交替根区灌溉和施氮量对葡萄幼树生长特性的影响

该试验采用盆栽进行。以2年生‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,设置不同灌溉方式(传统双侧滴灌、固定根区滴灌、交替根区滴灌)和施氮水平(0.4、0.8、1.2 g/kg土,依次记为低氮、中氮、高氮),研究根区交替灌溉与不同施氮量对葡萄生长特性的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,在新梢修剪前,新梢长度表现传统双侧滴灌最长(77.22 cm)、交替根区滴灌居中(68.53 cm)、固定根区滴灌最短(64.50 cm)。交替根区滴灌和固定根区滴灌的新梢长度依次比传统双侧滴灌降低11.3%、16.5%;葡萄新梢修剪量依次降低10.8%、21.3%。同一灌溉方式下,随着施氮量的增加,新梢修剪量增加。与传统双侧滴灌相比,交替根区滴灌叶面积略有降低,固定根区滴灌叶面积显著降低,在局部根区滴灌2种方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积均呈上升趋势,中氮和高氮处理差异不显著;在传统双侧滴灌方式下,随着施氮量的增加,叶面积先增加后降低。综合考虑不同水氮耦合处理,交替滴灌与中氮互作能够在减少灌溉量和施氮量的条件下优化树体生长。     

分根区交替灌溉对百合鲜切花生理变化和质量的影响

研究了分根区交替灌溉（APRI）和施用钾肥对亚洲型百合鲜切花质量及其瓶插期间生理变化的影响。结果表明，采收时APRI处理的切花形态指标与常规均匀灌溉（CI）之间差异不明显，但一般优于部分根干燥灌溉（PRD）。此外，APRI处理的切花寿命比CI处理延长1～1．5d。切花当天和瓶插期间APRI处理的切花百合叶片和花被片中淀粉和可溶性糖含量高于CI和PRD处理，且APRI可减缓瓶插期间鲜切花叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的下降。此外，施用适量钾肥提高百合叶面积、叶片数、株高以及延长切花寿命1～1.5d；且能增加采收时鲜切花叶片和花被片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量，但降低花被片中丙二醛（MDA）含量，还可减缓瓶插期间鲜切花叶片和花被片中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的下降和MDA含量的升高。上述结果表明，分根区交替灌溉和施用钾肥有利于糖的积累，并在一定程度上减缓丙二醛的积累，这将可能延缓亚洲型黄百合切花的衰老和提高切花的品质。     

交替微润灌溉在大棚菠菜种植中的应用

以大叶菠菜为试材,在大棚内采用微润灌溉与分根区交替灌溉相结合的灌溉方法,研究了不同压力水头与微润管间距下,交替微润灌溉对菠菜生长状况的影响。结果表明:交替微润灌溉处理下,灌溉用水量是常规充分灌溉的64.6%~71.5%,且交替微润灌溉下植株根长、株高、鲜质量、干质量等指标皆高于常规灌溉。在微润管埋5cm深的条件下,1.5m压力水头、30cm微润管间距处理植株生长状况较好,1.0m压力水头、20cm微润管间距处理水分利用率最高。因此交替微润灌溉不仅可以应用于大棚内菠菜种植,而且此灌溉方式在节约灌溉用水的同时可促进植株生长,提高产量。     

分根区交替灌溉对荔枝幼苗生长和水分利用的影响

通过盆栽试验研究不同水肥条件下,常规均匀灌溉、分根区交替灌溉、部分根干燥等3种灌溉方式对荔枝干物质积累、水分利用和生长性状的影响.结果表明,所有水肥条件下,常规灌溉处理根干重均低于分根区交替灌溉.高肥条件下,分根区交替灌溉处理叶片干重比常规均匀灌溉高9.1%,分根区交替灌溉处理耗水量减少22.3%～24.7%.低水低肥时,部分根干燥处理比其他灌溉处理少抽一次梢,分根区交替灌溉处理有几次抽梢数量比常规均匀灌溉少,枝梢较长,复叶数较多,生长量并未减少.     

灌溉方式和施氮量对葡萄光合特性和荧光参数的影响

探讨北方鲜食葡萄叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数对不同灌溉方式与施氮量耦合的响应.结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,根区交替滴灌处理葡萄叶片净光合速率提高,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著降低,相同灌溉方式下,推荐施氮处理叶片净光合速率高于习惯施氮和不施氮处理.叶片瞬时水分利用效率表现为根区交替滴灌+推荐施氮处理最高,分别比常规灌溉推荐施氮和常规灌溉习惯施氮处理提高17.6％和33.9％.与常规滴灌相比,根区交替滴灌处理葡萄叶片荧光参数均提高;推荐施氮处理叶片荧光参数高于习惯施氮处理和不施氮处理.相同滴灌方式下,葡萄产量均表现为推荐施氮量最高,其次是习惯施氮处理;与常规灌溉相比,根区交替滴灌提高了果实产量.由此而知,根区交替滴灌和推荐施氮量耦合能够提高葡萄光合生产能力,有利于产量形成.     

部分根区干旱对不同砧木嫁接葡萄光合作用的影响

 利用自制木箱研究了1/2分区灌溉对嫁接在3309C、420A和110R砧木上的葡萄品种玛瓦斯亚(Vitis vinifera‘Malvasia’)的光合作用、光合色素以及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,分区灌溉使嫁接植株的Chl.a、Chl.b和Car.含量降低,但交替灌溉的降幅较小,固定灌溉的降幅则较大,砧木间差异也较大;交替灌溉显著降低了Tr和Gs,但Pn降幅较小,因此单叶水分利用效率显著提高。固定灌溉使3种砧木植株的Pn、Tr和Gs都显著降低,其中以M/330℃降幅较大,M/110R较小。3种组合在正常灌溉和交替灌溉条件下荧光参数有所下降,但彼此差异不显著,而固定灌溉使Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和φPSⅡ显著降低,其中M/3309C分别下降了32.1%、13.5%和25.7%,M/420A分别下降了26.4%、12.3%和23.7%,M/110R分别下降了19.5%、5.9%和15.4%,砧木间差异显著。     

根系分区交替灌溉研究进展及其在果树中的应用

根系分区交替灌溉是节水优质的灌溉新理论和新技术。从果树根土系统、蒸腾速率与光合速率、营养生长与生殖生长方面阐释了根系分区交替灌溉的节水机理和品质调控机制;从果树应用潜力、应用效果和应用模式方面综述了该技术在果树生产中的应用,并针对该技术目前在生产应用中存在的问题提出了相应的建议。     

隔沟交替灌溉在甘蓝、青花菜和大白菜上的应用

对隔沟交替灌溉在秋甘蓝、青花菜和大白菜上的应用效果进行了初步研究。结果表明:隔沟交替灌溉与传统灌溉相比,甘蓝、青花菜和大白菜的产量降低均不显著,但灌溉水生产效率分别提高33.5%、25.4%和62.0%,灌溉水生产效益分别增加43、28和51元.m-3,平均单株根干质量分别增加60.0%、34.1%和58.3%。     

灌溉对两种辣椒产量及初生和次生代谢产物的影响

本文评估了温室生产中水分胁迫对辣椒植株的生长、产量、初生代谢物(糖、有机酸和抗坏血酸)和次生代谢物(总酚含量、辣椒素和二氢辣椒素)积累等的影响。对一年生辣椒的变种‘Chili-AS Rot’和黄灯笼辣椒的变种娜迦·莫里希(‘Naga Morich’)进行了盆栽试验。以两种不同的处理方式对植物进行灌溉:最佳灌溉量或田间持水量灌溉和水分亏缺灌溉或50 %田间持水量灌溉,可将其视为干旱胁迫。研究了干旱胁迫对辣椒产量和品质(主要和次要代谢产物)的影响。结果表明:50 %田间持水量灌溉处理(水分亏缺状态)会影响单产,因为两种辣椒按照50 %田间持水量进行灌溉处理时产量都较低。在水分亏缺的情况下,黄灯笼辣椒娜迦·莫里希(C.chinense ‘Naga Morich’)的花蕾出现脱落现象,因而在第3次采摘时收获到的果实较少。在水分亏缺的情况下,两个辣椒品种的糖浓度均较低。在最佳灌溉量处理下,一年生辣椒‘Chili-AS Rot’果实中柠檬酸、草酸、延胡索酸、奎尼酸等有机酸含量较高。两种灌溉方式下苹果酸的浓度相差不大。黄灯笼辣椒娜迦·莫里希(C.chinense ‘Naga Morich’)中柠檬酸和抗坏血酸在最佳灌溉量时浓度较高,而在水分亏缺状态时,其他有机酸浓度较高。一年生辣椒‘Chili-AS Rot’在适宜灌溉条件下,果实中具有较高的抗坏血酸和总酚含量,而在胁迫处理下,植株中的辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量较高。而黄灯笼辣椒娜迦·莫里希(C.chinense ‘Naga Morich’)在最佳灌溉量处理下辣椒素、二氢辣椒素和总酚含量均表现出较高的水平。     

化学调控技术在葡萄上的应用

<正>1促进扦插生根有助于扦插生根的化学物质主要为生长类植物激素,如IBA(吲哚丁酸)、NAA(萘乙酸)。IBA处理巨峰葡萄插条,成活率最高,生根数多(为细而短的吸收根)。NAA处理成活率稍低,生根少(为粗长骨干     

Comparative effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) on growth and cell wall peroxidase activity in tomato fruits

The effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) on tomato fruit growth and cell wall peroxidase activity in tomato exocarp were investigated in growth chamber conditions. The RDI treatment was 50% of water given to fully irrigated (FI) plants and the PRD treatment was 50% of water of FI plants applied to one half of the root system while the other half dried down, with irrigation shifted when soil water content of the dry side decreased 15–20%. RDI significantly reduced fruit diameter, though PRD reduced fresh weight while having no significant effect on fruit diameter. The activity of peroxidase was significantly higher in RDI and PRD treated plants compared to those of FI. Differences between RDI and PRD were expressed on temporal basis. In the fruits of RDI treated plants peroxidase activity began to increase in the phase when fruit growth started to decline with the peak of enzyme activity of 6.1 HRPEU g⁻¹ FW reached in the phase of mature green fruits when fruit growth rate was minimal. Increase of peroxidase activity in PRD fruits coincided with the ripening phase and the peak of enzyme activity (5.3 HRPEU g⁻¹ FW) was measured at the end of fruit ripening. These data potentially identified contrasting and different roles of tomato exocarp cell wall peroxidase in RDI and PRD treated plants. In RDI treated plants peroxidase may have a role in restricting fruit growth rate, although the increase in enzyme activity during ripening of PRD treated fruit pointed out that peroxidase may also control fruit maturation by inducing more rapid process.     

分区交替灌溉对黄冠梨生长结果和果实品质的影响

10～11年生黄冠梨树2年分区交替灌溉的试验结果表明,分区交替灌溉较常规灌溉用水量减少40%,显著抑制了树体的营养生长量,对花朵坐果率、花芽形成量、单果重和产量无显著影响,果实干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量和果实硬度显著提高,果实的含酸量显著降低。     

Water relations,growth, yield,and fruit quality of hot pepper under deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying

We compared two water-saving irrigation practices, deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD), for their effects on growth and quality of ‘Ancho St. Luis’ hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.). The treatments were: commercial irrigation (CI) considered as the control, irrigating both sides of the rootzone with half of the volume of CI considered as DI, and alternating irrigation between two sides of the rootzone with half the volume of CI at each irrigation time considered as PRD. Midday leaf water potentials of PRD and DI plants were lower by 0.15 and 0.30 MPa, respectively, than of CI plants from 130 days after sowing. Total fresh mass of fruit was reduced by 19 and 34.7% in PRD and DI, respectively, compared to CI. Fruit number per plant was reduced by more than 20% in PRD and DI compared to CI. Total dry mass of fruit was similar among the treatments. At harvest, DI fruit had 21% higher total soluble solids concentration and better colour development than other treatments. Although incidence of blossom-end rot was high in PRD and DI fruit, more than 80% of fruit from PRD was not affected. DI and PRD saved 170 and 164 l of water, respectively, compared to CI and they could be feasible irrigation strategies for hot pepper production where the benefit from saving water outweighs the decrease in total fresh mass of fruit.     

Comparative effects of deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD) on soil water distribution,water use,growth and yield in greenhouse grown hot pepper

This study was conducted to compare two water-saving practices, deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD), and examine how they affected soil water distribution, water use, growth and yield of greenhouse grown hot pepper compared to commercial irrigation (CI). Control (CI) in which irrigation water was applied to both sides of the system when soil water content was lower by 80% of field capacity; deficit irrigation (DI50, DI75) in which 50% and 75% irrigation water of CI supplied to both sides of the root system; 1PRD with half of the root system exposed to soil drying and other half kept well-watered with 50% irrigation water of CI, and 2PRD with 50% irrigation water of CI supplied, half to fixed side of the root system. The results showed mean soil volumetric water content of DI75, DI50, 1PRD and 2PRD were lower by 21.06%, 28.32%, 24.48% and 34.76%, respectively than that of CI after starting the experiment. Water consumption showed some significant effect of irrigation treatments during the growing period of drought stress application, and therefore decreased in DI75, DI50, 1PRD and 2PRD to a level around 75% and 50% of CI. All the DI and PRD treatments resulted in a reduction of total dry mass of 7.29–44.10%, shoot biomass of 24.97–47.72% compared to CI, but an increase in the root–shoot ratio of 12.50–35.42% compared to the control and with significant differences between 2PRD, 1PRD, DI50 and CI. The yield of 1PRD was significantly reduced by 23.98% compared to CI (19,566 kg hm⁻²) over a period of 109 days after transplanting. However, the 1PRD treatment had 17.21% and 24.54% additional yield over the DI50 and 2PRD treatments and had 52.05% higher irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) than CI treatment. At harvest, although there was a significant difference recorded as single fruit weight and single fruit volume were reduced under the DI and PRD treatments, total soluble solids concentration of fruit harvested under the water-deficit treatments were higher compared to CI. Stomatal conductance measured in fresh leaf was the lowest under 1PRD treatment relative to CI and other treatments. The low stomatal conductance of fresh-leaf issue observed in the work supported the root signaling mechanism reported earlier in plants having undergone partial root drying cycles.     

Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation and deficit irrigation on phosphorus uptake in tomato plants

Summary

The comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on phosphorus (P) uptake in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were investigated in a split-root pot experiment. The results showed that PRI treatment improved water-use efficiency (WUE) compared to the DI treatment. PRI-treated plants accumulated significantly higher amounts of P in their shoots than DI plants under organic maize straw N fertilisation, whereas similar levels of shoot P accumulation were observed under mineral N fertilisation. Thus, the form of N fertiliser, and thereby the different plant N status, affected the accumulation of P in shoots, as reflected by a higher plant N:P ratio following mineral N fertilisation than after organic N fertilisation. Compared to the DI treatment, PRI significantly increased both the physiological and agronomic efficiencies of P-use under mineral N fertilisation, while similar physiological and agronomic P-use efficiencies were found between the two irrigation treatments with organic N fertilisation. PRI-induced drying and wetting processes might have influenced the bio-availability of soil P, as the concentrations of bio-available P in both bulk and rhizosphere soils were increased compared with the DI treatment under both forms of N fertilisation. It is suggested that a relatively high soil water content in the wet zone of the PRI treatment should be maintained in order to facilitate nutrient (i.e., N and P) transport from the bulk soil to the root surface, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake by the roots.     

缺铁黄化对葡萄生长及果实品质的影响

以生长在石灰性土壤上的鲜食葡萄(抗黄化品种红脸无核、玫瑰香,重度黄化品种藤稔、紫珍香)为试材,通过测定不同抗缺铁黄化葡萄不同叶位叶片的叶绿素、光合能力,统计植株坐果率,分析比较果实品质。结果表明,黄化对葡萄植株的生长、产量和品质造成严重的危害,主要表现在:葡萄植株发生重度黄化时,整个植株从下部到顶部逐渐出现轻度—中度—重度黄化叶片,植株生长缓慢;黄化叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)较正常植株显著下降。黄化植株的绿叶、轻度、中度到重度黄化叶片叶绿素含量、Pn也显著递减;重度黄化植株紫珍香和藤稔坐果率极低,果粒大小和品质显著低于未黄化植株。     

CO2加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆中期与后期生长的影响

为了探明菜豆中期与后期生长对CO₂加富与亏缺灌溉的生理响应,试验设两个CO₂水平:正常大气浓度和倍增CO₂浓度,两个灌溉水平:自然灌溉12次和亏缺灌溉6次,研究CO₂加富及亏缺灌溉对菜豆生长的影响。结果表明,CO₂加富显著提高菜豆生长中期株高与干质量,净光合速率(Pn)与胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)分别显著降低15.48%、37.67%,气孔导度(Gs)显著提高95.83%,菜豆生长后期的叶绿素a/b(Chla/b)显著提高12.29%,水分利用效率(WUE)显著提高46.51%,Ci显著降低12.87%。CO₂加富显著提高亏缺灌溉下生长中期菜豆的株高与干质量,但显著降低根冠比,显著提高叶绿素含量以及Gs;CO₂加富下生长后期的核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)及果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)活性分别显著提高78.05%与88.69%,CO₂加富使亏缺灌溉下碳酸酐酶(CA)与FBPase活性分别显著提高83.73%与64.84%。综上所述,CO₂加富提高菜豆生长中期对亏缺灌溉的适应性,对生长后期影响作用减小。     

Regulated deficit irrigation in potted Dianthus plants: Effects of severe and moderate water stress on growth and physiological responses

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physiological and morphological response of carnation plants to different levels of irrigation and to evaluate regulated deficit irrigation as a possible technique for saving water through the application of controlled drought stress. Carnations, Dianthus caryophyllus L. cultivar, were pot-grown in an unheated greenhouse and submitted to two experiments. In the first experiment, the plants were exposed to three irrigation treatments: (control); 70% of the control (moderate deficit irrigation, MDI) and 35% of the control (severe deficit irrigation, SDI). In the second experiment, the plants were submitted to a control treatment, deficit irrigation (DI, 50% of the control) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). After 15 weeks, MDI plants showed a slightly reduced total dry weight, plant height and leaf area, while SDI had clearly reduced all the plant size parameters. RDI plants had similar leaf area and total dry weight to the control treatment during the blooming phase. MDI did not affect the number of flowers and no great differences in the colour parameters were observed. RDI plants had higher flower dry weight, while plant quality was affected by the SDI (lower number of shoots and flowers, lower relative chlorophyll content). Leaf osmotic potential decreased with deficit irrigation, but more markedly in SDI, which induced higher values of leaf pressure. Stomatal conductance (g_s) decreased in drought conditions more than the photosynthetic rate (P_n). Osmotic adjustment of 0.3 MPa accompanied by decreases in elasticity in response to drought resulted in turgor less at lower leaf water potentials and prevented turgor loss during drought periods.     

苹果分根交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响

以3 a生分根盆栽嘎拉苹果为试材,研究了不同根域交替灌溉不同水量对树体生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌水量调控了苹果新梢二次生长的发生、生长时间和速率,每一根域每次灌水量为500 mL时,仅4/4根域灌水处理的新梢出现二次生长;灌水量为750 mL时,2/4、3/4和4/4根域灌水处理的新梢均出现二次生长;灌水量为1 000 mL时,1/4、2/4、3/4和4/4处理的新梢均有二次生长,其二次生长随着灌水根域的增多而时间提早,生长速率加快。每一根域灌水量相同时,植株主干、枝条、叶片、根系和总生物量随灌水根域增多而提高,750 mL与1 000mL根域灌水处理差异不显著。植株的水分利用效率随灌水根域的增多而降低。从确保树体正常生长和提高树体水分利用效率综合分析,2/4根域每次灌水750 mL为最佳灌溉方案。     

Effects of tree age at planting,root manipulation and trickle irrigation on growth and cropping of apple (Malus pumila) cultivar Queen Cox on M.9 rootstock

Summary

The apple cultivar Queen Cox on M.9 rootstock cropped more precociously when planted as two year old trees than when planted as one year old trees, even though there were no significant differences in the sizes (leader height and branch length) of the trees at the time of planting. However, the two year old trees had larger root systems at planting. As the trees aged, those planted as one year olds grew more vigorously and bore higher cumulative yields than those planted as two year olds. Annual root pruning of the trees, commencing 15 months after planting, reduced extension shoot growth, crown volume and grubbing weights (final fresh weights of scions) severely. In some seasons root pruning increased the number of spur and terminal floral buds produced and also the final sets and yield efficiencies on the treated trees. Planting trees within semi-permeable fabric membranes also reduced extension shoot growth and tree size, but less severely than the root-pruning treatment. Root restriction increased the efficiency of fruit set and yields and also improved the grades of fruits produced. Trickle irrigation treatments increased shoot growth and tree fresh weight at the time of grubbing, but had inconsistent and small effects on fruit set and yields. Interactions between tree age at the time of planting and the root manipulative treatments were significant.