Extrusion and death of DPP/BMP-compromised epithelial cells in the developing Drosophila wing

During animal development, epithelial cell fates are specified according to spatial position by extracellular signaling pathways. Among these, the transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-beta/BMP) pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play crucial roles in the development and homeostasis of a wide range of multicellular tissues. Here we show that in the developing Drosophila wing imaginal epithelium, cell clones deprived of the BMP-like ligand Decapentaplegic (DPP) do not die as previously thought but rather extrude from the cell layer as viable cysts exhibiting marked abnormalities in cell shape and cytoskeletal organization. We propose that in addition to assigning cell fates, a crucial developmental function of DPP/BMP signaling is the position-specific control of epithelial architecture.     

宁夏滩羊·小尾寒羊及滩寒杂交群体BMP15基因和GDF9基因多态性研究

[目的]研究宁夏滩羊、小尾寒羊及杂交群体的骨形态发生蛋白15（BMP15）和生长分化因子9（GDF9）基因多态性,为宁夏滩羊的保种及育种工作提供科学依据。[方法]以宁夏滩羊、小尾寒羊及滩寒杂交群体为研究对象,分别设计2对引物,采用PCR-RFLP方法和PCR-SSCP检测方法,检测BMP15基因和GDF9基因在宁夏滩羊、小尾寒羊及滩寒杂交群体中的多态性。[结果]BMP15基因的2对引物扩增结果的RFLP分析表明,不存在多态性位点;GDF9基因的2对引物扩增片段的SSCP分析结果表明,只有引物1扩增片段存在多态性位点,但未发现碱基序列发生改变。[结论]GDF9基因可能是控制小尾寒羊多胎性能的1个主效基因或是与之存在紧密遗传连锁的分子标记。     

山羊高繁殖力候选基因BMP15的RFLP分析

以控制R om ney Inverdale绵羊和R om ney H anna绵羊高繁殖力的骨形态发生蛋白15(BM P 15)基因为候选基因,采用PCR-RFLP方法检测BM P 15基因在高繁殖力山羊品种(济宁青山羊)以及低繁殖力山羊品种(内蒙古绒山羊、安哥拉山羊、波尔山羊)中的多态性,同时研究该基因对济宁青山羊高繁殖力的影响。结果表明:BM P 15基因在济宁青山羊、内蒙古绒山羊、安哥拉山羊和波尔山羊中既未发生与Inverdale绵羊相同的V 31D突变,也未发生与H anna绵羊相同的Q 23T er突变。这表明BM P 15基因这2个突变位点对济宁青山羊的高繁殖力没有显著影响。     

De novo crypt formation and juvenile polyposis on BMP inhibition in mouse intestine

Little is known about the signaling mechanisms that determine the highly regular patterning of the intestinal epithelium into crypts and villi. With the use of mouse models, we show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 expression occurs exclusively in the intravillus mesenchyme. Villus epithelial cells respond to the BMP signal. Inhibition of BMP signaling by transgenic expression of noggin results in the formation of numerous ectopic crypt units perpendicular to the crypt-villus axis. These changes phenocopy the intestinal histopathology of patients with the cancer predisposition syndrome juvenile polyposis (JP), including the frequent occurrence of intraepithelial neoplasia. Many JP cases are known to harbor mutations in BMP pathway genes. These data indicate that intestinal BMP signaling represses de novo crypt formation and polyp growth.     

Molecular shaping of the beak

Beak shape is a classic example of evolutionary diversification. Beak development in chicken and duck was used to examine morphological variations among avian species. There is only one proliferative zone in the frontonasal mass of chickens, but two in ducks. These growth zones are associated with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) activity. By "tinkering" with BMP4 in beak prominences, the shapes of the chicken beak can be modulated.     

安徽白山羊、波尔山羊GDF9和BMP15基因的RFLP分析

以绵羊高繁殖性能主效基因,生长分化因子9(growth differentiation factor 9,GDF9)和骨形态发生蛋白15(bone morphogenetic protein 15,BMP15)基因为候选基因,采用PCR-RFLP方法检测其在安徽白山羊、波尔山羊中的多态性。结果表明,均未能检测至GDF9基因的G8突变(C→T)及BMP15基因的B4突变(G→T)。这2个山羊群体中均为野生型,由此表明这2个候选基因检测位点在安徽白山羊、波尔山羊中没有多态性。     

猪BMSCs成脂分化中细胞膜钙离子通道、钙敏感受体及成脂定向相关基因表达研究

【目的】研究猪骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)定向分化为脂肪细胞过程中细胞膜上钙离子通道、钙敏感受体(Calcium-sensing receptor,Ca SR)基因及成脂定向相关基因的表达。【方法】从5~7日龄仔猪骨髓中分离纯化出猪BMSCs,诱导猪BMSCs成脂分化。油红O法和三酰甘油法检测细胞分化聚酯状况。在成脂分化不同时间(0、1、2、5和10 d)收集细胞,利用荧光定量PCR检测锌指蛋白423(Zinc finger protein423,Zfp423)、脂肪前体细胞因子(Preadipocyte factor 1,Pref-1)、骨形态发生蛋白2(Bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP2)、骨形态发生蛋白4(Bone morphogenetic protein 4,BMP4)、细胞膜钙离子通道及Ca SR基因的mRNA表达变化。【结果】油红O染色和三酰甘油检测结果表明,成功诱导猪BMSCs成脂分化;定量PCR结果显示,在猪BMSCs成脂分化第5天,成脂定向标志基因Zfp423、脂肪前体细胞标志基因Pref-1及促进成脂分化基因BMP2、BMP4的mRNA相对表达量显著提高(P0.05),说明第5天是猪BMSCs成脂定向形成脂肪前体细胞的关键时期;同时,细胞膜上的电压门控钙离子通道亚基电压依赖型α/δ亚型1(Voltage-dependentalpha-2/delta subunit 1,CACNA2D1)、钙释放激活钙通道调节分子1(Calciumr elease-activated calcium channel modulator 1,Orai1)、瞬时受体电位通道传统型1(Transient receptor potential canonical type 1,TRPC1)、瞬时受体电位通道M型7(Transient receptor potential melastatin 7,TRPM7)、瞬时受体电位通道香草素受体亚型1(Transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor1,TRPV1)基因和Ca SR基因在诱导成脂第5天mRNA相对表达量也显著提高(P0.05),提示细胞膜钙离子通道及Ca SR基因可能参与了猪BMSCs成脂分化过程。【结论】揭示了猪BMSCs成脂分化过程中细胞膜钙离子通道、钙敏感受体及成脂定向相关基因的表达模式。     

绵羊BMP15基因FecXL突变的检测

【目的】旨在寻找与产羔数相关的遗传标记,为绵羊高繁殖力的标记辅助选择提供科学依据。【方法】以控制Lacaune绵羊高繁殖力的骨形态发生蛋白15(bonemorphogenetic protein15,BMP15)基因为候选基因,采用PCR-SSCP方法在绵羊(Ovisaries)高繁殖力品种(小尾寒羊和湖羊)和低繁殖力品种(多赛特、特克塞尔、考力代、杜泊、南非肉用美利奴和中国美利奴绵羊)中检测BMP15基因的FecXL突变,同时研究该基因突变对小尾寒羊和湖羊高繁殖力的影响。【结果】这8个绵羊品种都没有发生与Lacaune绵羊相同的FecXL突变(C53Y)。【结论】BMP15基因中影响Lacaune绵羊高繁殖力的突变位点对小尾寒羊和湖羊的高繁殖力都没有显著影响。     

Regulation of mammalian tooth cusp patterning by ectodin

Mammalian tooth crowns have precise functional requirements but cannot be substantially remodeled after eruption. In developing teeth, epithelial signaling centers, the enamel knots, form at future cusp positions and are the first signs of cusp patterns that distinguish species. We report that ectodin, a secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitor, is expressed as a "negative" image of mouse enamel knots. Furthermore, we show that ectodin-deficient mice have enlarged enamel knots, highly altered cusp patterns, and extra teeth. Unlike in normal teeth, excess BMP accelerates patterning in ectodin-deficient teeth. We propose that ectodin is critical for robust spatial delineation of enamel knots and cusps.     

Role of the mouse ank gene in control of tissue calcification and arthritis

Mutation at the mouse progressive ankylosis (ank) locus causes a generalized, progressive form of arthritis accompanied by mineral deposition, formation of bony outgrowths, and joint destruction. Here, we show that the ank locus encodes a multipass transmembrane protein (ANK) that is expressed in joints and other tissues and controls pyrophosphate levels in cultured cells. A highly conserved gene is present in humans and other vertebrates. These results identify ANK-mediated control of pyrophosphate levels as a possible mechanism regulating tissue calcification and susceptibility to arthritis in higher animals.     

民猪BMP2基因的冷诱导研究

以75日龄民猪为试验材料,将骨形成蛋白2(BMP2)基因作为影响民猪抗寒特性的候选基因,对其在低温冷诱导后在民猪肌肉组织内的表达变化情况进行了分析。结果表明:BMP2基因在民猪冷诱导前后表达水平没有显著变化。     

小尾寒羊和湖羊高繁殖力候选基因BMP15的研究

以控制Romney Inverdale绵羊和Romney Hanna 绵羊高繁殖力的骨形态发生蛋白15(bone morphogenetic protein 15,BMP15)基因为候选基因,采用PCR-RFLP方法检测BMP15基因在高繁殖力绵羊品种(小尾寒羊、湖羊)以及低繁殖力绵羊品种(道赛特羊、萨福克羊)中的多态性,同时研究该基因对小尾寒羊高繁殖力的影响.结果表明,BMP15基因在小尾寒羊、湖羊、道赛特和萨福克绵羊中既没有发生与Inverdale绵羊相同的V31D突变,也没有发生与Hanna 绵羊相同的Q23Ter突变.还表明BMP15基因中影响Inverdale绵羊和Hanna 绵羊高繁殖力的突变位点对小尾寒羊和湖羊的高繁殖力没有显著影响.     

羊多胎性状候选基因的研究进展

从骨形态发生蛋白15(BMP15)基因、生长分化因子9(GDF9)基因、视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)基因、视黄酸受体γ(RARG)基因、催乳素(PRL)基因、催乳素受体(PRLR)基因、褪黑激素受体基因、促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)及其受体(GnRHR)基因方面综述了羊多胎性状候选基因的研究进展.     

Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities

Protein extracts derived from bone can initiate the process that begins with cartilage formation and ends in de novo bone formation. The critical components of this extract, termed bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), that direct cartilage and bone formation as well as the constitutive elements supplied by the animal during this process have long remained unclear. Amino acid sequence has been derived from a highly purified preparation of BMP from bovine bone. Now, human complementary DNA clones corresponding to three polypeptides present in this BMP preparation have been isolated, and expression of the recombinant human proteins have been obtained. Each of the three (BMP-1, BMP-2A, and BMP-3) appears to be independently capable of inducing the formation of cartilage in vivo. Two of the encoded proteins (BMP-2A and BMP-3) are new members of the TGF-beta supergene family, while the third, BMP-1, appears to be a novel regulatory molecule.     

海七鳃鳗pma-miR-200c-3p对斑马鱼心脏发育的作用研究

为研究海七鳃鳗Petromyzon marinus pma-miR-200c-3p在心脏发育过程中的生物学功能,采用显微注射技术,将pma-miR-200c-3p模拟体注射到斑马鱼Danio rerio胚胎,过表达pma-miR-200c-3p后,使用qRT-PCR及Western blot法检测了一些与心脏发育相关的标志性基因的表达水平,以及BMP/Smad通路重要基因蛋白水平的变化,并利用生物信息学预测、GFP荧光表达分析了pma-miR-200c-3p的生物学作用。结果表明:过表达pma-miR-200c-3p的斑马鱼胚胎中,与心脏发育相关的标志性bmp4、bmp5、smad1、gata5、tbx2b和notch1a基因的表达水平极显著上调(P0.01),同时BMP/Smad通路中BMP4、Smad1、GATA5蛋白表达水平也明显升高;细胞试验表明,cdx1b基因可能是pma-miR-200c-3p的一个靶基因。研究表明,pma-miR-200c-3p可能通过抑制cdx1b基因的表达,参与BMP/Smad通路以促进心脏发育。     

Interdigital regulation of digit identity and homeotic transformation by modulated BMP signaling

The developmental mechanisms specifying digital identity have attracted 30 years of intense interest, but still remain poorly understood. Here, through experiments on chick foot development, we show digital identity is not a fixed property of digital primordia. Rather, digital identity is specified by the interdigital mesoderm, demonstrating a patterning function for this tissue before its regression. More posterior interdigits specify more posterior digital identities, and each primordium will develop in accordance with the most posterior cues received. Furthermore, inhibition of interdigital bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling can transform digit identity, suggesting a role for BMPs in this process.     

Progress on major genes for high fecundity in ewes

The existence of major genes affecting fecundity in sheep flocks throughout the world has been demonstrated. Three major genes whose mutations can increase ovulation rate have been discovered, and all related to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. The mutant FecB of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B (BMPR1B) has an additive effect on ovulation rate. Six mutations (FecX^I, FecX^H, FecX^G, FecX^B, FecX^L, FecX^R) of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) related with fertility have been identified that share the same mechanism. All the mutants can increase ovulation rate in heterozygotes and cause complete sterility in homozygotes. Homozygous ewes with two new mutations (FecX^Gr, FecX^O) of BMP15 had increased ovulation rate without causing sterility. There are five mutations in growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) associated with sheep prolificacy where FecG^E and FecG^F have additive an effect on ovulation rate and litter size. The newly identified β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B4GALNT2) gene of FecL is proposed as a new mechanism of ovulation rate regulation in sheep. Woodlands is an X-linked maternally imprinted gene which increases ovulation rate. In addition, several putative major genes need to be verified. This review is focused on the identification of the mutations and mechanisms whereby the major genes affecting ovulation rate.     

The dorsal aorta initiates a molecular cascade that instructs sympatho-adrenal specification

The autonomic nervous system, which includes the sympathetic neurons and adrenal medulla, originates from the neural crest. Combining avian blood vessel-specific gene manipulation and mouse genetics, we addressed a long-standing question of how neural crest cells (NCCs) generate sympathetic and medullary lineages during embryogenesis. We found that the dorsal aorta acts as a morphogenetic signaling center that coordinates NCC migration and cell lineage segregation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) produced by the dorsal aorta are critical for the production of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF -1) and Neuregulin 1 in the para-aortic region, which act as chemoattractants for early migration. Later, BMP signaling is directly involved in the sympatho-medullary segregation. This study provides insights into the complex developmental signaling cascade that instructs one of the earliest events of neurovascular interactions guiding embryonic development.     

Expression of BMP Receptors in Porcine Granulosa Cells （GCs） and Their Regulation by Luteinizing Hormone （LH）

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play critical roles in follicle growth and development. BMPs initiate signaling by assembling BMP receptors and activating Smads, which in turn alter expression of target enes. The mechanism underlying the regulation of the expression of BMP receptors and Smads during follicle development in pigs is still unknown. By quantitative real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of BMP receptors and Smads in granulosa cells (GC) was investigated.Cells were obtained from small porcine follicles (SF; <3 mm diameter) and dominant follicles (DF; >6 mm diameter); ActRIA and BMPR2 mRNA levels in DF were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in SF, whereas BMPRIB, Smad4 and Smad7 expression tended to decrease (P>0.05). The levels of BMPRIA, ActR2, Smadl, Smad5, and Smad8 mRNA did not differ between DFs and SFs. To investigate the effect of LH on BMP receptors in GC, cells obtained from porcine DFs were cultured in medium supplemented with different doses of luteinizing hormone (LH). High doses of LH (4 IU mL-1)significantly decreased the concentration of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in medium and the expression of Cyp19a1 (P450 aromatase, P450arom) and Cypl lal (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme P450, P450scc), while significantly increased viable cell numbers and up-regulated expression of cyclin dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) and cyclin D2. However,LH had no effect on the expression of BMP receptor genes. Thus, the present study indicates that the expression of members of the BMP signaling pathway in porcine GC is regulated during follicle development and the expression of BMP receptors are not regulated by LH in porcine GCs.