华山松灰尺蛾生物学特性与防治初报

华山松灰尺蛾（Ｄｅｉｌｅｐｔｅｎｉａｓｐ．）幼虫为害华山松，因其取食方式特殊，在受害树下可见长短不一的绿色针叶，以致受害严重的松林地面一片绿色。它每年发生一代，以蛹在地面下土室内越冬，蛹期２００多天。成虫白天多静伏于树干下部，容易捕捉。治理措施：于１２月至次年４月挖蛹，或６月捕捉成虫，也可于８、９月以生物、化学农药防治幼虫。     

华山松灰尺蛾生物学特性与防治初报

华山松灰尺蛾幼虫为害华山松，因其取食方式特殊，在受害树下可见长短不一的绿色针叶，以致受害严重的松林地面一片绿色，它每年发生一代，以蛹在地面下土室内越冬，蛹期２００天，成虫折天多静伏于树干下部，容易捕捉，治理措施：于１２月至次年４，中６月捕捉成虫，也可于８、９月以生物，化学农药防治幼虫。     

干扰强度和斑块结构对广州城市公园鸟类群落的影响研究

以广州主要城市公园鸟类群落为研究对象,从中国观鸟记录中心获取2017—2021年间广州市主要城市公园的鸟类观测数据,采用单因素方差分析、聚类分析、相关性分析和冗余分析探究干扰强度和斑块结构对鸟类群落的影响,揭示影响城市公园鸟类群落组成和物种丰富度的主要环境因子,研究结果如下：（1）广州主要城市公园共有鸟类243种,隶属于19目58科。（2）高干扰强度下鸟类丰富度显著高于低强度（P<0.05）,低干扰强度下Pielou均匀度指数显著高于中干扰强度和高干扰强度（P<0.05）,但Shannon多样性指数无显著差异。（3）鸟类丰富度和Shannon多样性指数与公园面积、水域斑块数呈正相关,与绿地破碎度和周长面积比（PAR）呈负相关。鸟类食性集团和取食集团的分布不仅受到绿地斑块数和水域斑块数的正向影响,还受到绿地破碎度、水域破碎度和建筑面积占比率的负面影响。研究结果表明,不同的干扰强度和斑块结构均会对城市公园鸟类群落造成显著影响,在建设城市公园时应综合考虑公园的面积、形状、水域占比率、水域斑块数和绿地斑块数,丰富公园的生境异质性。     

基于红外相机技术的雷公山国家级自然保护区鸟类调查研究

为掌握雷公山国家级自然保护区野生鸟类资源状况,采用公里网格随机布设60个红外相机监测位点,对雷公山重点区域地面活动鸟类进行调查。2020年1月至2021年12月,100台红外相机野外累计正常工作18 074个相机日,累计获得独立有效鸟类照片(视频)2 883份。调查监测记录到鸟类7目、17科、48种,其中栗苇鳽、红点颏、蓝歌鸲、斑胸钩嘴鹛、灰头绿啄木鸟、灰翅噪鹛、褐翅鸦鹃等7种为雷公山保护区鸟类新纪录。分析结果表明：鸟类相对多度最高为白鹇,其次为灰胸竹鸡和棕头鸦雀;鸟类网格占有率最高为白鹇(42.05%),棕头鸦雀(35.23%)和灰胸竹鸡(25.00%)次之。     

新嫁接果树幼苗赵冬防寒处理

梨星毛虫又名梨叶斑蛾，俗称包饺子虫，筛子底虫，为害梨、苹果、山楂、板栗、沙果等。今年在我区沙果树上大量发生，以幼虫为害叶片，把叶片包起食成筛底状，叶片枯黄，严重影响了果树的结实和树势。 一、识别 １．被害状：（１）未展叶前钻到芽内或花苞内为害；（二）展叶后越冬幼虫把叶子边缘用丝粘在一起，包成饺子形，在其内取食叶片逐渐于黄，这是典型的被害状；（３）当年６～７月份出现的小幼虫群集在叶背面为害，取食叶肉，仅留表皮和叶脉，使叶片呈筛网状。 ２．形态：主要是成虫和幼虫的识别，成虫体长９～１２毫米，全身黑色，…     

内蒙古大兴安岭林区森林食虫鸟类研究初探

对内蒙古大兴安岭林区森林食虫鸟类区系组成及食性进行了分析研究，确定了各种食虫鸟类的取食空间及取食部位，主食昆虫占食物总量的百分比，为今后利用鸟类防治森林病虫害提供了科学依据。     

历山保护区长尾灰伯劳繁殖习性的研究

历山保护区长尾灰伯劳繁殖习性的研究石进恩樊龙锁长尾灰伯劳（Ｌａｎｉｕｓｓｐｈｅｎｏｃｅｒｃｕｓ）为山西省的重点保护鸟类之一。我们于１９９３年～１９９５年的４月～９月，在历山国家级自然保护区对该鸟的繁殖习性进行了观察，以期为保护、利用鸟类资源和环境监测...     

靖远松叶蜂生物学及发生规律的研究

靖远松叶蜂（Ｄｉｐｉｏｎ ｊｉｎｇｙｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）是危害油松的重大森林害虫，１９９４年定为新种。该文对其形态、生物学特性、与环境因子的关系及主要天敌作了深入研究。此虫在山西省沁源，一般一年１代，以芯内预蛹（拟）在落叶层下越冬，成虫于６月间大量出现，少数有滞育现象，两年完成１代，雌雄性比为１：０．６每雌产卵１２０粒～２２９粒，有孤雌生殖现象，幼虫共８龄，每头幼虫取食针叶６０根左右、纯林、疏林、阴坡虫口密度大，靖远松叶蜂病毒（ＮＰＶ）、白僵菌、金头赘寄蝇、大山雀等２２种天敌是制约该虫种群数量的重要环境因素。     

广州二沙岛宏城公园鸟类调查

为了解广州二沙岛宏城公园鸟类的情况,2017年7月—2018年7月,采用样线和样点法对广州二沙岛宏城公园鸟类进行初步调查,同时采用样方法对植被进行调查。调查结果表明:①共记录鸟类27种,隶属于3目17科19属。其中雀形目种类最多,占总数的92.6%。鸟类区系以东洋界为主,占总数的51.9%;留鸟为主,占77.8%。树麻雀、白头鹎、八哥、暗绿绣眼鸟等为优势种,优势种鸟类多为杂食性;宏城公园鸟类的惊飞距离为2～8.7 m。②鸟类对食源树种具有不同的喜好,公园中最常见、鸟类最喜欢取食的食源树种有11种;乔灌木更容易为鸟类提供食物和筑巢,草地和藤本植物亦可为地面觅食和小型鸟类隐蔽提供场所。其结果可为城市化与鸟类保护相互关系研究提供参考。     

南四湖雁形目鸟类越冬数量调查

南四湖总面积１２２７ｋｍ＾２。适于雁形目鸟类栖息的面积１００６ｋｍ＾２，每年冬季（１０月至次年３月）来此越冬的雁鸭类有３３种，占全国雁形目鸟类种数的７１．７％，其中有国家重保护动物６种，越冬数量可达３５万只，数量最大的有绿翅鸭，绿头鸭，白眉鸭，针尾鸭，赤麻鸭，花脸鸭和罗纹鸭等７种，为当地优势种，其次是豆雁，红头潜鸭，琵嘴鸭，斑嘴鸭和普通秋沙鸭等５种，为常见种；其余２１种数量较少，为稀有种。     

Die Schädlingsvertilgung einiger Singvogelarten in einem Schwarzkiefern-Zedern-Wald in Beytepe bei Ankara, Türkei

In the year 2002, in Beytepe, near Ankara, the food spectrum of Great Tit (Parus major), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was determined, using the neck-ringing method. The food analysis of the bird species mentioned above proved their importance in biological control methods for destruction of organisms harmful for the forest. The proportion of injurious insects in the food spectrum of the bird species investigated is as follows: Starling 60,6 % (n = 20), House Sparrow 56,4 (n = 22) and Great Tit 78,8 % (n = 41).

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Die Schädlingsvertilgung einiger Singvogelarten in einem Schwarzkiefern-Zedern-Wald in Beytepe bei Ankara, Türkei

     

The effect of road traffic on a breeding community of woodland birds

The very rapid development of the road infrastructure in recent years has adversely affected the natural environment. The main effects of this have been the loss or deteriorating quality of habitats, the mortality of animals due to collisions with road vehicles, the withdrawal of birds as a result of disturbance and excessive noise in the neighbourhood of roads. In this study, we attempted to define the influence of a busy road on a breeding community of woodland birds. Individuals were counted using the point method at 54 observation points located at three various distances (60, 310, 560 m) from the road. At each point, we determined the habitat parameters and the intensity of noise. In total, 995 individuals of 39 species were recorded on the study plot. This study showed that the area was homogeneous with respect to habitat. The number of birds per point increased with distance from the road. Species diversity was lower near the road. The density of nine common species increased with distance from the road. Great Tit Parus major and Song Thrush Turdus philomelos preferred the neighbourhood of the road, whereas the numbers of the other species were the highest in the middle row of points. The number and species diversity of birds were correlated with the pattern of sound propagation across our study area. Our results showed that the species particularly sensitive to road traffic were those nesting near the ground and with low-frequency calls.     

Untersuchungen über Verbreitung,Lebensweise und Ansiedlung von höhlenbrütenden Singvögeln im Forstamt Geisenfeld,Oberbayern

Studies on the distribution, bionomy and settlement of singing birds in breeding cages in the forests of Geisenfeld, South Bavaria Studies made in 1976 at 16 localities of the Geisenfeld- Forest comparing 7 types of breeding cages for birds showed the Titmice,Parus major (71.1%) to be the predominant species, followed byParus ater (15.0),Sitta europaea (4.5),Certha macrodactyla (3.1),Parus cristatus (2.4) andPhoenicurus phoenicurus (1.5), The maximal brood density was reached in localities smaller than 5 ha, probably in the consequence of the edge-effect. But in some more spacious woods a better settlement of birds was found in the middle than at the edge. Also by help of using more cages the number of broods could be raised.Comparing different types of cages the following types showed the best settlement of birds: Schwegler cage with round hole (75%), Bavarian cage with pointed gable root and oval hole (72.9) and Thüring cage with oval hole (63.2). The Trunk Looper(Certhia macrodactyla) settled nearly only the special Trunk Looper-cages. In nest boxes hanging in normal hight of about 3 m the Great Tit showed the greatest density, whereas in boxes hanging deeper, at eye level, the Coal Tit predominated.In most cases the number of eggs of the first brood was greater than such of the second. But also the mortality of broods and the number of unfinished nests were greater in the first brood.     

Forest management and temporal effects on food abundance for a ground-foraging bird (Catharus guttatus)

While food abundance is known to limit bird populations, few studies have simultaneously examined both temporal and habitat-related variation in food abundance for ground-foraging birds. We surveyed ground-dwelling arthropods throughout the breeding season and in three forest harvest types (clearcut, selection, and shelterwood stands managed for spruce, fir and hemlock) at the Penobscot Experimental Forest (PEF), Bradley, Maine, USA. Pitfall trapping during 2003 and 2004 was used to measure seasonal and habitat-related variation in abundance of ground-dwelling arthropod food items for hermit thrushes. Arthropods were sorted into relevant taxonomic and size class categories based on the known diet of hermit thrushes. Habitat variables included forest management type, stand-level structure and composition of tree species, and microhabitat measures in a 1 m² area around the pitfall traps. We used redundancy analysis to find stand-level and microhabitat measures that best explained variation in arthropod abundance during 2004. The majority of arthropod captures comprised three groups: ants (Formicidae, 44%), ground beetles (Carabidae, 13%), and spiders (Araneae, 11%). There was significant temporal variation in captures for many taxa. Notably, there were as many as six times more Araneae in early compared to late season samples suggesting the importance of Araneae to ground-foraging birds. Carabidae were more abundant in selection versus either shelterwood or clearcut stands on one sample date. Conversely, Formicidae and Curculionidae were more abundant in shelterwood plots on one and three sampling dates, respectively. Overall, our data provided little evidence that forest management type impacts arthropod food abundance, in stands 5–20 years post-harvest. Abundance of Carabidae was positively correlated with the number of softwoods less than 5 cm DBH and the number of hardwoods greater than 10 cm DBH, while abundance of Formicidae and Homopterans was negatively associated with these same measures. Several taxa were negatively associated with percent of the 1 m² around the pitfall that was shaded, including Araneae, Carabidae, Formicidae, and Staphylinidae. These results suggest that less-shaded forest microhabitats are important areas of increased food abundance for ground-foraging birds, regardless of forest management type or tree composition. Consequently, forest managers seeking to maximize food abundance for ground-foraging birds in managed spruce-fir forests should consider retaining some large diameter hardwood trees and use management techniques that reduce forest floor shading.     

Developing silvopastoral systems and their effects on diversity of fauna

Silvopastoral systems, where stock graze between widely spaced trees, are a viable land use option in the British Isles. An experiment (the National Network Silvopastoral Experiment—NNE) was set up at 6 sites in the late 1980s to quantify outputs from and to study the ecological interactions occurring between components of the system. Studies were carried out on the effect of developing silvopastoral systems on certain invertebrate groups, including carabid beetles and spiders and on the number of individuals and species of birds. The common protocols adopted across sites enable broad conclusions on the impact of such systems on wildlife to be made. The presence of trees on grassland attracted invertebrates of epigeal groups which may have provided an enhanced food supply which attracted birds. Spiders responded more rapidly after planting of the silvopastoral systems than did carabid beetles. It was concluded that, even at this early stage, silvopastoral systems have an impact on birds: birds normally associated with woodland are being attracted to silvopasture along with birds normally found in open fields, although there are problems in the scale of evaluation in the assessment of impact. However, it has been shown that even relatively recently established silvopastoral systems can significantly enhance biodiversity.     

江西村庄农田常见陆生鸟类组成与生态习性分析

对江西村庄农田常见陆生鸟类的种类组成和生态习性进行初步分析,共记录到鸟类23种,以留鸟为主.在营养生态位上,植食性鸟类和食虫鸟类各占39.13％,表明这些鸟类在营养生态位上产生分化.垂直生态位上,鸟类在林冠、灌丛、草本和地面层上均有分布,表明鸟类在空间上也产生分化.这些生态位的分化,使得鸟类能很好的共存.最后探讨如何保持江西村庄农田鸟类多样性的措施.     

山地麻竹笋用林生态系统生物量、生产力及能量结构

对南靖林场5a山地麻竹林生物量、生产力及能量结构进行了研究,结果表明,麻竹林现存生物量、能量贮量和移出林外利用的生产力随林龄的增大而增大,3a以后竹林地下部分生物量、能量贮量大于地上部分生物量,林下植被生物量和能量随竹龄增大而减小,1、2a竹林林下植被能量贮量高于麻竹林层;麻竹林各组分的热值为17 2059～20 2806kJ·g-1,灌木的最高,地表残留物的最低。     

广州城市园林绿地食源树种应用及其生态景观营造

【目的】城市鸟类及蜂蝶类群落结构多样性是城市生物多样性的重要组成部分和生态环境质量的重要评价标准之一。了解城市园林绿地食源树种的应用,探讨食源树种的生态特性及其景观特征。【方法】调查了广州市12处城市绿地食源树种的应用,观察鸟类及蜂蝶类的取食情况,记录绿地中食源树种的种类、应用频次、配置方式及生长状况,归纳分析食源树种群落构成、观赏特性、生态性等。【结果】广州园林绿地常见食源树种有23科33属45种,其中鸟类食源树种25种,蜂蝶类食源树种20种,以桃金娘科、桑科、大戟科为主,并以乡土种为主、外来驯化种为辅;食源树种的观赏与被取食时间主要集中于春夏季(31种),秋冬季的相对较少(16种)。【结论】广州市绿地的食源树种资源丰富,约300种,但常见鸟类及蜂蝶类食源树种仅占18%,结合良好适应性、抗逆性、取食性、观赏性,归纳出20种优势乡土食源树种;同时对食源树种群落组成结构进行分析,在兼顾食源树种的观赏性与生态性的基础上,设计出6组可在广州城市园林绿地推广应用的生态配置群落,采用树种混交与立体复合栽植的形式,乔、灌、草结合,形成丰富的水平与垂直植物群落结构,提高绿地生境异质性,增加食源树种的数量及丰富度,提供丰富稳定的食物来源,为鸟类及蜂蝶类提供多样的稳定栖息地。研究结果将对城市园林绿地食源树种的合理选择与科学配置应用,以及营造鸟类及蜂蝶类昆虫生态景观具有现实指导意义。     

莲花山白盆珠湿地鸟类监测与保护发展研究

指出了莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区,具有优越的地理位置,适宜的气候条件,丰富的野生动植物资源,使之成为鸟类的重要栖息地。鸟类是野生动物中最具代表性的类群,是森林和湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,灵敏和深刻地反映了森林及湿地环境的变迁。结合2006～2012年参与的该区鸟类资源调查与监测结果进行了分析,探讨了存在的问题,并提出了对策建议,希望能为莲花山白盆珠保护区鸟类的保护工作提供参考。     

董寨国家级自然保护区2006～2016年鸟类环志的初步研究

总结了董寨国家级自然保护区2006~2016年的鸟类环志数据。这11年共环志鸟类151种50473只,其中有国家二级保护动物15种。环志数量超过2000只的鸟种有9种,分别为棕头鸦雀、红头长尾山雀、红胁蓝尾鸲、银喉长尾山雀、黄腹山雀、大山雀、黄眉柳莺、黄腰柳莺、强脚树莺,占总环志鸟类数量的69.9%。51种鸟类的1857只个体在环志后的下一个年度或以后被重捕。重捕的鸟类中,棕头鸦雀的数量最多,达到808只;夜鹭的重捕率最高,10.3%的个体被重捕;71.8%的个体是在首次环志后的下一年被环志到,少数个体首次环志与重捕的时间跨度较长,可达到7年。