Methods to Minimize the Effect of Ethylene Sprout Inhibitor on Potato Fry Colour

Ethylene is an effective potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) sprout inhibitor, but it often darkens fry colour. Trials were conducted over nine consecutive storage seasons to identify ethylene application methods which would mitigate darkening while retaining adequate sprout inhibition, using cv. Russet Burbank plus cvs Shepody, Asterix and Santana in some years. Tubers were stored for up to 35 weeks in closed chambers with ethylene gas delivered via the ventilation airstream. Exposure to continuous 4 μl l⁻¹ ethylene after suberization and cooling were completed was designated the ethylene check. Alternative ethylene treatments included commencing exposure either before or after suberization was completed; gradually introducing the ethylene either by a concentration gradient of eight steps over 4 or 8 weeks or by increasing the duration of exposure from 6 to 24 h per day in four weekly steps; repeatedly interrupting exposure for several hours per day or for durations of 1 or more days; and warm storage. Selected ethylene treatment combinations were applied in each year, plus untreated controls, chlorpropham-treated (CIPC) checks and ethylene checks. Sprout growth, fry colour, loss of mass and disease incidence were evaluated at regular intervals. In all cultivars and all years, the ethylene check darkened fry colour more than the other treatments. Commencing before suberization ended, gradually introducing the ethylene by either concentration or time gradient and interrupting the exposure all reduced the negative effect of ethylene sprout inhibitor on fry colour. Continuous ethylene treatments inhibited sprout growth as effectively as CIPC, except at 13 °C storage. Interruptions of 18 h and 2 or more days reduced sprout inhibition. Regardless of cultivar variations, an early start using either a concentration or time-increment gradient had the least effect on fry colour while maintaining good sprout inhibition.     

加热熏蒸CIPC对马铃薯萌芽及品质的影响

为研究加热熏蒸抑芽剂氯苯胺灵(CIPC)对马铃薯抑芽效果及品质的影响,试验采用加热熏蒸和喷施2种方法,在室温20℃的条件下,贮藏第30 d时对马铃薯进行处理,空白对照不做任何处理,测定马铃薯萌芽情况及品质关键指标。结果表明,相比空白对照,在马铃薯贮藏过程中,喷雾CIPC和加热熏蒸CIPC均能显著抑制马铃薯发芽,处理后薯块普遍出现芽萎缩变黑的现象;2种处理后干物质含量、淀粉含量均极显著高于对照,可溶性糖含量、α-淀粉酶活性极显著低于空白对照;相比之下,喷雾施用CIPC较加热熏蒸对马铃薯的抑芽效果和薯块品质的保持更佳,但二者都具有明显的抑芽效果。考虑操作性、成本、对马铃薯的机械损伤等因素,认为加热熏蒸比喷雾的优势更加显著,在实际生产中具有更好的推广潜力。     

马铃薯抑芽药剂研究进展

马铃薯贮藏过程中使用抑芽药剂抑制马铃薯发芽是马铃薯产业中的重要问题。常用的抑芽药剂有氯苯胺灵、青鲜素(抑芽丹)、a-萘乙酸甲酯,其抑芽效果好,在生产中被广泛使用,但存在不适用于种薯、具有安全隐患等负面影响。近年来在抑芽药剂研究方面取得了较大进展,乙烯、香芹酮等新型抑芽药剂不断涌现,不仅抑芽效果好,且安全无毒,但由于成本高、技术不成熟等原因未被广泛应用。从马铃薯抑芽药剂研究及应用现状来看,应加强对马铃薯抑芽调控机制的研究,研发安全、高效、低成本的抑芽药剂以及复合型配方药剂。     

马铃薯抑芽剂的应用效果研究

在常温和低温两种贮藏条件下,分别在陇薯3号和陇薯6号上进行了马铃薯抑芽剂的应用效果研究,计算了各处理的腐烂率、失重率和抑芽率。试验结果表明,常温贮藏5个月,对照的腐烂率为5.36%～6.87%、失重率为16.05%～19.76%、抑芽率均为0,其余各处理的腐烂率为3.60%～4.90%、失重率为11.41%～16.15%、抑芽率为78.21%～84.78%;低温贮藏7个月,对照的腐烂率为2.45%～2.72%、失重率为17.64%～20.35%、抑芽率均为0,其余各处理的腐烂率为2.04%～2.56%、失重率为13.85%～18.08%、抑芽率为96.01%～97.52%。由此可知,马铃薯抑芽剂在常温和低温条件下都能够抑制马铃薯发芽,但是低温抑芽效果优于常温。     

Persistence of Chlorpropham (CIPC) in the Concrete Flooring of Potato Stores

The loss of the sprout suppressant, chlorpropham (CIPC), to the fabric of potato stores is currently of concern due to the risk of potential cross contamination of other crops subsequently housed in these stores. HPLC UV/VIS and GCMS methods were successfully employed to detect CIPC in the concrete flooring of research and commercial potato stores with histories of between 1 and 26 years of use. The concentrations in identical research stores, with different numbers of applications, were in the range 0.58–5.7 and 3.4–112 μg g^?1, suggesting the magnitude of contamination was influenced by the number of applications. Commercial store A, with a history of 18 seasons of applications (estimate of total CIPC applied 2040 kg), had concentrations varying between 6 and 48 μg g^?1 in the top three centimetres, with more than 92% within the top centimetre. In contrast, commercial store B, with a history of less than five seasons of applications (estimate of total CIPC applied 319 kg), had concentrations varying between 0.58 and 304 μg g^?1 in the top four centimetres, with less than 47% within the top centimetre. The difference in depth distributions between A and B may be due to the structural integrity of the concrete, which was much poorer in B. CIPC was persistent in all stores irrespective of the total quantities of CIPC applied and date of the final application.     

马铃薯抑芽剂研制效果试验

针对马铃薯萌芽问题 ,研制了不同的抑芽剂配方进行抑芽效果和贮藏示范试验。试验结果为 :A1配方抑芽效果最佳 ,其次是A6 、A2 ,与对照比均达到了极显著水平。     

香蕉果实乙烯释放量GC的测定方法及其不同处理下的变化趋势

采用毛细管柱气相色谱法测定香蕉果实采后成熟期的乙烯释放量,以外标法峰面积定量,以保留时间定性,乙烯测定结果相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.85％,检出限为0.062 μL/L.该气相色谱法测定香蕉乙烯释放量和生成速率具有快捷高效、灵敏度高、重复性好、结果理想等优点.香蕉果实采后不同成熟处理条件下的乙烯释放量跟踪测量中,不同成熟度的香蕉乙烯释放量变化趋势明显,外源乙烯诱导时乙烯释放量提前达到峰值,1-MCP处理下的乙烯释放量只维持在很低水平.     

热分析对马铃薯抑芽粉剂中氯苯胺灵缓释机理的研究

采用热重法、导数热重法和差热分析法,分别对基料凹凸棒、主效成分氯苯胺灵和抑芽粉剂进行热分析测定,通过对热分析结果的比较,提出了基料凹凸棒对主效成分氯苯胺灵的缓释机理。结果表明,经过液化工艺将氯苯胺灵附载到凹凸棒上,由于基料凹凸棒的比表面积较大,吸附在凹凸棒上的氯苯胺灵因表面效应在较低的温度下也易于挥发,并延缓了挥发速率,为选用凹凸棒作为基料对氯苯胺灵的缓释提供了理论依据。     

马铃薯PVY和PLRV病毒的TC-RT-PCR检测

传统的RT-PCR技术检测病毒需提取总RNA,RNA容易降解。利用试管捕捉反转录扩增(Tube cap-ture RT-PCR,TC-RT-PCR)方法检测了PVY和PLRV 2种病毒,实现了不需提取总RNA也可在同一反应中同时检测2种病毒。根据已报道的引物用TC-RT-PCR的方法对PVY和PLRV的外壳蛋白基因进行了检测。结果表明,TC-RT-PCR能够成功的检测出感染PVY或PLRV以及2种病毒共同侵染的样品,扩增产物序列长度均与设计片段的长度相符,分别为781和364 bp,2种病毒扩增产物的测序结果同Gene Bank中已知的序列比对后的同源性均高达97%以上。该技术为单独或复合感染的马铃薯病毒的检测提供了更加方便、高效的方法。同时测得试验PVY病毒样本属于PVYNW株系。     

脱毒苗马铃薯晚疫病药剂防治试验初报

经方差分析和差异显著性测定 ,4 5 %薯瘟消 60 0倍液、 64%杀毒矾 10 0倍液、 64%双击矾 4 0 0倍液、 77%瑞扑 80 0倍液、 72 2 %普力克 60 0倍液分别喷雾 3次 ,均可有效防治马铃薯脱毒苗晚疫病。防治效果 68 4 7%～ 87 60 %。增产率 3 18%～ 35 4 3%。生产上大面积常用 4 5 %薯瘟消 60 0倍液 ,64%杀毒矾 10 0 0倍液 ,64%双击矾 4 0 0倍液分别喷雾 3次 ,可控制病害 ,获得高产。     

马铃薯小整薯高密栽培及控制株高技术研究

对马铃薯新品种青薯2号采取小整薯高密栽培方法,同时在开花前期喷施矮壮素,其目的是为了提高繁殖系数,降低植株高度,抑制地上部生长,防止倒伏,减轻病害的发生,减少用种量,进而提高产量,试验结果表明:高密栽培的密度为9000～13000株/667m2,在高密栽培的条件下对其进行喷施矮壮素,有明显降低植株高度的作用,喷施浓度以75mg/L产量水平较高。     

Potato Sprout Growth Suppression by Menthone and Neomenthol, Volatile Oil Components ofMinthostachys, Satureja, Bystropogon, andMentha Species

The replacement of synthetic pesticides such as chlorpropham (CIPC) with effective potato sprout suppressants that have negligible environmental impact is needed due to increased concern for consumer health and safety. To date, however, only S-(+)-carvone, a monoterpene produced from caraway seeds, has been developed commercially as a competitive product to CIPC. Consequently, the effects of menthone and neomenthol vapor were compared to S-(+)-carvone for sprout suppressant efficacy as well as for effects on soluble sugar levels, respiration, and processing quality during high and low temperature storage. In the majority of treatments, tubers were enclosed in 3.8 1 glass jars at 25 C. Liquid test compounds were applied to a 10-cm-long x 2-cm-wide filter paper strip (Whatman No. 1) enclosed in each jar. Treatment with either menthone or S-(+)-carvone at 5 ul liquid/1 of treatment volume gave complete sprout suppression in non-dormant Russet Burbank tubers. An examination of changes in CO₂ output, glucose, or sucrose levels over 4 wk at 10 C indicated that the effects of menthone and S-(+)-carvone were similar. In addition, menthone significantly inhibited sprouting without adversely affecting the percentage glucose content or sucrose content when this compound was applied at 4 ul/l to five-month-old, non-dormant tubers of AC Novachip, Russet Burbank, Shepody, and Snowden for two months at 10 C. Menthone and neomenthol were five to ten times more effective in sup pressing tuber sprouting than S-(+)-carvone when applied together at 0.5 ul/l each.     

马铃薯晚疫病药剂防治试验研究

马铃薯晚疫病是会泽县马铃薯生产上的主要病害。试验开展了马铃薯晚疫病药剂的防治试验,探索不同处理方式,筛选出合适的防治药剂,为马铃薯晚疫病综合防治提供理论依据。结果表明:70%安泰生可湿性粉剂300倍液+68.75%银法利悬浮剂600倍液叶面喷雾2次防治马铃薯晚疫病,防效为76.25%,提高商品率,降低贮藏烂薯率,增产幅度大;68.75%银法利600倍液,每100 kg种薯用4～5kg药液喷湿种薯自然晾干种植,降低防治成本。     

The Combined Effect of CO2 and Ethylene Sprout Inhibitor on the Fry Colour of Stored Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Recently, it has been shown that the darkening of potato processing colour attributable to a trace concentration of ethylene gas is more severe when CO₂ is also elevated. In view of the increasing use of ethylene gas for sprout suppression in potato storage facilities, it was considered important to determine whether this effect also occurs at the much higher ethylene concentration used in commercial practice. Sprouting and processing colour of the French fry cultivars Russet Burbank, Shepody and Innovator and the potato crisp cultivar Dakota Pearl were tested during the November to June storage season of two consecutive years. Treatments were 0 or 2 kPa CO₂ and 0 or 10 μL?L^?1 ethylene in a factorial design, plus a chlorpropham check. The 0 CO₂?+?0 ethylene treatment constituted an untreated control. The ethylene exposure was commenced abruptly to maximize its effect on colour. The main effect of ethylene resulted in darker processing colour in all cultivars, whereas darkening attributable to the main effect of CO₂ was observed only in Innovator and Dakota Pearl. The statistical interaction of the CO₂ and ethylene was not significant except in Dakota Pearl Hunter a (redness) scores, although a tendency to darker colour when both gases were present was seen in Russet Burbank and Innovator at all evaluation dates. The results indicate that both gases can affect processing colour when ethylene is used to control sprouting, although considerable variability in the response exists among cultivars. This variability in combination with management of storage conditions such as temperature and CO₂ can be utilized to minimize the impact of these gases on the processing colour of stored potatoes.     

马铃薯抑芽剂戴科(DEECO)的效果评价

马铃薯贮藏中用CIPC抑芽剂戴科25号处理,试验了品种合作88、品种会-2和大西洋的抑芽效果和重量损失。观察和测量贮存中薯块的发芽时间和芽长度,未处理对照块茎7～35d后发芽,而且芽粗壮、长度增加很快。抑芽剂处理的薯块17～70d后,芽眼开始见到很小的弱芽,但生长缓慢,而且芽会逐渐地干枯死亡。贮存78～165d中,抑芽剂处理薯块,重量损失率2 48%～13 5%,对照重量损失15 5%。结果表明,在马铃薯商品薯和加工原料薯的贮存中,应用抑芽剂处理可以长期使块茎不发芽,重量损失较小,保持新鲜和较好的质量,在生产中具有应用价值。马铃薯块茎收获后,放置2周以上,待块茎表皮充分木栓化后,作药剂处理,以及充分、均匀地施在块茎表面是很重要的。     

Sprout development and subsequent plant growth

Summary During storage sprout growth was linearly related to the amount of available tuber substrate. Plants grown in nutrient solution were also highly dependent on the reserves of the parent tuber until a relatively late stage of development. Light intensity and daylength only slightly influenced sprout growth: temperature and variety were of considerable importance. Increase in sprout size at the time of planting caused earlier emergence and tuber initiation but the relative rate of plant growth was reduced. The principal weather factors which modified tuber initiation and growth were temperature and radiation: daylength was relatively unimportant. The different optimum temperatures during development suggest a technique for obtaining higher tuber yields.

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Zusammenfassung Das Wachstum der Kartoffelpflanze w?hrend verschiedener Entwicklungsstadien wurde in einer Reihe von Versuchen an der Landwirtschaftlichen Schule der Universit?t von Nottingham im Zeitraum 1956–60 studiert. Eine lineare Beziehung zwischen Keimwachstum w?hrend der Lagerung und der Menge an vorhandenem Substrat ergab sich durch Variation der Knollengr?sse und Anzahl der Keime bei der SorteKing Edward. In einer N?hrl?sung gezüchtete Pflanzen waren bis zu einem verh?ltnism?ssig sp?ten Entwicklungsstadium für ihr Reservesubstrat ebenfalls von der Knolle abh?ngig. Bei. Pflanzen mit 287 cm² Blattfl?che wurden 93% des Trockengewichts aus der Knolle bezogen und die Konzentration von N?hrstoffen in der ?usseren L?sung hatte geringen Einfluss auf das Wachstum. Lichtintensit?ten von 1.07 bis 28,8 cal/cm²/Tag und Tagesl?ngen von 8, 16 und 24 Stunden hatten nur einen geringen Einfluss auf das Wachstum von Keimen vonKing Edward w?hrend der Lagerung bei 15°C und keinen Einfluss auf die weitere Entwicklung nach dem Auspflanzen. Im Bereich von 4 bis 25°C bewirkte Temperaturerh?hung eine Beschleunigung des anf?nglichen Keimwachstums beiKing Edward undArran Pilot; die Wachstumsrate war jedoch geringer bei 30°C. Die wachsenden Spitzen starben nach einiger Zeit bei Aufbewahrung bei 20, 25 und 30°C ab, so dass schliesslich die l?ngsten Keime bei 15°C erzeugt wurden. Wenn die Knollen nach einem Raum mit anderer Temperatur verbracht wurden, nahmen sie sofort die Wachstumscharakteristik dieser Temperatur an. Aufgang und Knollenansatz traten früher ein bei gr?sserer Keiml?nge bis zu einem Optimalwert von ca. 1,5 cm. Die relativen Zunahmegeschwindigkeiten in Trockengewicht und Blattfl?che in den ersten Wachstumsstadien nach dem Aufgang gingen mit gr?sserer Keiml?nge zurück. Der Einfluss von Temperatur. Lichtst?rke und Tagesl?nge auf Pflanzen vonArran Pilot wurde in Pflanzenaufzuchtr?umen, im Gew?chshaus und auf dem Acker studiert. Der Aufgang war umso früher, je h?her die Temperatur beim Auspflanzen war, aber hohe Temperaturen nach dem Aufgang verz?gerten die Knollenbildung. Die Wachstumsrate war am h?chsten bei 20°C. Die Tagesl?nge hatte nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die Knollenbildung. Eine praktische Methode, frühere und h?here Knollenertr?ge zu erzielen, ergibt sich aus den verschiedenen Optimumtemperaturen w?hrend der Entwicklung. Sie besteht darin, ein früheres Aufgehen zu bewirken, indem Pflanzen von gekeimten Knollen im Gew?chshaus gezüchtet werden, und sodann eine frühere Knollenbildung durch Auspflanzen unter den niedrigen Temperaturbedingungen im Freien anzuregen.

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Résumé La croissance de la plante de pomme de terre dans les différentes phases de son développement a été étudié dans une série d’essais exécutés à l’Ecole d’Agriculture de l’Université de Nottingham pendant les années 1956–60. Un rapport linéaire entre le développement des germes durant la conservation et la quantité de substrat disponible fut établi en variant la grosseur des tubercules et le nombre de germes dans la variétéKing Edward. Les plantes cultivées dans une solution nutritive dépendaient également du tubercule pour les réserves de substrat jusqu’à un degré de développement relativement avancé. Chez les plantes dont le feuillage présentait une superficie de 287 cm², 93% du poids en matière sèche provenait du tubercule-mère et la concentration des substances nutritives dans la solution externe produisait peu d’effet sur la croissance. Des éclairements de 1,07 à 28.8 cal/cm²/jour et des longueurs de jour de 8, de 16 et de 24 heures influen?aient peu la croissance des germes deKing Edward pendant la conservation à 15°C et n’avaient aucun effet sur le développement ultérieur en plein champ. Entre 4 et 25°C, l’augmentation de température accélérait le développement des germes des variétésKing Edward etArran Pilot, mais cette vitesse de développement se trouvait abaissée à 30°C. Pendant la conservation à 20, 25 et 30°C, les points de végétation mouraient après quelque temps, de sorte qu’en définitive, les germes les plus longs furent produits à 15°C. Lorsque les tubercules étaient transférés d’une température à l’autre, la vitesse de croissance caractérisant cette nouvelle température se manifestait immédiatement. La levéc et le début de la formation de tubercules étaient plus précoces si les germes avaient atteint une plus grande longueur, jusqu’à une longueur optimale de 1,5 cm environ. La vitesse relative d’augmentation du poids en matière sèche et de la superficie des feuilles pendant le début du développement après la levée diminuait à mesure que les germes étaient plus longs. L’influence de la température, de l’éclairement et de la longueur de jour sur les plantes de la variétéArran Pilot fut étudiée dans des locaux de culture, des serres et en plein champ. La levée se produisait d’autant plus t?t que la température était plus élevée au moment de la plantation, mais les températures élevées après la levée retardaient la formation de tubercules. La croissance des tubercules était le plus rapide à 20°C. La longueur de jour n’avait qu’une faible influence sur la formation des tubercules. Les différentes températures optimales observées durant le développement montrent une possibilité pratique de réaliser une production plus précoce et un meilleur rendement en tubercules. Il s’agit d’obtenir une levée plus précoce en cultivant des plantes en serre à partir de tubercules germés et de stimuler ensuite la formation précoce des tubercules en transplantant dans le champ au températures plus basses.

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Paper read at the 1st Triennial Conference of the E.A.P.R., Braunschweig-V?lkenrode, Sept. 1960.     

热研88-13胶乳中乙烯释放量GC测定方法及其变化

探讨采用毛细管柱气相色谱法测定橡胶树胶乳中乙烯释放量的方法,并初步测定了首次割胶的胶乳中乙烯释放量和乙烯刺激割胶不同割次的乙烯释放量。试验用岛津GC2010型气相色谱仪,采用外标法,以保留时间定性,以峰面积定量,胶乳中乙烯释放量测定结果相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.08%,检出限为0.03μL·L^-1。用气相色谱法测定橡胶树中胶乳的乙烯含量和生成速率有简便、快速、高效、准确、灵敏度高等优点。橡胶树采用乙烯利刺激（S/2d/2＋3.0%ET）,在涂药后第1-5割次的胶乳乙烯释放量分别为：18.62、9.86、3.40、4.90、3.65μL·L^-1,而橡胶树首次割胶（对照）的胶乳中乙烯释放量为2.36μL·L^-1;第1-5割次的胶乳乙烯生成速率分别为：2.83、1.53、0.50、0.67、0.54nL·g^-1·h^-1,而对照的为0.36nL·g^-1·h^-1。结果表明：经乙烯利刺激后,橡胶树胶乳中乙烯释放量和生产速率均呈双峰型变化趋势,其中涂药后第1割次的胶乳中乙烯释放量最高;橡胶树胶乳中乙烯释放量与乙烯生成速率呈极显著正相关,r=0.9997^＊＊。     

几种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病的防效试验

鄂西高山地区 ,春马铃薯生长旺季正处在潮湿雾多的 6～ 7月份 ,常年晚疫病发生极为严重。近几年 ,用甲霜灵 (瑞毒霉 )进行大面积防治 ,收到了良好的效果。为避免长期使用单一药剂马铃薯产生抗药性 ,我们选用了新型广谱杀菌剂多宁系列的两种药剂 ,与甲霜灵系列药进行防效比较试验。1　材料与方法1 1　试验材料供试品种为“米拉” ,恩施自治州大面积种植多年 ,易感晚疫病。试验药剂为多宁 77(Ａ) ,多宁 Ａ(Ｂ) ,2 5 %的甲霜灵 (Ｃ) ,5 8%的甲霜灵锰锌 (Ｄ) ,共 4种可湿性粉剂 ,以喷清水为对照 (ＣＫ)。1 2　试验方法1 2 1　试验设计采取小区…     

马铃薯施用缓控释肥、生物有机肥肥效试验

为研究缓控释肥、生物有机肥对马铃薯的增产增收效果,以当地主推品种‘合作88’为试验材料,以当地农民习惯施肥为对照,研究了施用推荐施肥、缓控释肥和生物有机肥对马铃薯产量、产量构成因素和经济效益的影响。结果表明,马铃薯施用缓控释肥、生物有机肥对改善马铃薯产量构成因素不明显,但是可以明显提高产量和经济效益。产量增幅在7.88%~14.92%,其中处理4(施用推荐施肥减20%+生物有机肥80 kg/667m~2)的产量最高,较处理1(习惯施肥)增产428 kg/667m~2,达到3 297 kg/667m~2,增产14.92%;马铃薯经济效益增加幅度在1.73%~13.81%,其中处理4(推荐施肥减20%+生物有机肥)较处理1(习惯施肥)增加收益605元/667m~2;使用生物有机肥的经济效益要高于使用缓控释肥和常规肥料;建议在种植马铃薯时,可以适当减少化肥的使用量,增加生物有机肥的使用量,起到减肥增收的作用。     

Potato Tuber Length-Width Ratio Assessment Using Image Analysis

Potato tuber length to width (L/W) ratio is a critical crop trait evaluated during the development and selection of new cultivars to assess the effects of environment and management on tuber size and shape. The major challenges in manual measurement of L/W ratio are that it is labor-intensive, time consuming, and sometimes inconsistent. A high-throughput, digital image-based method for estimation of L/W ratio was developed in this study. Tests were conducted using tubers from a local retail market (red, white and russet) and from a field experiment with Payette Russet cultivar specifically designed to alter tuber size and shape. An image processing algorithm was developed to process the potato tuber images and the L/W ratio data from the images were compared to manual caliper measurements. A high accuracy in tuber L/W ratio estimation was consistently observed using image-based analysis. Among the different potato cultivars, red cultivars had a lower average accuracy in L/W ratio estimation of 94%, while other cultivars exhibited 96% and higher average accuracies.