基于室内高光谱数据的多种类型土壤有机质估算模型比较

基于高光谱数据的土壤有机质反演是土壤遥感及精准农业的重要研究内容,然而不同的光谱处理及建模方法使得模型的估算能力及精度差异明显,限制了模型之间的通用性。为了构建陕西省土壤有机质含量估算的最优模型,以陕西省9种主要土壤类型的216个土样的光谱反射曲线和土壤有机质含量为数据基础,将光谱反射曲线进行一阶微分d(R)、倒数对数log(1/R)、倒数对数一阶微分d[log(1/R)]和包络线去除N(R)4种变换,结合一元线性回归(SLR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和支持向量机回归(SVR)3种建模方法构建了不同的土壤有机质含量估算模型。结果显示:不同类型土壤的反射光谱曲线总体态势基本一致,吸收特征位置基本相同,且土壤有机质含量与光谱反射率呈负相关态势;基于d [log(1/R)]光谱变换构建的SVR估算模型精度最高,建模集和验证集的判断系数(R~2)分别为0.9210、0.8874,验证均方根误差(RMSE)为2.18,相对分析误差(RPD)达到2.8751,是估算陕西省土壤有机质含量的最优模型,PLSR次之,SLR最差。     

基于高光谱与电磁感应技术的干旱区绿洲土壤含水量反演研究

为实现干旱区绿洲土壤含水量的快速、准确监测,利用采集自渭干河-库车河绿洲的84个表层(0~10cm)土壤样本,通过利用电磁感应仪(EM38)将所测解译后数据代替实测土壤含水量数据,将高光谱反射率重采样为Landsat8卫星遥感波段反射率,在选取光谱特征参数、提取敏感波段的基础上,利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)方法建立土壤含水量模型,将最优估算模型应用于遥感影像,实现研究区土壤含水量遥感反演。研究结果表明:(1)利用EM38所测水平模式土壤表观电导率与土壤含水量拟合效果最优,能够代替实测土壤含水量进行后续建模分析。(2)相比3种单一的光谱特征指数,利用多种光谱特征指数所建土壤含水量估算模型的建模效果更优,其干、湿各季建模集决定系数R~2大于0.7,均方根误差(RMSE)均小于0.5%,RPD均大于2,能够作为有效手段估算干旱区绿洲土壤含水量。(3)不同季节土壤含水量遥感反演值与实测值决定系数R~2均大于0.6,均方根误差(RMSE)均小于0.6%,显示了较高的预测精度,证明利用电磁感应技术与高光谱相结合能够实现对干旱区绿洲土壤含水量的精准、高效监测。     

黑土区坡耕地土壤酶活性与土壤养分关系研究

对东北黑土区东山沟坡耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和土壤转化酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性进行了测定,并对其结果做相关分析,表明土壤酶可以作为评价黑土土壤肥力的指标,有机质仍是黑土土壤养分和酶活性的源和库。黑土区坡耕地土壤表层养分含量和酶活性高于次表层的相应指标,且呈现显著性差异。据此,建议黑土区坡耕地积极探索和推广秸秆还田、免耕等水土保持新措施,提高有机质含量,以遏制土壤表层质量退化。     

保护性耕作下黑土水热动态研究

通过连续监测东北典型黑土耕作长期定位试验下的土壤含水量和温度,研究了保护性耕作措施下农田黑土水热动态规律。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可显著提高0~50 cm土层水分含量,其中免耕在0~20 cm土层平均土壤体积含水量最高值分别比少耕(RT)和传统(CT)高3%~10%,尤其是可提高作物播种期表层土壤含水量。0~10 cm土层深度范围内RT土壤温度均高于NTS和CT,其中5 cm土层土壤温度日平均最高值较NTS和CT分别高3.04℃和5.27℃。三种耕作措施下的水热动态表明,少耕是我国东北旱作黑土区最佳的保护性耕作措施。     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区土壤空间异质性研究

通过对新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区内土壤颗粒组成、水分、盐分、pH值和速效养分(氮、磷、钾)、有机质含量等土壤理化性状的空间分宜进行了探讨。结果表明:土壤颗粒组成主要以粉粒与砂粒为主,土壤质地以粉砂质壤土与砂质壤土为主;土壤含水量总体呈现湖周湿地>河流入湖口>泉眼分布区>荒漠的规律;艾比湖湿地不同类型土壤盐分存在明显的表聚现象,土壤盐化、碱化严重;艾比湖湖周土壤pH值北部高于南部,东部高于西部;艾比湖东部土壤速效氮含量最低,南部速效钾含量最低,北部速效磷含量最低,与此同时,艾比湖湿地速效养分在不同土壤类型不同剖面中的含量具有一致性;土壤有机质与碱解N含量相关性较强,其空间分布的特点是环湖土壤有机质含量低于阿其克苏河沿岸土壤有机质含量,梭梭荒漠表层及平均有机质含量与土壤含水量呈弱线性相关。     

环境条件和微生物对灭线磷降解的影响

环境条件和微生物影响灭线磷在土壤中的降解。随着土壤含水量和温度的增加,灭线磷的降解速度加快;微生物对灭线磷的降解有显著影响,30℃、含水量为40%条件下,未灭菌土中灭线磷的半衰期为16.6 d,灭菌土中灭线磷的半衰期为31.6 d;有机质对灭线磷的降解也有显著影响,有机质含量高,有利于灭线磷的降解;灭线磷在碱性土壤中的降解快于在酸性土壤中;30℃、含水量为40%条件下,灭线磷在3种土壤中的降解速度为:东北黑土＞广东红土＞山东砂壤土。     

特丁硫磷在环境中的迁移性研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了有机磷类农药特丁硫磷在不同环境介质中的挥发性以及在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附性、移动性及其影响因素。结果表明:特丁硫磷具有较强的挥发性,其在空气、土壤表面和水中的挥发率分别为87.1%、38.6%和2.51%;在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中的吸附性较好地符合Freundlich方程,3种土壤中的吸附系数Kd值分别为6.56、11.34和15.80;薄层层析试验显示,当溶剂展开至12.0 cm时,特丁硫磷在江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土中最远可分别移至6~8、4~6和6~8 cm处,土柱试验结果显示,江西红壤、太湖水稻土与东北黑土淋出液中特丁硫磷质量分数分别为5.77%、1.13%和1.22%,表明特丁硫磷具有一定的移动性。影响特丁硫磷在土壤中吸附性和移动性的主要因素为土壤有机质含量,其次为土壤质地。特丁硫磷具有高挥发性及一定的移动性,其对人畜的安全以及地下水的危害应引起高度重视。     

基于Landsat8吉林中北部地区土壤有机质定量反演研究

以Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像为数据源,以吉林省中北部黑土过渡区为研究对象,对研究区进行土壤实地采样并化验土壤有机质含量,采用多元回归分析的方法,建立土壤有机质含量的反演模型,反演研究区土壤有机质含量。结果表明:研究区土壤反射率与有机质含量呈负相关,其中,第5波段达到最大值,为-0.827;将反射率进行倒数、对数等变换后可以显著提高与有机质含量的相关性;以第4、第5、第6波段反射率倒数为自变量,利用多元回归分析方法建立起来的反演模型,模型判定系数R2=0.860,总均方根误差RMSE=0.229,反演研究区土壤有机质含量获得了良好的效果。本研究成果实现土壤有机质含量监测的准确性与时效性,为我国黑土区土壤光谱分析提供借鉴,为区域土壤生态环境监测提供数据支持。     

典型黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤有机质和氮的影响

基于对黑土区松花江流域东山沟小流域坡耕地耕层土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量及土壤侵蚀速率的分析,研究了坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度与土壤有机质、氮素含量的相关性及坡面侵蚀、沉积对土壤有机质和氮素空间分布的影响。结果表明,土壤侵蚀强度在流域分布呈现上游＞中游＞下游;土壤侵蚀强度沿坡面分布呈现出较弱—强—弱的变化趋势,存在明显的侵蚀强弱交替变化规律。小流域土壤有机质和氮素含量空间分布特征与土壤侵蚀强度分布特征相对应,表现为流域上游＜中游＜下游;三种土壤养分沿坡长分布呈现较高—低—高的变化趋势。土壤侵蚀速率与土壤有机质、全氮含量之间呈极显著负相关关系,与碱解氮含量存在显著负相关关系,证实了土壤侵蚀是影响我国东北典型黑土区土壤质量下降最重要因素。     

宁夏中部干旱带降水渗透深度预测模型研究

为掌握降水在宁夏中部干旱带天然草场土壤中的渗透情况,引入根据土壤含水量增量变化确定渗透深度的方法,并运用回归、逐步回归和相关分析等多种统计手段,建立了不同土壤质地下降水渗透深度预测统计模型。结果表明:(1)运用回归方法建立的渗透深度预测模型(R~2在0.60~0.67)比逐步回归预测模型(R~2在0.49~0.58)显著性好,两种预测模型中降水量或降水日数的回归系数在置信度为0.05水平下均通过显著性检验。(2)通过对两种预测模型预测结果与实测值的相关分析,回归预测结果、逐步回归预测结果和实测值之间的相关系数达0.70以上,特别是两种模型预测结果相关性显著(相关系数0.88~0.93),从模型简单可用的角度考虑,最终选用逐步回归预测模型。(3)兴仁沙壤土条件下预测效果较好(81%~100%的样本相对误差均在30%左右或以下),同心壤土预测效果中等(55%~60%的样本相对误差小于30%),盐池粗砂土条件下效果一般(约50%左右样本相对误差在30%及以下)。(4)同时,文中预测模型试验验证了不同土壤质地对降水渗透深度的影响,当相同的降水过程下,降水渗透深度大小顺序为粗砂土沙壤土壤土。     

Simple estimation of available water capacity in soils of semiarid and subhumid environments

Soil available water capacity (AWC) is an important factor affecting soil productivity in semiarid and subhumid environments and is mainly determined by the soil textural composition. As the soils of these environments usually present fairly uniform textures across depth, we hypothesized that it would be possible to accurately estimate the whole-profile AWC using surface information. Our objective was to test this hypothesis in the Argentine Semiarid Pampas. Information was collected from 152 sites where AWC was measured in 20?cm layers up to a depth of 140?cm or up to the upper limit of the petrocalcic horizon, when present. In each case, whole profile AWC was estimated using a one-step and a two-step approach, comparing multiple regression and artificial neural networks as modeling techniques. Both modeling methods were effective (R²?>?0.76, P?相似文献   

The behavior of clomazone in the soil environment

BACKGROUND: Clomazone is a herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds and grasses. Clomazone use in agriculturally important crops and forests for weed control has increased and is a potential water contaminant given its high water solubility (1100 µg mL^?1). Soil sorption is an environmental fate parameter that may limit its movement to water systems. The authors used model rice and forest soils of California to test clomazone sorption affinity, capacity, desorption, interaction with soil organic matter and behavior with black carbon. RESULTS: Sorption of clomazone to the major organic matter fraction of soil, humic acid (HA) (K_d = 29–87 L kg^?1), was greater than to whole soils (K_d = 2.3–11 L kg^?1). Increased isotherm non‐linearity was observed for the whole soils (N = 0.831–0.893) when compared with the humic acids (N = 0.954–0.999). Desorption isotherm results showed hysteresis, which was greatest at the lowest solution concentration of 0.067 µg mL^?1 for all whole soils and HA extracts. Aliphatic carbon content appeared to contribute to increased isotherm linearity. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that clomazone does not sorb appreciably to sandy or clay soils. Its sorption affinity and capacity is greater in humic acid, and consequently clomazone has difficulty desorbing from soil organic matter. Sorption appears to follow processes explained by the dual‐mode model, the presence of fire residues (black carbon) and a recently proposed sorption mechanism. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

氯胺嘧草醚在土壤中的吸附行为研究

为评价氯胺嘧草醚的环境安全性,采用批量平衡法测定了氯胺嘧草醚在5种土壤中的吸附-解吸行为,并运用数学模型对其吸附-解吸特性及移动性能进行了分析。结果表明:氯胺嘧草醚在5种土壤中的等温吸附-解吸曲线符合Freundlich模型,吸附常数（Kf值）范围在6.991~18.49之间;不同土壤对其的吸附作用强弱依次为:黑土 > 水稻土 > 褐土 > 潮土 > 红土。氯胺嘧草醚在5种土壤中的有机碳吸附常数（KOC）范围在704.4~1 579之间,推测其在土壤中具有低移动性;薄层层析试验也表明,氯胺嘧草醚在土壤中的移动性较弱。氯胺嘧草醚在5种土壤中的吸附自由能绝对值均小于40 kJ/mol,表明其吸附机理主要是物理吸附。其Kf值与土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH值呈负相关。解吸试验表明,氯胺醚在其中3种土壤中的解吸过程存在滞后现象。研究表明,在正常使用情况下,氯胺嘧草醚不易对地表水或地下水造成污染风险。     

Effect of vegetation on soil water retention and storage in a semi-arid alpine forest catchment

The runoff generated from mountainous regions is recognized as the main water source for inland river basins in arid environments. Thus, the mechanisms by which catchments retain water in soils are to be understood. The water storage capacity of soil depends on its depth and capacity to retain water under gravitational drainage and evapotranspiration. The latter can be studied through soil water retention curve (SWRC), which is closely related to soil properties such as texture, bulk density, porosity, soil organic carbon content, and so on. The present study represented SWRCs using HYDRUS-1D. In the present study, we measured physical and hydraulic properties of soil samples collected from Sabina przewalskii forest (south-facing slope with highest solar radiation), shrubs (west-facing slope with medium radiation), and Picea crassifolia forest (north-facing slope with lowest radiation), and analyzed the differences in soil water storage capacity of these soil samples. Soil water content of those three vegetation covers were also measured to validate the soil water storage capacity and to analyze the relationship between soil organic matter content and soil water content. Statistical analysis showed that different vegetation covers could lead to different soil bulk densities and differences in soil water retention on the three slope aspects. Sand content, porosity, and organic carbon content of the P. crassifolia forest were relatively greater compared with those of the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs. However, silt content and soil bulk density were relatively smaller than those in the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs. In addition, there was a significant linear positive relationship between averaged soil water content and soil organic matter content (P<0.0001). However, this relationship is not significant in the P. crassifolia forest. As depicted in the SWRCs, the water storage capacity of the soil was 39.14% and 37.38% higher in the P. crassifolia forest than in the S. przewalskii forest and shrubs, respectively, at a similar soil depth.     

七种农药在3种不同类型土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性

采用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法研究了2,4-滴酸、丁噻隆、毒草胺、炔草酸、氟环唑、甲基磺草酮和烯啶虫胺7种农药在江西红壤、太湖水稻土及东北黑土3种不同理化性质土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性,探讨了农药性质及土壤理化性质对供试农药在土壤中吸附、淋溶行为的影响。结果表明:农药的水溶性越大,其在土壤中的吸附性越弱,淋溶性越强;农药在土壤中的吸附性与土壤pH值、有机质含量以及阳离子交换量之间有较好的相关性。土壤pH值、有机质含量以及农药性质是影响农药在土壤中淋溶及迁移的主要因素。     

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.     

水蚀风蚀区六道沟流域不同土地利用方式下养分特征

利用经典统计与地统计学相结合的方法,以六道沟流域农用地、林地和草地三种土地类型为研究对象,测定各不同利用方式下土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、C/N值八种养分指标。结果表明,土壤有机质、全氮含量表现为农用地>林地>草地,全磷含量表现为农用地>草地>林地,土壤全钾含量表现为草地>林地>农用地,速效氮含量表现为农用地>草地>林地,速效磷表现为农用地>林地>草地,速效钾表现为林地>农用地>草地;土壤C/N值表现为林地>草地>农用地;有机质含量与全氮含量呈线性关系,且均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。结果说明不同土地利用方式对土壤养分含量有重要影响。     

长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力及作物产量的影响

在东北黑土区中部进行长期定位试验,研究了长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:施用有机肥能够提高土壤肥力,与供试前土壤相比,施用有机肥处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量都表现为增加,长期施用氮磷钾化肥处理的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷表现为增加,而全钾、速效钾则减少,长期无肥处理的土壤除全氮和全磷表现为增加以外,均呈减小的趋势;各处理土壤C/N均表现为减小,在11.32~12.01之间波动;长期施用有机肥能使土壤的pH稳定在一个适合作物生长的范围内;施用有机肥可以增加土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的数量,不同处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量表现为:化肥+高量有机肥(NPKM2)化肥+低量有机肥(NPKM1)化肥(NPK)无肥(CK);不同处理玉米和大豆产量由高到低的顺序均为:NPKM2NPKM1NPKCK,各处理的玉米产量年际间均表现出增加的趋势,而大豆产量年际间变化不显著。生物耗竭试验表明,长期施用有机肥可提高黑土的生产能力。     

压砂地土壤导水特性空间格局及影响因子

采用10 m×10 m网格布点的方式对宁夏压砂田0~10 cm和10~20 cm深度下土壤饱和导水率(Ks)及其相关因素的空间变异规律进行研究。经典统计结果表明:2个采样深度下土壤容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度表现为弱变异,饱和含水量和土壤有机质含量表现为中等变异;0~10 cm深度下K_s表现为中等变异,10~20 cm深度下K_s表现为强变异;10~20 cm深度下土壤各种性质的平均值均大于0~10 cm深度。Pearson相关性分析可知,影响K_s的主要因素是毛管孔隙度,其次为容重、总孔隙度、饱和含水量和有机质含量。地统计结果表明,0~10 cm深度下K_s表现为纯块金效应,主要受随机性因素的影响,10~20 cm深度下K_s主要受结构性因素的影响;在2个采样深度下容重主要受随机因素的影响。从空间分布图可以看出,2个采样深度下K_s和容重存在高度的负相关关系,与饱和含水量、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度存在高度的正相关关系。