自发气调包装和乙烯吸收剂对‘玉露香’梨果实品质及耐贮性的影响

【目的】研究不同厚度的保鲜袋自发气调包装和乙烯吸收剂对‘玉露香’梨采后生理和贮藏品质的影响,为生产应用提供技术参考。【方法】分别将商业成熟的‘玉露香’梨采用0.02 mm PE袋、0.02 mm PE袋+乙烯吸收剂、0.03 mm PE袋、0.03 mm PE袋+乙烯吸收剂、0.04 mm PE袋和0.04 mm PE袋+乙烯吸收剂扎口处理形成自发气调环境,于温度(0±0.5)℃、相对湿度90%～95%条件下贮藏,并以0.02 mm PE袋不扎口为对照处理。定期监测不同包装袋内O2、CO2和乙烯浓度,在‘玉露香’梨冷藏150 d和210 d时测定各处理果实叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量、果实硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸、货架期呼吸强度和乙烯释放量等理化指标,并调查果心褐变情况。【结果】采用扎口处理的不同厚度保鲜袋内气体成分在第35天时达到平衡,气调能力水平由高到低依次为0.04 mm PE袋0.03 mm PE袋0.02 mm PE袋,CO2浓度最高可达到3.2%,最低为0.9%。与其他厚度保鲜袋相比,采用0.03 mm PE袋包装进行自发气调处理能够抑制果皮叶绿素含量、Fm、Fv和Fv/Fm的下降,果实硬度与对照无显著差异,但果心褐变指数显著高于对照,可溶性固形物含量显著低于对照。【结论】0.03 mm PE袋的自发气调可使环境维持在O2为18.7%～19.5%、CO2为1.2%～1.5%时有效保持‘玉露香’梨果实果面绿色,但降低了果实可滴定酸、维生素C等内在品质,同时增加了果心褐变程度。乙烯吸收剂对保绿效果不明显,因此,需要自发气调结合1-MCP处理,从而既达到保绿效果,又能有效维持果实内在品质的目标。     

不同贮藏温度对‘玉露香’梨果实保绿效果和品质维持的影响

【目的】探讨不同贮藏温度对梨新品种‘玉露香’果实保绿效果和品质维持的影响,为生产上针对不同贮藏期限的‘玉露香’保鲜提供技术支撑。【方法】以山西太谷‘玉露香’为材料,通过对果实冰点测定,设定3个不同贮藏温度(分别为-1、0和2℃),于冷藏120和210 d后刚取出时以及相对应的货架10 d时测定生理指标,并调查不同贮藏期果实果心褐变指数和腐烂率,同时对不同温度下贮藏果实进行感官评价。【结果】L值和h值可分别较好地反映‘玉露香’果实油腻化程度和转黄程度,不同温度对‘玉露香’梨保绿效果差异主要体现在贮藏后期(210 d)。贮藏至120 d时,不同贮藏温度下果实腐烂率和果心褐变指数均较低。贮藏至210 d时,-1℃可有效抑制果实油腻化和褪绿转黄的发生进程,并且降低果心褐变指数和腐烂率的发生,而0℃更有利于果实可滴定酸和维生素C含量的维持,-1℃和0℃对果皮L值和h值的影响未达到显著水平。在整个贮藏期,不同贮藏温度贮藏果实的Fv和Fv/Fm在冷库取出时差异不显著,但在(120+10)d时,2℃显著低于-1℃和0℃,在(210+10)d时,-1℃显著高于0℃和2℃。低温(-1℃)能更好地抑制果实贮藏期乙烯释放量和呼吸强度,减缓果皮和果心相对电导率的升高,保持较好的食用品质。【结论】‘玉露香’短期贮藏(不超过90 d)以2℃为宜,贮藏至春节前后,可选择0℃,贮藏至3月份以后以-1~-0.5℃为宜,但贮藏期仍不可超过210 d。     

‘玉露香’梨果实发育过程中糖、酸积累特性研究

【目的】了解‘玉露香’梨果实发育中糖、酸含量变化。【方法】采用高效液相色谱法,对其糖、酸组分含量进行测定。【结果】在‘玉露香’梨果实生长发育过程中,总糖含量呈"慢—快—慢—快"的上升趋势;总酸含量呈先上升后下降的趋势;幼果期果实中的糖以山梨醇为主,酸以苹果酸为主;成熟果实中的糖以果糖为主,酸仍以苹果酸为主,成熟时果糖含量占总糖含量的43.07%,柠檬酸和苹果酸含量占总酸含量的71.9%。蔗糖含量从坐果到花后60 d内一直保持较低水平,从花后60 d开始迅速上升,直到成熟期其含量上升了3.81倍。山梨醇含量从坐果到花后75 d,含量逐渐上升并达到最大值,之后开始下降。【结论】‘玉露香’梨为高果糖型果实;按照苹果酸型、柠檬酸型和酒石酸型三大果实类型分类,属苹果酸型。     

晚熟耐贮梨新品种‘新苹梨’

1994年在辽宁本溪的一苹果梨园发现一株优良实生品种。该品种果个大．果形正,风味浓,耐贮运,树体抗病、抗寒。经数年连续观察试验确定为优良品种。2003年通过辽宁省农作物品种审定委员会审定,定名为“新苹梨”。     

成熟度对菊芋产量、品质及耐贮性的影响

菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)为菊科向日葵属多年生草本植物[1],是一种新型经济作物,在青海省的种植面积已达到1 334 hm2,并有迅速扩大的趋势.采收时期是影响菊芋产量的重要因素,田间成熟度的不同造成菊芋块茎品质的差异,同时也影响其耐贮性.为确定菊芋块茎产量较高、品质好、耐贮性强的适宜采收时期,进行本试验.现报告如下.     

套袋对‘黄冠’梨果实品质的影响

选用5种不同颜色的无纺布果袋及复合疏水纸三层袋对‘黄冠’梨进行套袋,以未套袋为对照,研究不同果袋对‘黄冠’梨果实品质的影响。结果表明:套袋后‘黄冠’梨果实外观品质和内在品质均得到不同程度地改善,套内红外黑无纺布双层袋、复合疏水纸三层袋果实呈黄白色或白色,有效减小了果点大小及分布密度,果皮光滑,果实外观性状良好;套灰色无纺布单层袋、复合疏水纸三层袋果实糖酸比、维生素C含量、果实硬度均较高,风味较佳。综合比较认为,复合疏水纸三层袋为该地区‘黄冠’梨套袋的最佳选择。     

红梨新品种‘香红梨’的选育

‘香红梨’是利用梨品种‘红安久’自然实生种子经γ-Co60射线辐射诱变选育而成的红梨新品种。该品种果实平均单果质量216.0 g,粗颈葫芦形,底色黄色,盖色鲜红色,着色程度80%,果肉白色,软溶,酸甜适度,浓香。可溶性固形物含量12.5%,可溶性糖含量10.78%,可滴定酸含量0.097%,品质上等。果实发育期125~130 d,河北昌黎地区8月末成熟,短枝易成花,花芽多,早果性强。高抗果实木栓病,高抗黑星病,抗寒性强等。货架期约20 d,冷藏条件下可贮存5个月左右。‘香红梨’适宜在河北秦皇岛市、唐山市、沧州市,甘肃景泰、新疆库尔勒、北京、山西太原等地及相似气候类型地区栽培应用,有望推广至我国北方大部分地区。     

套袋对黄冠梨品质及耐贮性的影响

黄冠梨套袋 ,可改善果实的外观品质 ,但果实重量、可溶性固形物含量均呈下降趋势 ,风味变淡 ,而病虫害明显减轻。黄冠梨不耐贮藏 ,在常温下贮存不宜超过 10天 ,但套袋梨果贮藏期间烂果率低。     

采收成熟度对“玉露”水蜜桃果实品质和贮藏性的影响

以南方软溶质水蜜桃品种“玉露”为试材,比较不同成熟度的果实单果重、果形、色差、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量以及硬度、出汁率、腐烂率和贮藏性等指标.结果表明,七成熟(对照)采收的果实色泽和品质都与成熟(八、九成熟)果实有显著差异,即使在室温下贮藏后,仍不能达到成熟果实品质,但室温下贮藏3天后腐烂率为30.4％,6天后腐烂率为41.9％,仍具有部分商品性.而成熟(八、九成熟)果实采收时果实品质差异较小,室温贮藏后,经过后熟,色泽与留树完熟的果实无显著差异,其中八成熟果实在室温贮藏3天后,腐烂率达到40.5％,6天后为50％,而九成熟果实在室温贮藏3天后腐烂率即达到了68.2％,6天后不具商品性.     

花粉直感对‘圆黄’梨果实品质的影响

用‘西子绿’、‘翠冠’、‘黄冠’等11个梨品种与‘圆黄’梨进行授粉试验,研究花粉直感对‘圆黄’果实品质的影响.结果表明：‘圆黄’果实在坐果率、单果重、种子数、可溶性固形物含量等方面表现明显的花粉直感现象,而在果形指数、肉质、汁液等方面表现不明显.因此, ‘圆黄’梨最适宜的授粉品种是‘翠冠’、‘新酥’、‘金晶’和‘丰水’.     

采收期对新梨7号果实冷藏期间品质及耐贮性的影响

研究了3个采收期（果实生长发育95、105、115 d）新梨7号果实在冷藏过程中品质及生理指标的差异,综合得出适合长期冷藏的采收时期及标准。结果表明：刚采摘的果实随着采收期推迟,可溶性固形物含量、L*值和种子颜色指数逐渐升高,果实硬度、h°值以及叶绿素荧光参数Fo、Fm、Fv值逐渐下降;可滴定酸、维生素C含量以采收期Ⅱ（果实生长发育105 d）果实最高。在冷藏条件下,随着冷藏期延长,各采收期果实硬度、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量逐渐下降,可溶性固形物含量无显著变化,果皮L*值逐渐升高,h°值逐渐下降,Fo升高,Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm降低,果实腐烂率增加,果柄保鲜指数降低;采收期Ⅱ（果实生长发育105 d）果实可滴定酸、维生素C含量可保持较高水平,品质较好,且果实腐烂率较低、果柄保鲜指数较高,贮藏性较好,具有较高的商品价值。综上,在河北省泊头地区,新梨7号适宜机械冷藏的采收标准为：7月下旬至8月初采收,果实生长发育100～110 d,可溶性固形物含量≥11.5%,果肉硬度≥4.5 kg/cm2;叶绿素荧光参数可作为新梨7号果实冷藏期间衰老的评价指标之一。     

不同采收期对冰糖橙果实品质及耐贮性的影响

冰糖橙是湖南省洪江市 (原黔阳县 )选育出来的优良甜橙品种 ,南方各省均有生产。洪江市是目前冰糖橙主要商品生产基地 ,但当地群众在生产中早摘早采现象十分严重 ,致使果实品质变劣 ,极大地降低了商品价值。本文对不同采收期的果实品质及耐贮性进行了研究 ,以望为生产上确定适宜的采收期提供依据。1　材料与方法　　以本校果园 15年生枳砧冰糖橙为采样树 ,随机抽样 15株。从 10月中旬开始 ,每隔 10天采样一次 ,每次采果 80ｋｇ ,从中随机取 30个果实分析理化指标 ,其余立即用多菌灵 6 0 0× 10 - 6 + 2 ,4 Ｄ 2 0 0×10 - 6 浸果 ,晾干后用…     

不同类型果袋对‘王秋’梨果实品质的影响

选取7种果袋对‘王秋’梨果实进行套袋试验,以未套袋为对照,研究不同类型果袋对其果实品质的影响。结果表明:套袋能明显提高‘王秋’梨果面光洁度,有效减小果点大小及分布密度,同时套袋降低了单果重,对果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量的影响也较大。综合认为,纸袋1-2(1-KK,青岛小林纸袋有限公司)为山东省中西部地区‘王秋’梨套袋的最佳选择。     

自发气调包装对‘新梨7号’果实品质及耐贮性的影响

【目的】明确不同厚度的保鲜袋自发气调包装对‘新梨7号’采后生理和贮藏品质的影响。【方法】将‘新梨7号’分别采用厚度为0.02、0.03、0.04和0.05 mm的PE袋扎口处理形成自发气调环境,于温度(0±0.5)℃、相对湿度90%~95%条件下贮藏,并以0.02 mm PE袋不扎口为对照处理,定期测定各处理相关指标,并统计果实腐烂率、果柄保鲜指数。【结果】不同厚度保鲜袋内气体成分在第30天时达到平衡,气调能力水平由高到低依次为0.05 mm>0.04 mm>0.03 mm>0.02 mm PE袋,采用上述包装进行自发气调处理均能够抑制果皮h°值、Fm、Fv和Fv/Fm的下降;果柄保鲜指数随保鲜袋厚度增加显著升高,果实腐烂率显著低于对照;显著降低果实维生素C含量,冷藏后期货架期间各处理果实硬度、可滴定酸含量显著高于对照。各处理乙醛含量极低,乙醇检测不出。【结论】‘新梨7号’为较耐CO2且极不易发生褐变的梨果品种。筛选出适合‘新梨7号’自发气调包装袋为0.03 mm PE袋,可有效保持果面绿色,降低果实腐烂率但显著降低维生素C含量。     

晚熟耐贮梨新品种‘华秋’

‘华秋’是从‘金花’梨的实生后代中选育出的晚熟、耐贮梨新品种。树势强,花蕾浅粉红色。果实近圆形或短纺锤形,果个大,平均单果质量308 g,果皮黄绿色,果面光洁,果点密;梗洼浅,萼片脱落;果肉白色,肉质细脆,汁液多,果心小,可溶性固形物含量12.1%～14.3%,果肉硬度7.07kg·cm^-2。在辽宁兴城地区,果实10月上中旬成熟,耐贮藏,丰产稳产。     

套袋对‘南果梨’果实品质的影响

研究了7种类型纸袋、不同套袋时间、不同摘袋时间对‘南果梨’果实内在和外在品质的影响。结果表明,套袋后,‘南果梨’果实着色指数提高,果点变小,果面光滑,底色变白;套袋显著影响了果实的后熟程度,降低了单果重量和维生素C含量;采用内黑外灰内外疏水双层果袋可显著提高果实着色指数;落花后60 d套袋可提高果实着色指数,同时对内在品质影响较小;摘袋时间对果实外观及内在品质有显著影响,采前10 d摘袋好。     

廊坊地区‘五九香’梨优质丰产栽培技术

介绍‘五九香’梨的果实形状、在廊坊地区的物候表现,及其生长结果习性和抗逆性,从规范建园、合理栽植、花果期管理、土肥水管理、合理修剪、病虫害防治、适时采收等方面总结其优质丰产栽培技术.     

不同产区玉露香梨果实品质特性综合分析北大核心CSCD

【Objective】In order to determine the suitability of geological locations and climatic conditions for production of Yuluxiang pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder‘Yuluxiang’) with excellent fruit quality, we measured the fruit quality components such as fruit color, contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), total soluble sugar content (TSSC) and titratable acid content (TAC) of Yuluxiang fruit from five locations with different geographical and climatic conditions in northern China.【Methods】The five locations for Yuluxiang pear production included Xi County, Fenxi County and Ruicheng County in Shanxi Province, Haidian District in Beijing and the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment in Xinjiang were selected as experimental sites. A representative orchard in each of these sites was then selected for the experiment from 2020 to 2022. Climatic and geographical conditions including average altitude, average annual temperature, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, average annual sunshine duration and frost-free period were investigated in each of these orchards. The experimental Yuluxiang pear trees in each of these orchards were 8 to 10 years old and the tree canopy was in the free-spindle shape. All the orchards were with loam soil and manual fertilizer applied annually in the fall, and managed under the common production practice. There were 3 trees in the experimental unit in each orchard. Four representative fruit at harvest maturity were collected at a height of 1.0-2.5 m in the outer canopy from each of the trees to measure the fruit quality components. The experiment was replicated 3 times in each orchard. Fruit color was measured using the photoshop CS6 to read the Lab color degree (L*, a*, b*) on the fruit photograph and the h°= arccot (a*/b*)×180/π was used for the hue. Anthocyanin in the fruit peel was extracted using the HCl method and chlorophylls were extracted in 80% acetone. Ratio of the anthocyanin content to chlorophyll content was then determined. Fruit firmness in the flesh was determined using a FT327 pressure tester and the soluble solid content was measured with a PAL-1 reflectormeter. Total soluble sugar content and titratable acid content were determined using the anthrone colorimetry and the acid-base titration methods, respectively. Ratio of the sugar to acid was then calculated. Statistical software DPS7.05 was used for ANOVA, regression, cluster, and principal component analyses of the resulting data.【Results】Compared to those from Ruicheng County and Haidian District orchards, pear fruits from Xi County, Fenxi County and the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment orchards looked more shiny with greater redness and yellowness in the surface, and in addition, the fruit anthocyanin contents were over 2-fold higher and the chlorophyll contents were 12%-21% lower. The fruit firmness from the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment was the highest among those from all the five experimental orchards. The soluble solid content of fruit from the five experimental orchards were in the following order: the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment (14.4%)＞Fenxi County (12.2%)＞Xi County (12.1%)＞Ruicheng County (10.9%)＞Haidian District (10.6%). Total soluble sugar content of fruit from the 5 experimental orchards was in the order of the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment (12.2 g · 100 g-1)＞Xi County (10.4 g·100 g-1)＞Fenxi County (10.3 g·100 g-1)＞Ruicheng County (9.1 g·100 g-1)＞Haidian District (8.6 g·100 g-1). Fruit titratable acid content from the Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were 7%-10% greater than those from the rest of the orchards. The fruit redness was positively correlated with the altitude of the orchard-site, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, and average annual temperature. Fruit SSC or TSSC were positively correlated with the average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit- color development and average annual sunshine duration. Cluster analysis revealed that fruits from Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were in the same cluster with greater level of SSC, TSSC and TAC, and reduced firmness. Fruits from the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment orchards were also in the same cluster but with less TAC. Fruits from orchards in Ruicheng County and Haidian District were in the same cluster with lower level of SSC and TSSC.【Conclusion】When the average altitude of the production orchard was in the range of 900-1100 m, and the average diurnal temperature difference was from 13 to 15 ℃, the excellent fruit quality of Yuluxiang pear was fully reached, whereas in the orchards with an average altitude below 400 m above sea-level, it was not suitable for production of this pear cultivar. Therefore, geographical and climatic conditions determined the suitability of the production of high-quality Yuluxiang pear. © 2023 Journal of Fruit Science. All rights reserved.     

‘瑞雪’苹果不同采收期果实品质及耐贮性

以不同成熟度‘瑞雪’苹果为试材,采用主成分分析法,研究了其贮藏过程中果实品质及生理指标变化,以期为‘瑞雪’苹果长期贮藏确定科学采收期提供参考依据。结果表明：色彩饱和度C、硬度、糖酸比、淀粉含量、乙烯释放速率可以作为确定‘瑞雪’苹果采收期的评判标准。采收期Ⅰ在采收时硬度最高,贮藏期间果实品质下降快,采收期Ⅱ贮藏期间硬度保持较好,而采收期Ⅲ贮藏期结束后具有较好的糖酸品质、外观色泽,较低的失重率和褐变率。‘瑞雪’苹果最适宜采收时期是采收期Ⅲ,该采收期在盛花期后约190 d、色彩饱和度C值约为38.58、糖酸比为45.31±0.02、硬度为（6.93±0.11）N·cm^-2、淀粉含量为（24.90±0.28）mg·kg^-1,乙烯释放速率为（8.84±1.23）CO₂μL·kg^-1·h^-1。     

不同树形对‘德玉’梨品质及产量的影响

作者以晚熟梨品种‘德玉’为试材,分析倾斜屋脊式树形和“V”字形树形对梨树生理生长指标、果实产量和品质、种植效益的差别。结果表明,“V”字形树形的‘德玉’梨果个大小、果实品质和种植效益均高于倾斜屋脊式树形;倾斜屋脊式树形的栽植密度比“V”字形高33%,前期投入成本高,且大小行栽植不利于机械化操作,用工量偏大,生产成本较高。