免疫外科法制备牛供体细胞核胞体及其核移植研究

本研究利用自制的兔抗牛脾细胞免疫血清裂解供体细胞膜而获得核胞体,结果表明,自制的免疫血清可以成功的裂解供体细胞膜而获得核胞体。将该法制备的核胞体应用于牛体细胞核移植的胞质内注射中,从而为核移植中供体细胞核胞体的获得提供一种新的思路。在比较不同供体细胞对重构胚发育的影响时。结果表明。颗粒细胞与耳成纤维细胞构建的重构胚卵裂率没有显著差异（62．62％versus67．89％,P〉0．05）,囊胚率也没有明显的差异（23．88％ versus 18．92％,P〉0．05）：在4℃低温冷藏一定时间的供体细胞与未经冷藏的供体细胞,其卵裂率和囊胚率都没有显著性差异（63．34％versus62．03％;26．67％versus24．45％,P〉0．05）;同样,耳成纤维细胞也得到相同的结果（70．76％verSus66．67％：21．74％versus19．56％,P〉0．05）。颗粒细胞构建的重构胚在注核后3～5h进行激活较1～3h有更高的卵裂率．表现出显著性差异（73．91％versus56．52％,P〈0．05）,裳胚率无显著性差异（23．53％,versus15．38％,P〉0．05）。     

水牛体细胞核移植的研究

系统探讨了水牛体细胞核移植的各种影响因素，并初步建立了水牛体细胞核移植的一整套程序。体外成熟培养22～24h的水牛卵母细胞去核后，将经血清饥饿(0.5％FBs)培养2～9d、0．1mg／L Aphidicolin(APD)培养 0．5％FBs培养2～9d或一般培养法(10％FBS)培养的水牛耳皮成纤维细胞或颗粒细胞，直接注射到去核的卵母细胞质中，或注射到卵周隙中再经电融合(100V／mm，15μs，电脉冲3次)构建重构胚。重构胚经化学激活后(5pmol／L离子霉素5min，2mmol／L6-DMAP3h)培养7～8d，评定其胚胎发育能力。耳皮成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞经0．1mg／L APD 0．5％FBs培养处理后的重组胚卵裂率，均极显著高于血清饥饿和一般培养处理的同种供体细胞(P＜0.01)，但囊胚发育率无显著差异(P＞0．05)。耳皮成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞经0.1mg／L APD 0.5％FBS处理后进行核移植的分裂率和发育率均无显著差异(63．06％比58．70％，P＞0．05)。以水牛颗粒细胞为核供体时，电融舍法的重构胚分裂率显著高于胞质内注入法(P＜0.05)，囊胚发育率无显著差异(P＞0.05)。培养3代和6代的水牛颗粒细胞以及培养6代和10代的耳皮成纤维细胞，其具有正常二倍染色体的细胞比例均无显著差异(P＞0.05)；以这2种细胞不同培养代数作供体进行核移植时，各代之间核移胚的体外分裂率、囊胚发育率无显著差异P＞0.05)。这些结果表明：(1)水牛耳皮成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞经培养传代所建立起来的细胞系相对比较稳定；(2)0.1mg／L APD预培养处理供体细胞能提高水牛体细胞核移植的效果，但血清饥饿培养则无作用；(3)水牛耳皮成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞均可作供核细胞，核移植后都能得到体细胞克隆的囊胚，但前者的效果略优于后者，且其核移植效果不受供核细胞培养代数的影响；(4)电融合核移植胚胎的发育率高于胞质内直接注入法，但两者的总体效率相似。     

水牛原生殖细胞核移植的研究

以水牛原生殖细胞（PGCs）为核供体,成熟水牛卵母细胞为受体,采用电融合法和胞质内直接注核法对水牛PGCs的核移植进行了研究。从水牛胎儿的生殖嵴或生殖腺分离得到PGCs,在胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上传代培养后,进行核移植。结果显示,当采用电融合法时,PGCs核移植的融合率、分裂率、囊胚率和总囊胚率均显著高于胎儿成纤维细胞（P〈0．05）;当采用直接注核法进行核移植时,PGCs的核移植囊胚率显著高于胎儿成纤维细胞（P〈0．05）。但分裂率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结果表明,水牛PGCs细胞是理想的核移植供体细胞。     

精子提取液对绵羊同异种核移植重构胚的激活效果

应用绵羊精子提取物体外激活绵羊体细胞核移植胚和山羊-绵羊异种核移植胚，比较了不同浓度的绵羊精子提取物对绵羊同种和异种重构胚的激活作用，并与传统的化学激活方法对重构胚的卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数做了比较。结果表明，绵羊精子提取物可以有效地激活绵羊体细胞核移植胚和山羊-绵羊异种核移植胚，每一重构胚注射3pL浓度为5mg／mL的绵羊精子提取物，对同种和异种胚的发育效果均为最好，并显著高于其他试验组（P〈0．05）。注射绵羊精子提取物对绵羊-山羊异种核移植胚的卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数的影响，与离子霉素联合6-DAMP激活法差异不显著（P〉0．05）。注射绵羊精子提取物对绵羊同种核移植胚的卵裂率和囊胚率的影响，与离子霉素联合6-DAMP激活法差异也不显著（P〉0．05），但精子提取物注射法的绵羊核移植胚的囊胚细胞数显著（P〈0．05）高于化学激活法的细胞数（72．4vs65．2）。     

供体细胞状态对牛重组胚发育的影响

本试验通过比较供体成纤维细胞的不同血清饥饿培养天数、传代次数、冻存复苏等方面试验条件对重组胚发育的影响因素进行了深入的研究。结果表明：供体细胞血清饥饿0、1～3、4～6、7～9d之间重组胚卵裂率没有显著差异（P〉0.05），但囊胚率以饥饿1～3d的最高，与4～6和7～9d组别差异显著（P〈0．05）；以传代0、1～3、4～6、7～9代的细胞作为供体细胞，卵裂率没有显著差异（P〉0.05），桑椹胚率以传1～3代最高，差异显著（P〈0．05）；2代细胞解冻后的卵裂率显著高于4和8代细胞，而以2和6代冷冻解冻后细胞为供体，卵裂率并无明显差异，8代细胞的桑椹胚率显著低于其它组。本试验为提高供体成纤维细胞在卵母细胞中重新程序化及后续重组胚发育等相关研究提供参考。     

水牛体细胞核移植方法比较及激活前的时间间隔对全细胞胞质内注射法核移植效果的影响

本研究旨在比较水牛2种体细胞核移植(Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer,SCNT)方法的效果以及激活前的时间间隔对全细胞胞质内注射法(Whole-Cell Intracytoplasmic Microinjection,WCICSI)核移植效果的影响.采用水牛胎儿成纤维细胞作为供核,比较了透明带下注核法(Perivitelline Microinjection,PM)和WCICSI核移植效果.另外,试验了不同类型的供体细胞进行全细胞胞质内注射后与激活前的受体胞质的最适宜作用时间.结果,WCICSI构建核移植重构胚的成功率显著高于PM(87.1%vs 81.1%,P＜0.05),虽然其重构胚的分裂率极显著低于PM(49.5%vs 71.8%,P＜0.01),但囊胚率、核移植的效率无显著差异(P＞0.05).卵丘细胞和胎儿成纤维细胞在注射后3 h激活,重构胚的囊胚发育率最高;颗粒细胞注射后与激活前的最佳时间间隔可在1.5～3 h,但3 h是最佳的作用时间.结果表明,(1)WCICSI可用于水牛体细胞核移植的研究;(2)水牛胞质内注射供体细胞后3 h进行激活,核移植重构胚的发育效果最好.     

供体细胞对猪体细胞克隆胚胎早期发育的影响

以中国农业大学实验用小型猪香猪胎儿成纤维细胞、成年耳成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞3种细胞系为供体细胞进行核移植。比较了血清饥饿法和接触抑制法处理胎儿成纤维细胞诱导进入G0／G1期的效率，发现二者差异不显著（P〉0．05），血清饥饿2d和4d差异不明显，同样接触抑制2d和4d差异也不显著（P〉0．05）。系统研究了影响克隆胚胎发育的供体因素：血清饥饿与否、细胞形态、细胞类型及个体差异等，结果表明：血清饥饿处理对克隆胚的早期发育没有明显的促进作用；圆形光滑细胞有利于细胞融合，对早期发育无显著影响（P〉0．05）；不同个体、不同类型的供体细胞对克隆胚囊胚发育率有一定的影响。     

兔核移植胚胎的克隆研究

本研究改进了兔受体卵母细胞的去核程序及供体卵裂球的处理方法，并对核移植胚的体外克隆、继代克隆及克隆胚的体内发育进行了试验。结果表明：卵龄对受体卵母细胞的去核具有显著的影响，卵龄为１５～１８ｈ的去核率为１００％（４５／４５），显著高于１３～１４ｈ的４６．６％（７／１５），Ｐ＜０．０１。ＤＮＡ合成抑制剂Ａｐｈｉｄｉｃｏｌｉｎ处理１６－细胞期卵裂球后，重组胚的囊胚发育率５４％（２０／３７）高于未处理组的４５％（１４／３１），Ｐ＜０．０５。从２枚１６－细胞供体胚分别获得来自一个供体胚的９枚和７枚核移植克隆囊胚，囊胚发育率为５１．６（１６／３１）。然而第一次继代核移植胚的囊胚发育率仅为１１．５％（６／５２）。１６－及３２－细胞期卵裂球的重组胚可发育至产仔，共获２窝８只仔兔。其中１只、２只、２只和３只仔兔分别来自４个供体胚。     

不同化学激活剂对牛卵丘细胞重构胚发育的影响

本文主要研究了①离子霉素（Ion）＋6-二甲基氨基嘌呤（6-DMAP）、②Ion＋放线菌酮（CHX）、③体积分数7％乙醇＋6-DMAP、④体积分数7％乙醇＋CHX四种不同化学激活方法对牛胞质内卵丘细胞全细胞注射法所获得重构胚的激活及前期发育的影响。Ion和7％乙醇的处理时间为5min,6-DMAP的处理时间为4h．CHX的处理时间为5h。结果表明,重构胚与颗粒细胞单层细胞共培养2d后,各组卵裂率分别为52．7％、51．5％、53．2％和54．0％．差异不显著（P〉0．05）;培养8d后,①组激活的囊胚发育率（20．0％）极显著高于其他组（P〈0．01）,其他各组之间差异不显著．分别为8．5％、10．2％和6．1％;培养10d后,①组激活的囊胚孵化率（10．7％）极显著高于其他组（P〈0．01）．其他各组之间差异不显著,分别为2．3％、3．0％和1．8％。表明,4种激活方法均可以有效地激活重构胚,但Ion＋6-DMAP法激活重构胚的囊胚率和囊胚孵化率均极显著高于其他3组,说明Ion＋6-DMAP激活法有利于牛重构胚的发育．可以获得较理想的囊胚率．是胞质内全细胞注射法克隆的理想激活方法。     

供体细胞的不同处理方法对牛核移植重构胚发育能力的影响

为了研究供体细胞不同的处理方法对核移植重构胚的作用，比较了用于保种的冻存和新鲜的成纤维细胞做供体细胞、供体细胞不同的离心转数、供体细胞不同的血清饥饿时间及用本实验室冻存的成纤维细胞，解冻复苏后，不同传代次数对重构胚的影响。结果表明分别用冷冻保存的和新鲜的成纤维细胞作为核供体，所得重构胚卵裂率、囊胚率无显著差（P>0.05）；供体细胞离心800 r/min时所得重构胚效果较好，离心1500 r/min所得重构胚的卵裂率、囊胚率与其他3组相比较低；血清饥饿3～5 d组所得重构胚比其他3组好；用解冻复苏后再传2、5代的细胞进行核移植，所得重构胚的卵裂率、囊胚率无明显差异(P>0.05)，显著高于传8代的细胞所得重构胚。说明供体细胞的不同处理方法对核移植重构胚发育有很重要的影响。     

TSA对滩羊成纤维细胞作为供体细胞的作用

为探索成纤维细胞作为供体细胞的潜能和TrichostatinA(TSA)处理供体细胞的适合浓度,提高克隆胚胎的发育水平。本研究分别利用100、50、25、10ng·mL-1TSA处理滩羊成纤维细胞,观察细胞形态,统计细胞活率,利用流式分选技术分析处理前后细胞的周期时相,同时通过间接免疫荧光法检测细胞乙酰化水平,并以经过10～50ng·mL-1TSA处理的成纤维细胞作为供体细胞,检测其重构胚发育水平。结果发现,当TSA的浓度达100ng·mL-1时,细胞大量死亡,不同浓度TSA处理细胞24h后,细胞周期被明显抑制在G0/G1期,乙酰化水平明显高于对照组,其中供体细胞经10ng·mL-1TSA处理的克隆胚胎卵裂率和囊胚率明显升高(P0.05,(85.2±3.4)%vs(68.6±6.7)%,(35.6±5.7)%vs(10.4±8.3)%)。结果表明,经10ng·mL-1TSA处理的滩羊成纤维细胞周期同步化明显,乙酰化维持较高水平,重构胚胎发育水平明显提高,适合作为成纤维细胞的处理方法和浓度。     

Treating Cloned Embryos,But Not Donor Cells,with 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine Enhances the Developmental Competence of Porcine Cloned Embryos

The efficiency of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has remained low. In most cloned embryos, epigenetic reprogramming is incomplete, and usually the genome is hypermethylated. The DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) could improve the developmental competence of cow, pig, cat and human SCNT embryos in previous studies. However, the parameters of 5-aza-dC treatment among species are different, and whether 5-aza-dC could enhance the developmental competence of porcine cloned embryos has still not been well studied. Therefore, in this study, we treated porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFF) that then were used as donor nuclei for nuclear transfer or fibroblast-derived reconstructed embryos with 5-aza-dC, and the concentration- and time-dependent effects of 5-aza-dC on porcine cloned embryos were investigated by assessing pseudo-pronucleus formation, developmental potential and pluripotent gene expression of these reconstructed embryos. Our results showed that 5-aza-dC significantly reduced the DNA methylation level in PFF (0 nM vs. 10 nM vs. 25 nM vs. 50 nM, 58.70% vs. 37.37% vs. 45.43% vs. 39.53%, P<0.05), but did not improve the blastocyst rate of cloned embryos derived from these cells. Treating cloned embryos with 25 nM 5-aza-dC for 24 h significantly enhanced the blastocyst rate compared with that of the untreated group. Furthermore, treating cloned embryos, but not donor cells, significantly promoted pseudo-pronucleus formation at 4 h post activation (51% for cloned embryos treated, 34% for donor cells treated and 36% for control, respectively, P<0.05) and enhanced the expression levels of pluripotent genes (Oct4, Nanog and Sox2) up to those of in vitro fertilized embryos during embryo development. In conclusion, treating cloned embryos, but not donor cells, with 5-aza-dC enhanced the developmental competence of porcine cloned embryos by promotion of pseudo-pronucleus formation and improvement of pluripotent gene expression.     

Effect of postactivation treatment with latrunculin a on in vitro and in vivo development of cloned embryos derived from kidney fibroblasts of an aged clawn miniature boar

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of postactivation treatment with latrunculin A (LatA), an actin polymerization inhibitor, on in vitro and in vivo development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos derived from kidney fibroblasts of an aged Clawn miniature boar (12 years old). After electric activation, SCNT embryos were treated with 0, 0.5 or 1 μM LatA and cultured in vitro. The rate of blastocyst formation was significantly higher (P<0.05) in SCNT embryos treated with 0.5 μM LatA (38%) than those in control (14%). When cloned embryos treated with 0.5 μM LatA were transferred into the oviducts of two recipient miniature gilts to assess their development in vivo, both recipients became pregnant; one maintained pregnancy to term, and a live piglet (weighing 220 g) was delivered by Caesarean section. The results of this study indicated that the postactivation treatment with LatA was effective in improving in vitro developmental capacity of SCNT miniature pig embryos derived from kidney fibroblasts of an aged animal and that miniature pig cloned embryos treated with LatA had the ability to develop to term.     

Effects of Donor Cells Treated with Egg Extracts on the Development Competence of Cloned Embryos

Japanese Balck cattle fetal fibroblasts (JBCFF) were induced with Xenopus leavis egg extracts and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was carried out with the reprogrammed JBCFF as donor cells in order to investigate their effects on SCNT efficiency.Three samples of egg extracts were acquired from different Xenopus laevis.The protein contents and kinds in extracts were evaluated with BCA Protein Quantification Kit and SDS-PAGE.Concentration of Digitonin to permeabilize JBCFF was optimized and assessed with PI staining.Reprogrammed cells treated with egg extract were used as donor in SCNT.Additionally the reconstructed embryos were activated with ionomycin+6-DMAP and A23187+6-DMAP to compare their effects on the development competence.The protein contents of extracts samples were 56.2255,64.6570 and 71.2158 μg/mL,respectively,the each extract had the same composition about 40-55 and 70-100 ku.The optimal concentration of Digitonin was 7 μg/mL and the permeabilization rate was 55.44%.After extracts treatment and continuous culture for 6-7 d,JBCFF formed well-defined colony structures.No significant composition difference was found in rates of fusion (92.83% vs 96.04%),cleavage (89.64% vs 89.78%) and blastocyst formation (24.06% vs 23.12%) of cloned embryos when the colony cells and JBCFF without extracts treatment were used as donor cells (P>0.05).Similarly,the two activation methods had no significant effect on the developmental competence of cloned embryos (cleavage rate 92.16% vs 92.28%,blastocyst rate 23.21% vs 24.18%).Conclusively,Xenopus leavis,egg extracts could induce JBCFF reprogramming to a low differentiated state.However donor cells with reprogramming partially could not improve the development of cloned embryos and its mechanism requires further research.     

抽提物处理供体细胞对克隆胚胎发育的影响

本研究采用爪蟾卵母细胞抽提物处理和牛胎儿成纤维细胞(JBCFF),并以发生重编程的细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植,研究其对克隆效率的影响.分别超排3只爪蟾,收集卵母细胞后提取其抽提物,用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒确定其蛋白含量,SDS-PAGE分析其中所含蛋白的种类.应用细胞膜透化剂Digitonin对建立的JBCFF进行通透处理和PI染色,筛选最适浓度;并用获得的抽提物处理牛体细胞,获得重编程细胞.以发生重编程的体细胞为供体进行核移植,同时比较离子霉素+6-DMAP和A23187+6-DMAP两种组合激活后克隆胚的体外发育能力.结果,3个爪蟾卵母细胞抽提物样品的蛋白浓度分别为56.2255、64.6570和71.2158 μg/mL,其中所含蛋白种类一致,主要集中在40~55、70~100 ku之间.经过连续的筛选,透化剂Digitonin对JBCFF通透处理的最适浓度为7 μg/mL,PI染色显示透化效率为55.44%.爪蟾卵母细胞抽提物与体细胞共孵育后继续培养6~7 d,细胞聚集形成"克隆簇".分别以"克隆簇"细胞和未处理细胞为核供体,制备的重构胚在融合率(92.83%和96.04%)、卵裂率(89.64%和89.78%)和囊胚率(24.06%和23.12%)均无显著差异(P>0.05);离子霉素+6-DMAP和A23187+6-DMAP两种激活方式对克隆胚胎的分裂率(92.16%和92.28%)和囊胚率(23.21%和24.18%)均无显著影响(P>0.05).爪蟾卵母细胞抽提物诱导和牛体细胞发生重编程,并恢复到较低的分化状态,但没有显著促进克隆胚胎的体外发育,可见缺少对胚胎发育起重要作用的重编程过程,还需要继续深入研究.     

转EGFP基因山羊克隆胚的发育

利用脂质体包裹含EGFP基因的质粒,并将之导入山羊乳腺上皮细胞,经G418筛选获得阳性细胞,以阳性细胞作为核供体,利用核移植技术构建转基因克隆胚。结果表明：用转基因山羊乳腺上皮细胞作为核供体,电融合法更适合构建转基因克隆胚。转基因山羊克隆胚体外培养最佳方案是用SOFaa培养液,在培养72 h后加入10%的正常山羊血清（Normal goat serum,NGS）。荧光显微镜下观察到转基因克隆胚中EGFP的表达,大部分克隆胚发育到8-16细胞以后的时期,绿色荧光蛋白才开始逐渐表达,随着发育时间的延长,绿色荧光蛋白的表达也逐渐增强。说明外源基因在胚胎早期发育阶段可以表达,EGFP可以作为报告基因来实现对外源基因整合及表达的监测。     

Effect Comparison of Adenovirus Vector Transfer into Different Buffalo Cells

Buffalo mammary epithelial cell,cumulus cell and fibroblasts were transfected by adenovirus vectors and compared their transfection efficiency.293 cells were transfected with pBHGloxdelE13cre and pDC316-eGFP by liposome,the virus was collected and titer was detected.Buffalo mammary epithelial cell,cumulus cell and fibroblasts were exposed to different multiplicity of infection (MOI) of adenovirus vectors.After 72 h,the cells were observed with inverted fluorescence microscope,and transfection efficiency was calculated.When the MOI was 25,50,100,200 and 400,the transfection efficiency of fibroblasts were 0.7%,7.0%,9.0%,12.5% and 34.0%,the transfection efficiency of cumulus cells were 42.5%,55.3%,57.4%,76.0% and 80.0%,the transfection efficiency of mammary epithelial cells were 88.7%,100%,100%,100% and 100%.The results showed that the transfection efficiency of mammary epithelial cell was the best,followed by cumulus cell,and fibroblast was poor.     

腺病毒载体转染水牛不同原代体细胞的效果比较

试验旨在比较腺病毒载体转染水牛乳腺上皮细胞、卵丘细胞、成纤维细胞的效率。将腺病毒质粒pBHGloxdelE13cre、pDC316-eGFP脂质体转染293细胞,收集病毒并测定病毒滴度。用腺病毒载体按不同的感染复数（MOI）感染水牛乳腺上皮细胞、卵丘细胞、成纤维细胞,72 h后倒置荧光显微镜下观察,统计感染效率。MOI为25、50、100、200、400时,成纤维细胞感染效率分别为0.7%、7.0%、9.0%、12.5%、34.0%,卵丘细胞感染效率分别为42.5%、55.3%、57.4%、76.0%、80.0%,乳腺上皮细胞感染效率分别为88.7%、100%、100%、100%、100%。结果表明,腺病毒转染乳腺上皮效率最佳,卵丘细胞次之,成纤维细胞效果较差。     

Cloned calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos cultured in chemically defined medium or modified synthetic oviduct fluid

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is considered to be a critical tool for propagating valuable animals. To determine the productivity calves resulting from embryos derived with different culture media, enucleated oocytes matured in vitro were reconstructed with fetal fibroblasts, fused, and activated. The cloned embryos were cultured in modified synthetic oviduct fluid (mSOF) or a chemically defined medium (CDM) and developmental competence was monitored. After 7 days of culturing, the blastocysts were transferred into the uterine horn of estrus-synchronized recipients. SCNT embryos that were cultured in mSOF or CDM developed to the blastocysts stages at similar rates (26.6% vs. 22.5%, respectively). A total of 67 preimplantational stage embryos were transferred into 34 recipients and six cloned calves were born by caesarean section, or assisted or natural delivery. Survival of transferred blastocysts to live cloned calves in the mSOF and the CDM was 18.5% (to recipients), 9.6% (to blastocysts) and 42.9% (to recipients), 20.0% (to blastocysts), respectively. DNA analysis showed that all cloned calves were genetically identical to the donor cells. These results demonstrate that SCNT embryos cultured in CDM showed higher viability as judged by survival of the calves that came to term compared to blastocysts derived from mSOF cultures.