后熟过程中植物生长调节剂对猕猴桃电阻抗图谱特性的影响

为了探索植物生长调节剂对后熟过程中猕猴桃电阻抗图谱的影响,检测了膨大果和未处理的对照果的电阻抗图谱,观察了2类猕猴桃果肉组织细胞微观结构的变化,利用Hayden等效电路模型分析了后熟过程中猕猴桃果肉组织细胞外液电阻、细胞内液电阻和细胞膜阻抗的电学特性变化。后熟过程中,低频时膨大果阻值较大但变化较小,高频时2类猕猴桃阻值趋于一致;频率为12k Hz时相位角最大;2类果的Cole-cole图均为一段圆弧,对照果的圆弧半径变化较大;膨大果细胞膜阻抗差异不显著,对照果从第7天开始细胞膜阻抗急剧减小;对照果细胞外液电阻低于膨大果,从第7天开始2类果均呈现减小趋势。电阻抗图谱法揭示了后熟过程中对照果与膨大果的电阻抗特性变化规律,为猕猴桃膨大果的检测识别提供了研究基础。     

电阻抗分析在菊苣根冻害检测中的应用研究

以菊苣(CichoriumintybusLvarfoliosumcv.)根为试材,分析了低温下电阻抗和钾离子渗漏速率的变化及其与细胞膜透性变化的定量关系。结果表明:随着低温贮藏时间的延长和冻害的发展,菊苣根细胞膜透性增大,钾离子渗漏速率上升,组织的电阻抗值下降。3种温度下(0℃,-1℃,-3℃)贮藏的菊苣根其电阻抗值的变化均与钾离子渗漏速率呈显著的负相关关系。电阻抗对频率作图显示,在低频率范围(20～100Hz)可得到最大而且较稳定的电阻抗值。因此,电阻抗分析方法可以用来检测和评价植物的冻害     

中压电场预处理对苹果组织损伤程度及微观结构的影响

为了探究中压电场预处理(100 V/cm)对苹果组织结构损伤程度的影响,从宏观层面上分析了电场强度(15~90 V/cm)、温度(30~70℃)、频率(50~1000 Hz)等处理参数对苹果组织结构损伤率的影响规律,解析了温度对苹果组织损伤过程的影响;从微观层面上对不同温度和电场强度下苹果组织微观结构进行了电镜扫描观察。结果表明,同样温度下,中压电场预处理时的苹果组织结构损伤率远高于水浴加热处理(P0.05);场强较高(45 V/cm)时苹果组织结构损伤率随温度的升高而线性增大;场强较低(30 V/cm)处理时与水浴处理均呈现先缓慢上升再急剧增大的变化趋势,但中压电场预处理增速更快。温度低于70℃时,苹果组织结构损伤率随电场强度升高而增加,随频率的增大而减小。苹果组织结构损伤率随时间的变化符合一级反应动力学模型;中压电场强度30 V/cm时,通过组织损伤速率常数、特征损伤时间计算所得活化能分别为122.88和157.01 k J/mol;水浴处理时组织损伤速率常数所得活化能为143.82 k J/mol。苹果组织细胞微观结构观察显示,中压电场电、热协同作用更易损伤苹果组织。研究结果可为改进苹果深加工预处理工艺提供参考。     

基于交流阻抗法的豆浆电特性检测

为实现豆浆品质快速检测和通电加热电源频率的优化,该文利用精密阻抗分析仪和DJS-10电导电极通过50 mV的激励电压在20 Hz～12 MHz频率范围内测量了不同温度（30～85℃）和不同固形物含量（1.01%～9.58%）的豆浆的交流阻抗。试验结果表明,豆浆阻抗模值与阻抗相位角随测量频率变化具有明显规律。豆浆的阻抗特性与温度以及固形物含量关系显著,且阻抗Nyquist 图存在明显差异。在全频段,豆浆阻抗模值随着温度和固形物含量的升高而减小;在低频段,豆浆阻抗相位角随温度以及固形物含量的升高而增大;在高频段,豆浆阻抗相位角随温度以及固形物含量的升高而减小。同时,研究提出了豆浆的电阻R、电容C、恒相位元件CPE（constant phase element）三元件等效电路模型,并用ZSimpWin软件进行拟合得到了试验条件下豆浆的等效电路元件参数。基于豆浆阻抗随频率变化规律及豆浆等效电路模型分析得出,豆浆通电加热电源的频率应在300 Hz～300 kHz范围内。豆浆的等效电阻R与温度以及固形物含量之间具有良好的负指数关系。CPE参数Q值随温度的升高而降低,当固形物含量超过3.5%后,Q值随固形物含量的升高迅速增加。CPE参数n值随温度的升高而升高,但在本研究中的固形物含量范围内n值并未随固形物含量的改变发生明显变化。本研究为豆浆通电加热电源的频率选择提供了参考依据,同时为基于豆浆电特性分析实现豆浆品质的快速检测奠定基础。     

苹果介电特性对其射频加热均匀性的影响

射频加热作为一种新型的热加工技术,在果蔬烫漂工艺中应用潜力巨大。介电特性是影响果蔬射频加热的主要因素,其大小受到电磁场频率、温度以及水等因素的影响,依据介电特性变化可以对果蔬烫漂工艺进行优化改进。该文选用富士和秦冠2个苹果品种,采用末端开路同轴探头技术测定了不同温度（25、40、60、80、95 ℃）,不同频率（12～3 000 MHz）下,苹果的介电特性的变化规律。采用6 kW、27.12 MHz的射频加热系统在不同极板间距（110、120、130 mm）下,对苹果块进行加热处理,通过荧光光纤测温探头监测样品的中心温度,得到3种不同极板间距下苹果块中心温度从25升至95 ℃的升温曲线和升温速率。用红外热像仪测定加热前后苹果块表面的温度分布,研究了苹果块射频加热均匀性。结果表明：苹果果肉的介电常数和损耗因子在12～3 000 MHz之间随着频率的增大先降低,后增大,再降低;温度对苹果果肉的介电常数和损耗因子的影响没有特定的规律;射频加热苹果块时,极板间距110 mm时升温最快,130 mm时升温最慢,各需要120和150 s。且苹果块中心温度随时间近似线性增长,射频加热过程中,苹果块表面温度分布表现出中心加热现象,即中心温度高,边缘温度低。     

山区土地利用多功能时空分异特征及影响因素分析

射频加热作为一种新型的热加工技术,在果蔬烫漂工艺中应用潜力巨大。介电特性是影响果蔬射频加热的主要因素,其大小受到电磁场频率、温度以及水等因素的影响,依据介电特性变化可以对果蔬烫漂工艺进行优化改进。该文选用富士和秦冠2个苹果品种,采用末端开路同轴探头技术测定了不同温度(20、40、60、80、95 ℃),不同频率（12～3 000 MHz）下,苹果的介电特性的变化规律。采用6 kW、27.12 MHz的射频加热系统在不同极板间距（110、120、130 mm）下,对苹果块进行加热处理,通过荧光光纤测温探头监测样品的中心温度,得到3种不同极板间距下苹果块中心温度从25升至95 ℃的升温曲线和升温速率。用红外热像仪测定加热前后苹果块表面的温度分布,研究了苹果块射频加热均匀性。结果表明：苹果果肉的介电常数和损耗因子在12～3 000 MHz之间随着频率的增大先降低,后增大,再降低;温度对苹果果肉的介电常数和损耗因子的影响没有特定的规律;射频加热苹果块时,极板间距110 mm时升温最快,130 mm时升温最慢,各需要120和150 s。且苹果块中心温度随时间近似线性增长,射频加热过程中,苹果块表面温度分布表现出中心加热现象,即中心温度高,边缘温度低。     

基于电阻抗的苹果干燥过程含水率实时检测及动力学分析

为了找到一种经济便捷的苹果片干燥过程含水率实时检测方法,分析热风温度和风速对干燥过程的影响,该研究实时检测了不同风速和热风温度下苹果片的电阻抗和含水率并分析了其随时间变化的规律。结果表明,干燥过程中苹果片电阻抗随干燥时间的增加而增大,含水率随干燥时间而减小,两者线性负相关(R2≥9.3),因此可以通过电阻抗的变化实时检测苹果干燥过程。苹果片电阻抗和含水率随干燥时间的变化均符合薄层干燥Logarithmic模型;基于电阻抗和含水率分别拟合得出不同条件下的干燥速率,并利用阿伦尼乌斯公式求出苹果试样干燥过程活化能,当风速为0.5和1.0 m/s时,依据电阻抗计算所得活化能分别为32.447和23.212 k J/mol,含水率计算所得活化能为27.320和22.947 k J/mol,依据电阻抗计算所得活化能与前人研究活化能值更一致。研究结果可为苹果片干燥过程在线检测和分析提供参考。     

NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果中Na +的组织细胞定位研究

本试验研究了水培条件下NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果组织细胞中Na+的分布及可能的耐盐机制.结果表明:在一定NaCl胁迫浓度范围内,根系中Na +浓度高于地上部,根系对Na +有一定的再吸收作用,这是珠眉海棠耐盐的重要机制;当NaCl胁迫浓度达到一定阀值后,根、叶细胞Na +大量积累,当细胞液泡不再接纳Na +时,Na +大量积累于胞质和质外体,使质外体渗透势大大降低,胞质水分外流,破坏细胞膜系统和胞质新陈代谢,造成伤害.     

NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果中Na~+的组织细胞定位研究

本试验研究了水培条件下NaCl胁迫下珠眉海棠苹果组织细胞中Na+的分布及可能的耐盐机制。结果表明 :在一定NaCl胁迫浓度范围内 ,根系中Na+浓度高于地上部 ,根系对Na+有一定的再吸收作用 ,这是珠眉海棠耐盐的重要机制 ;当NaCl胁迫浓度达到一定阀值后 ,根、叶细胞Na+大量积累 ,当细胞液泡不再接纳Na+时 ,Na+大量积累于胞质和质外体 ,使质外体渗透势大大降低 ,胞质水分外流 ,破坏细胞膜系统和胞质新陈代谢 ,造成伤害。     

果蔬干燥过程的水分跨膜传输模型构建

为了较真实地描述干燥过程中果蔬组织内水分的传输情况,该文回顾了多孔介质干燥过程及相关研究模型。针对果蔬组织生理学结构及其特征,提出了干燥过程中水分在其内部的传输模型,并通过显微图像技术及热风干燥试验对模型中相关参数进行了试验测定。建立的水分跨细胞膜传递模型有效计算了水分在果蔬组织内部的跨细胞壁传输过程。研究结果表明:果蔬组织中约90%的水分存在于细胞内;干燥过程中水分迁移的过程为:首先细胞内液泡中的水分跨细胞膜流出至细胞间隙,该过程可通过水分跨膜传输通量(JV)来计算;然后,进入细胞间隙的水分可视为一般多孔介质内的孔道水分扩散过程用传统的孔道网络模型进行计算。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.