信息分析及标记开发

为开发高效实用的EST-SSR标记,对辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)花药样品的转录组进行测序,去冗余后得到44 832条转录本序列。对所有转录本进行SSR分析,共检测出7 189个SSR位点,分布于5 721条转录本上。SSR位点出现频率为16.04%,平均每7.90 kb检出1个SSR位点。分析SSR位点特征发现,97.80%的SSR重复序列长度在10～30 bp之间,单核苷酸和三核苷酸为主要重复基元类型,各占SSR总数的45.31%和35.99%;全部SSR位点共有159种重复基元,除单核苷酸重复外,AG/CT、AAG/CTT为优势重复基元,分别占SSR总数的9.72%和8.43%。随机选择29对EST-SSR引物在8个供试辣椒自交系中进行扩增发现,引物有效性为93.10%,多态率为17.24%。本研究中开发的EST-SSR标记可为辣椒的种质资源遗传多样性分析、分子标记辅助育种等提供支持。     

基于转录组测序的槜李EST-SSR标记开发

为开发槜李EST-SSR标记,本研究利用MISA软件筛选了槜李花转录组测序获得的35584条Unigenes,对其SSR信息进行分析后,利用Primer Premier 3.0软件设计EST-SSR引物,并随机选取40对SSR引物对12个李品种进行EST-SSR引物筛选及多态性分析。结果发现,在槜李花转录组中共搜索到个10791个SSR位点,分布于8433条Unigenes,SSR发生频率为23.70%,平均每3.71 kb含有1个SSR;SSR重复基元中二核苷酸重复出现频率最高,占总SSR数量的52.98%,其次为三核苷酸重复(占24.00%)和单核苷酸重复(占20.95%);二核苷酸重复基元以AG/CT为主(85.95%),三核苷酸重复基元以AAG/CTT为主(31.24%)。利用Primer Premier 3.0软件共设计出9870对候选引物,随机选择40对引物对12个李品种进行SSR引物筛选及多态性分析。40对引物均能扩增出预期大小的条带,有效扩增效率为100%,40对引物中有5对引物在12个李品种中表现出多态性。本研究开发的EST-SSR标记可为李属植物遗传多样性分析提供丰富的候选标记,同时可为槜李发育相关功能基因定位、遗传图谱构建、及分子标记辅助育种等研究提供帮助。     

星油藤转录组SSR序列特征分析及其分子标记开发

基于星油藤(Plukenetia volubilis L.)转录组信息,分析其表达序列标签-简单序列重复(expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat, EST-SSR)并设计引物进行验证,为星油藤的SSR分子标记开发提供数据支持。本研究利用MISA软件对星油藤雌雄花序芽转录组测序所获得的57 664条Unigenes进行分析,共检测出10 572个SSR位点;其中8 825条Unigenes分布有SSR位点,占总Unigenes的15.30%。SSR位点的平均分布频率为每5.34 kb出现1个SSR位点。各类型的SSR位点共有154种,其中单核苷酸重复(40.48%)、二核苷酸重复(25.82%)和三核苷酸重复(28.89%)为主要的重复类型,A/T、AG/TC和AAG/CTT分别为单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸类型中主导的重复基序。利用Primer 3.0设计EST-SSR引物,并随机挑选75对SSR引物,以星油藤及其2个近缘种(亚洲星油藤和大果星油藤)为材料进行筛选验证,其中31对引物可进行有效扩增,并最终获得7对在3个物种间具有多态性的引物。本研究结果表明,星油藤转录组测序产生的Unigenes序列信息作为开发SSR分子标记是可行的,开发的这些SSR分子标记可用于星油藤及其近缘种的遗传多样性评价、种质资源鉴定和分子标记辅助育种等研究。     

水生植物芡实的转录组SSR位点信息分析

为了研究水生植物芡实的遗传多样性,本研究利用转录组测序技术开发芡实EST-SSR标记,转录组测序共获取86 829条Unigene,运用MISA软件发掘芡实转录组数据中的SSR位点,并获取了9 640个,其出现频率为11.10%,平均分布距离为7.65 kb。二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复为芡实转录组中的主要重复类型,分别占SSR总数的61.88%和21.55%。出现重复序列的基序共有226种,优势重复基元为A/T、AG/CT和AAG/CTT,出现频率分别为11.25%、50.87%和6.51%。SSR基序长度主要集中在12～20 bp,长度超过20 bp的共有717个,占7.44%。设计并筛选出了11对SSR引物。通过对芡实转录组序列SSR信息的分析,发现芡实SSR位点出现频率高、重复类型多,可为进一步开发芡实SSR标记、遗传多样性提供有效的理论依据。     

濒危珍稀植物半枫荷转录组中SSR位点分析

分析半枫荷转录组中的SSR位点信息,并设计简单重复序列(SSR)引物,以期为半枫荷EST-SSR分子标记提供有力工具。利用MISA工具筛选了半枫荷转录组测序获得的77629条Unigenes,对其SSR位点信息进行了分析;在此基础上利用Primer 3.0设计SSR引物,并随机选择50对SSR引物对4株不同来源的半枫荷进行多态性扩增分析。在半枫荷的转录组中,共找到15041个SSRs,分布于10669条Unigenes,SSR位点发生频率为13.74%,含多个位点的序列数为3114,占SSRs位点总数的29.19%,以复合形式出现的位点数2044个,占SSRs位点总数的19.16%,SSRs的平均距离是3.2 kb。SSRs位点中二碱基重复是主要类型,占总SSRs的42.17%;其次是单碱基重复基序(38.25%)SSRs。所包含的重复基元中,单碱基重复基元A/T(5572),二碱基重复基元AG/CT(4845)是优势重复基元类型,分别占总SSRs的37.05%、32.21%。利用Primer 3共设计出28590对SSR引物。随机选择50对引物进行PCR扩增,其中44对(88.0%)扩增出清晰、可重复的条带,15对(34.1%)扩增条带表现出多态性。半枫荷转录组SSR位点出现频率高,类型丰富;大量的SSR为其遗传多样性分析、分子标记辅助育种和遗传图谱构建提供了丰富的候选分子标记。     

脆木耳转录组EST-SSR标记特征及多态性分析

为开发脆木耳EST-SSR标记,本试验从脆木耳转录组测序数据挖掘SSR位点,并设计引物对木耳DNA进行多态性分析,为木耳的遗传育种提供理论基础。结果发现,在脆木耳转录组的52 954条unigene序列中共搜寻到4 600个SSR位点,SSR发生频率为6.85%,分布频率为8.69%。脆木耳SSR位点共包括112种重复基元;其中,二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复为主要类型,占SSR总数的92.86%。三核苷酸重复最多(66.64%),其优势重复单元为CCG/GGC (8.71%)。从设计引物中随机挑选30对进行PCR扩增,6对引物在3份木耳种质中均能扩增出清晰的目标条带。本试验所获得的EST-SSR可为木耳种质资源鉴定、遗传结构分析及遗传图谱构建等提供参考。     

基于转录组测序的黑枣EST-SSR引物开发与鉴定分析

目前黑枣已有的分子标记比较匮乏,本研究基于转录组测序技术对黑枣品种进行SSR引物开发,为黑枣种质资源评价及分子标记辅助育种提供有力的技术支持。本研究对‘冀洪1号’黑枣转录组序列进行了分析筛选和开发,并利用开发出的引物进行了验证分析。结果表明:共得到52 537个Unigene序列,SSR位点总数22 327个,包含SSR的Unigene序列数为15 286条。黑枣SSR位点的重复单元中,二核苷酸重复类型的SSR最多(52.26%),其次为单核苷酸(25.84%)及三核苷酸(19.25%)。随机挑选90对EST-SSR引物进行验证,有效扩增率为77.78%(70对),多态性引物比例为18.57%(13对),对13个多态性位点进一步分析可得,共扩增了35个等位基因,PIC值介于0.233~0.677之间,平均为0.430。本研究开发出的EST-SSR分子标记,为后期进行黑枣良种的鉴别及分子育种提供了分子技术手段。     

鸭茅基因组Genomic-SSR标记开发

鸭茅是重要的冷季型禾本科牧草,而优质分子标记的缺乏制约了鸭茅分子育种的进程。本研究从鸭茅基因组序列中鉴定出78 984个SSR位点,其中单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸的SSR类型共占98.1%。共鉴定出212种重复基元,A/T、AG/CT、CCG/CGG、AGAT/ATCT、AAAAG/CTTTT和AGAGAT/ATCTCT分别为各重复类型中最丰富的重复基元。通过鉴定出的SSR位点开发出67 216对Genomic-SSR引物,选取50对进行验证试验,其扩增成功率达94%,多态性比例44%。通过开发的Genomic-SSR引物和EST-SSR引物在20个鸭茅品种(系)中进行试验,得到其引物多态性信息含量(PIC)平均值为0.370,分子标记指数(MI)为2.86。以上数据均高于通过鸭茅转录组开发的EST-SSR标记。证明本试验所开发的大量genomic-SSR标记是扩增成功率高、多态性强且高效率的分子标记,有望在鸭茅分子育种中发挥重要作用。     

花生栽培种EST-SSRs分布特征及应用研究

利用自行开发的20 160条花生栽培种荚果EST, 通过序列拼接, 获得8 289条无冗余EST。经搜索, 共检测出740个SSR位点, 分布于651条EST中, 发生频率为7.8%, 平均每6.8 kb EST序列含一个SSR位点。功能注释结果表明具生物过程、分子功能和细胞组分的EST分别为73、111和56条。在花生荚果EST-SSR中, 三核苷酸重复类型出现频率最高, 占总SSR的62.8%, 其次是二核苷酸重复类型, 占总SSR的33.6%。在出现的26类重复基序中, AG/TC重复基序出现频率最高, AAG/TTC次之。利用Primer premier 5从651条含有SSR的EST中共设计引物233对, 从中随机选取100对引物检测EST-SSR在花生栽培种中的多态性及在野生种中的可转移性。结果表明, 有86对引物在供试的22个花生栽培品种中得到有效扩增, 其中10对在栽培种中具有多态性, 每对引物检测出的等位基因数2~3个, 平均2.2个。可扩增引物在野生种中的可转移率为12.5%~100%,平均96%。在野生种间检测出多态性的引物76对,每对引物检测出等位基因2~9个, 平均4.06个。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.