水稻品种对白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)的拒性和抗生性研究初报

 利用经苗期和田间抗性鉴定对白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)具有中抗水平以上的国内外品种52个进行拒性和22个品种进行抗生性测定。结果表明,对若虫取食、成虫定居和产卵的拒性以云南品种的毫糯亮、白糯、鬼衣谷、滇瑞337～68等较为明显。抗生性(种群增长、若虫生存率、排泄量)测定结果表明:N22、冷水谷(681)、脚鲁、法炮谷、浙丽1号等5个品种抗生性明显。     

应用主分量分析评价水稻品种对白背飞虱抗生性初探

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)是我国水稻上的重要害虫之一.尽管化学农药在对白背飞虱的防治中起了一定的作用,但由于施药增加了生产成本,并且长期使用造成了白背飞虱的抗药性、杀伤天敌、诱导害虫再度猖獗;以及引起环境污染.因而近年来抗白背飞虱品种的培育逐渐提到日程上来.为了筛选抗白背飞虱的抗源.我们就初筛和复筛后得到的17个对白背     

Nabeshi等14个台湾品种对白背飞虱的抗生性测定初报

对14个来自台湾的水稻品种进行了产卵效应、若虫生存率、种群增长的抗生性和蜜露测定。结果表明,雌成虫在不同抗性水稻品种上的产卵量有明显差异。与TN1相比,有68.4%的供试品种在若虫生存率上表现出较强的抗生性,42%的供试品种具有明显的抗生性。除了Chi-sheng-tao外,其他品种对白背飞虱的取食有明显的抑制作用。     

中国水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性

评价了来自中国的13个粳稻品种、11个籼稻品种、13个杂交稻组合,以及11个热带粳稻品种的杀卵作用和拒食抗性.具有杀卵作用的品种仅见于粳稻品种.测试的13个粳稻品种中,4个表现出明显的杀卵作用.重新评价了来自中国不同省份的42份粳稻和43份籼稻对白背飞虱的抗性.10个粳稻(约占24%)具有杀卵抗性,卵死亡率为53%～100%;95%以上的籼稻品种中,白背飞虱的卵死亡率低于30%;来自浙江的4个粳稻品种明显地抑制白背飞虱的取食.浙江的21个粳稻地方品种对白背飞虱拒取食和杀卵作用表现出独立性和连续变化.三千黄、长红稻和矮秆稻具有杀卵抗性,鸡脚黄和麻雀青具有拒取食抗性.这些发现表明抗白背飞虱基因在中国存在于同一生态区的粳稻地方品种中.     

水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性及其与稻株营养成分的关系

 研究了6个水稻品种在不同苗龄对白背飞虱的抗性与稻株营养成分的关系。结果表明、抗性品种 ARC10239、Rathu Heenati(RH)和中抗品种 N22、Mudgo 对白背飞虱的取食、存活和产卵有抑制作用:品系9101虽适宜于白背飞虱的取食和存活,但自孕穗期后严重影响其产卵。分蘖期后,品种抗性随苗龄增加而逐渐增强.这种趋势在中抗品种 N22和 Mudgo 上特别明显。稻株营养成分测定显示出稻株内的总氮和游离氨基酸(主要是亮氨酸和丙氨酸)的含量与品种抗性呈显著负相关。     

施氮对白背飞虱在水稻上适应性的影响

 以杂交稻组合汕优63、常规粳稻品种秀水63和常规籼稻品种浙733为材料,采用室内继代饲养的方法,研究了不同类型水稻品种上施用氮肥对白背飞虱生长发育、存活率和繁殖等的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可以显著提高白背飞虱种群生态适应性。同一水稻品种,在施用氮肥的植株上白背飞虱若虫历期缩短,随着取食代数的增加,在不施氮稻株上的若虫历期明显延长,而在施氮稻株上的若虫历期则明显缩短。白背飞虱若虫存活率随着施氮而显著提高,品种和饲养代数对其存活率也均有着极显著的影响。在施氮水稻植株上的白背飞虱雌成虫体质量和产卵量均显著高于不施氮肥上的。随着饲养代数的增加,同一品种的施氮稻株上雌成虫体质量、产卵量及卵孵化率均增加,而在不施氮稻株上则相反。水稻品种、饲养代数和氮肥水平对白背飞虱雌成虫体质量和产卵量均有着极显著的影响。     

四个云南水稻品种对白背飞虱的抗性遗传分析

 分析了鬼衣谷、便谷、大齐谷备和大花谷四个籼型云南地方品种的单显性抗白背飞虱基因与与Wbph3、Wbph5间，以及四个云南地方品种抗性基因间的等位性关系。结果表明，鬼衣谷等四个品种所携带的单显性抗虫基因均与Wbph3和Wbph5间为非等位关系；鬼衣谷、便谷、大齐谷和大花谷各所携带的单显性抗虫基因间互为等位关系。在鬼衣谷等四个云南地方品种中发现了一新的抗白背飞虱抗性基因，暂将这一新的抗性基因定名为Wbph6(t)。     

抗白背飞虱水稻品种挥发生性次生物质的提取、组分鉴定与生测

 采用水蒸汽蒸馏－乙醚同时萃取装置对抗白背飞虱品种Rathu Heenati(RHT)，IR64，Nabeshi和感虫对照品种TN1稻株进行挥发性次生物质提取，浓缩所得精油，经“气谱－质谱”（GC-MS）联机机检测出64个有机的化学组分，其中366主要分子结构为：9种醇，9种醛，7种酮，4种酯，3种烷烃，2种酸，烯和杂环人经合物各1种。2-已烯醛，β-紫罗兰酮，叶醇（反式），叶绿醇，3,5,5-三甲-3-环已烯-1-酮和水杨酸甲酯的含量较高。将蒸馏提取物回喷在TN1稻株上，白背飞虱对抗虫和感虫稻株蒸馏提取物的趋性没有显著差异。嗅觉仪测定飞虱的趋性结果表明，单体化合物苯甲醇和己烯醛比对照丙酮更易吸引白背飞虱。在回喷TN1蒸馏提取物、丙酮溶液和未处理的TN1稻株上，白背飞虱分泌的蜜露量明显较Nabeshi和IR64蒸馏提取物处理过的TN1稻株上分泌的高。白背飞虱从掺有蒸馏提取物和挥发物单体的营养液中吸食的量均比从单纯营养液中的少；抗虫品种RHT蒸馏提取物对白背飞虱拒食作用最强，β－紫罗兰酮和己烯醛次之。     

水稻同核异质不育系材料对白背飞虱抗性的研究初报

采用蜜露量测定法,初步研究了具有不同胞质的水稻同核异质不育系对白背飞虱的抗性反应。试验结果表明,具有D型不育胞质的不育系国广5A明显抗白背飞虱。     

水稻种质资源抗灰飞虱评价及抗性机制分析

通过改进的苗期集团筛选法,对138份水稻种质进行了抗灰飞虱鉴定与评价。筛选出对灰飞虱具有不同程度抗性的材料25份,占总鉴定材料的181%,其中高抗种质2份,抗性种质9份,中抗材料14份,粳稻品种明显比籼稻感虫。对部分材料进行的排驱性、抗生性试验及相关分析表明,Rathu Heenati(RHT)、Mudgo、Kasalath和IR36对灰飞虱具有强的排驱性和抗生性,其抗性水平与这两种抗虫机制密切相关;道人桥、羊毛谷的抗生性强,但排驱性弱,其主要抗虫机制表现为抗生性;Dular、ASD7和密阳23对灰飞虱具有较强的排驱性和抗生性,表明排驱性和抗生性是这3个品种的重要抗性类型;DV85具有较强的排驱性,但抗生性较弱,窄叶青8号和鬼衣谷具有中等水平的抗生性和排驱性,推测这3个材料具有较好的耐害特性。中抗材料9311的抗性水平由中等排驱性和抗生性控制,V20A的抗性主要表现为排驱性,明恢63和扬粳9538的排驱性和抗生性均较弱,暗示其抗性机制主要是耐害性。上述具有强抗生性或排驱性的材料是理想的抗灰飞虱资源。     

水稻广亲和品种抗白背飞虱的研究

采用苗期群体筛选鉴定法、蜜露量测定和产卵与卵孵化率测定等方法,就18个水稻广亲和品种对白背飞虱抗性表现进行了研究.筛选出5个对白背飞虱无拒取食作用和杀卵作用的水稻广亲和品种Aus371、02428、Labelle、Copslo和玉92秋14.     

种植抗虫品种和减量使用杀虫剂的白背飞虱可持续治理技术的田间试验

采用田间虫情和天敌数量调查、水稻产量与千粒重测定和水稻生产实际收益比较的方法,在浙江富阳和重庆秀山两地进行了种植抗虫品种和减量使用杀虫剂的白背飞虱可持续治理技术的田间试验.设使用杀虫剂2次和农户管理(使用杀虫剂4～5次)两个处理,无杀虫剂作为对照.试验结果表明,抗虫品种嘉花1号在各种杀虫剂处理中,白背飞虱成、若虫数量最低(0.9～3.3只/株),是感虫品种中香1号无杀虫剂处理的0.12%.无杀虫剂处理的蜘蛛数量分别是农户管理和杀虫剂2次处理的2.8～5.5倍和1.6～4.1倍.在同样的杀虫剂处理条件下,抗虫和耐虫品种的稻谷损失量和损失率较感虫品种明显地低.水稻生产的实际收益比较显示,无杀虫剂处理,种植嘉花1号可以增收1.13%～15.91%.因此,稻农种植抗虫或耐虫品种,减量使用杀虫剂至2次或不使用杀虫剂,充分利用蜘蛛等天敌的控制作用,完全能够有效地抑制白背飞虱种群的发生和发展,获得与常规杀虫剂用量(4～5次)相仿或更高的收益.     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera gene Wbph5) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARC colony was 68. 3 %, not significantly different from that on TN1 (77.5 %), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6 %).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.     

Antixenosis and Tolerance of Rice Genotypes Against Brown Planthopper

Nine genotypes were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for antixenosis and tolerance against brown planthopper(BPH, Nilaparvata lugens St?l). In antixenosis studies, proportion of insects settled on a test genotype in relation to the susceptible control TN1 was recorded, with significantly lower proportion of nymphs(55.22%–59.18%), adult males(60.33%–60.75%), and adult females(80.56%–79.26%) settled on RP2068-18-3-5 and Ptb33 in relation to those on TN1. Based on number of feeding sites, the test genotypes were ranked in order from the highest to the lowest as RP2068-18-3-5, Ptb33, MR1523, Rathu Heenati, Sinnasivappu, ARC10550, MO1, INRC3021 and TN1. The order was exactly reverse in terms of fecundity expressed as number of eggs laid per female. In tolerance studies, days to wilt, functional plant loss index and plant dry weight loss to BPH dry weight produced were recorded. RP2068-18-3-5, Rathu Heenati and Ptb33 performed better than the other test genotypes. These results helped in relative quantification of BPH resistance levels in the genotypes. RP2068-18-3-5, a new effective source of BPH resistance, can be used in resistance breeding after tagging of resistant genes/QTLs linked to different parameters of antixenosis and tolerance with selectable molecular markers.     

两个杂交稻组合及其亲本材料对白背飞虱抗性的研究

采用田间白背飞虱种群调查和水稻产量、室内白背飞虱蜜露量、产卵量及卵发育率测定,在浙江富阳和重庆秀山两地研究了杂交稻组合及其亲本材料对白背飞虱的抗虫性.田间试验结果表明不育系协青早A和珍汕97A表现出对白背飞虱比感虫对照品种TN1更感虫的"超感虫性",稻株上的若虫量分别高达371.1和292.5只/丛.在杂交稻汕优63和协优9308上的若虫数量与TN1上的相当,杂交稻的感虫性主要来源于其不育系亲本.在无杀虫剂防治的情况下,感虫杂交稻组合的千粒重和产量损失率高达22%和78%左右,不育系材料被完全毁灭,表现为虫量越大,千粒重下降幅度越大,产量损失率越高.蜜露量测定表明,恢复系明恢63和9803具有一定的耐虫性.白背飞虱在杂交稻及其亲本上的产卵量和卵发育率没有显著差异.还对杂交稻抗虫性的改良进行了讨论.     

水稻植株防御白背飞虱为害的某些生理反应

 以对白背飞虱具有不同抗性水平的水稻品种(组合) 为材料, 研究了水稻在白背飞虱为害后稻株体内的生理变化。结果表明, 稻株受害后, 感虫品种(TN1和汕优63) 光合作用速率和叶绿素含量下降比抗虫品种(N 22) 明显; 感虫品种超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 活性增加, 过氧化物酶(POD) 和过氧化氢酶(CAT) 活性下降, 而抗虫品种POD 和SOD 均增加, CAT减少;感虫品种除丙氨酸含量下降外, 其他氨基酸含量均上升, 尤其是天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸及蛋氨酸等含量增加很快, 抗虫品种中天门冬氨酸、缬氨酸等含量增加也很快, 但苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸的含量显著下降。     

Mapping of a New Gene Wbph6(t) Resistant to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera, in Rice

A rice population consisting of 90 TN1/Guiyigu F3 lines was employed to analyze the linkage between DNA markers and a new gene Wbph6(t) conferring resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. By using the mapping approach of bulked extremes and recessive class, Wbph6(t) was mapped onto the short arm of chromosome 11 with a genetic distance of 21.2 cM to SSLP marker RM167.     

水稻抗白背飞虱基因Wbph2的初步定位

 鉴定了ARC10239/明恢63 F2群体对白背飞虱的抗性，混合F2感虫稻株的DNA，构建感虫池。应用129个RFLP探针，结合4种限制性内切酶，检测抗虫亲本ARC10239、感虫亲本明恢63和感虫DNA池的多态性。检测到6个阳性探针，分布在5个染色体上(染色体3、6、8、11和12)。应用阳性探针分析了F2群体的142个个体，发现抗虫基因Wbph2与第6染色体上的标记RZ667、RG64和RG264连锁,其中， Wbph2与RZ667的遗传距离为25.6 cM (LOD=4.50)。     

Virulence of the Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Reared on Different Resistant Rice Varieties

ARC and ND colony were obtained by rearing the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera(Horvath), exclusively on ARC10239 (ARC, carrying resistance gene Wbph2) and N‘Diang Marie (ND, carrying resistance gene WbphS) till 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) served as susceptible and resistant check, respectively. The results of electronic recording revealed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that of RHT. The number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in term of percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%0) and RHT(21.0%), while that of ARCcolony was 68. 3%, not significantly different from that on TN1(77.5%), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6%).The nymphal development duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymphal survival rate of ND colony was still low.