湖北省橡实产业发展现状及建议

橡实是替代粮食的有效资源,我国橡实资源丰富,年产量在600万吨以上.考察了陕西省橡实产业发展经验,分析了湖北省橡实产业发展面临的问题,并提出发展思路:湖北的橡实资源也很丰富,要把资源优势变成经济优势和产业优势,政府必须大力扶持,加大对橡实产品的科研投入;其次是建好基地,开展标准化生产建设;第三是对橡实进行立体开发,培植龙头企业.     

发展橡实能源产业的建议

黑龙江省广大林区橡实资源丰富,亟待规模化开发和利用。开发橡实乙醇等六种初产品,可以增加生物质再生清洁能源,有利于缓解国家能源紧张的问题;其大量代替玉米生产乙醇,利于国家粮食安全;还可替代石油和煤炭,减少环境污染,改善生态环境。从长远角度看,兴办橡实产业,其预估产值可观,可拉动一、二、三产业联合发展,促进劳动力就业。     

抚顺地区橡实生物能源开发利用对策

抚顺橡实资源非常丰富,据统计,抚顺地区柞树总面积33万hm2,蓄积2519万m3,每年橡子产量可达20万t。橡实营养丰富,橡实开发利用的前景十分广阔。对橡仁、橡壳进行综合利用,可以生产出淀粉、色素及一系列副产品,同时还可以将橡实淀粉加工成生物能源,从而提高产品的科技含量和经济价值。针对抚顺地区橡实资源利用的现状,提出了旨在充分发挥资源优势、扩大利用规模、提高经济效益的开发利用的对策。     

橡实资源转化燃料乙醇研究进展

燃料乙醇是液体燃料研究的重点,橡实资源产量高,富含淀粉,是一种较好的生产燃料乙醇的原料。该文介绍了橡实在我国的资源分布、转化燃料乙醇的研究进展,并且对制约橡实能源产业化发展问题提出相应的解决方法。     

我国橡实资源的开发利用

我国橡实资源非常丰富 ,有 7属 3 0 0多种 ,分布广泛 .据统计 ,我国约有橡实林 1.3 3× 10 7～ 1.67× 10 7hm2 ,年产橡实 60～ 70亿 kg.橡实营养丰富 ,橡仁含淀粉 5 0 %～ 70 %、可溶性糖 2 %～ 8%、单宁 0 .2 6%～ 17.74%、蛋白质 1.17%～ 8.72 %、油脂1.0 4%～ 6.86%、粗纤维 1.13 %～ 5 .89%、灰分 1.3 0 %～ 3 .40 % ;橡壳也含有大量的色素和单宁等成分 .橡实全身是宝 ,其开发利用的前景十分广阔 .对橡仁、橡壳进行综合利用 ,可以生产出淀粉、色素及一系列副产品 ,利用率将近 10 0 % ,几乎不产生任何污染 .同时还可以将橡实淀粉加工成变性淀粉等系列产品 ,从而提高产品的科技含量和经济价值 .我国橡实资源的开发利用不容乐观 ,存在资源破坏严重等系列问题 .为此 ,提出了旨在充分发挥资源优势、扩大利用规模、提高经济效益的开发利用的对策 .     

安徽省橡实资源及其开发利用

橡实是泛指除大量栽培种板栗以外的壳斗科Fagaceae植物种子的总称。我省橡实资源丰富，尤其是橡仁含有丰富的营养成分，但大都没有开发利用；作者分析了麻栗、栓皮栎、茅栗、青冈栎等多个树种果仁的淀粉含量与油脂含量，并提出充分发挥该类资源优势、扩大利用规模、提高经济效益的开发利用的对策。     

黑龙江国有林区橡实乙醇原料林生产基地规划

根据黑龙江国有林区现有蒙古栎资源状况,开展具有区域特色的蒙古栎橡实乙醇原料林产业布局和生产基地总体规划研究,结果表明:(1)黑龙江国有林区发展蒙古栎橡实乙醇原料林生产基地规划思路,应以牡丹江林区和合江林区为主,兼顾伊春林区和松花江林区;(2)根据黑龙江国有林区蒙古栎资源分布现状和橡实产量估算,以就近原则在蒙古栎林资源分布较集中的牡丹江林区、合江林区规划蒙古栎乙醇原料林9万hm~2以上,年产橡实1.5万t以上,预计年产橡实乙醇5000 t左右;(3)规划2个林管局点作为橡实乙醇深加工企业地,21个林业局点作为橡实中转站,103处林场作为橡实初步加工点。     

橡实淀粉加工技术研究

采用循环树脂吸附法对橡实淀粉的提取工艺进行优化,对橡实淀粉提取过程中脱苦脱色等关键技术进行了试验研究,以期为橡实淀粉的生产及橡子资源的综合利用提供参考依据。     

橡实淀粉粘度特性的研究

研究了淀粉乳质量浓度、pH值、温度、盐和常用食品添加剂等对橡实淀粉粘度的影响,结果表明:淀粉质量浓度增加,橡实淀粉的粘度呈幂次方上升;酸碱都能不同程度地降低橡实淀粉的粘度;温度升高,橡实淀粉的粘度逐渐降低;不同盐、添加剂的种类和质量浓度对橡实淀粉的粘度有极显著影响;测试转速的加快,各种橡实淀粉的粘度均迅速下降;橡实淀粉糊是非顿流体.     

湖北省竹类资源现状及产业发展对策

湖北省是中国竹类自然分布的主要区域之一,竹类种质资源丰富,区系复杂多样。文章分析了湖北省竹资源的优势、竹产业现状、企业发展水平和发展潜力,提出了今后竹产业发展的对策和措施。     

Effects of acorn size and mass on seedling quality of northern red oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus rubra</Emphasis>)

Oaks are not sustainable in many upland temperate forests because of poor recruitment resulting from natural regeneration. Artificial regeneration is an alternative to natural regeneration, but is difficult, in part, due to large variation in seedling quality. In this study, we examined the effects of acorn size and mass on nursery seedling morphological parameters commonly used to quantify seedling quality, and we determined if genetic factors affected these relationships. Acorns were collected from six open-pollinated orchard trees (i.e., six half-sib families), and were separated into six size classes based on acorn diameter (ranging from 1.3 to 2.5 cm). Samples from each size class were weighed for total fresh mass. Acorns were sown in a commercial bareroot nursery in Polk County, Tennessee, USA, and seedlings were grown for 1 year using nursery protocols to maximize growth. Seedling survival was generally not affected by acorn size class or mass, except one family had higher survival in the larger acorn size classes. Five of the six families had no discernable relationship between acorn size class and seedling size. Acorn mass was positively related to seedling morphology, but relationships were weak (R²?≤?0.11) and biologically insignificant. Neither acorn size nor mass could be used reliably to predict seedling survival or morphological indicators of seedling quality. We hypothesized that results were affected by an unusually long growing season and advanced fertilization regimes at the nursery, which may have negated acorn size/mass effects on seedling growth. Family affected relationships between acorn size/mass and seedling morphology, indicating that family selections could improve overall seedling quality.     

Influence of pruning and the climatic conditions on acorn production in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) dehesas in SW Spain

Acorn production by Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. in SW Spain was assessed, and variations between years and the influence of pruning on it were examined. To this end, an experimental study was conducted at two different sites (Calañas and San Bartolomé, in the province of Huelva) where trees were subjected to traditional (light, moderate or heavy) pruning and also to a new (crown-regeneration) pruning method. Acorn yield was quantified over a period of 5 years in the Calañas plot and 4 in the San Bartolomé plot, and found to average at 95.61 ± 0.76 g DM/m², which is equivalent to 6.5 ± 0.05 kg DM/tree; however, yield figures varied markedly between years depending on the particular climatic conditions. The average acorn production was correlated with the water potential in mid summer (end of July); the annual, spring and autumn rainfall; and the actual evapotranspiration for the period from September (previous year) to August. No significant differences in acorn production between traditional pruning intensities were detected; in fact, there were only hints that heavy pruning might result in decreased acorn yields. The new pruning method used, crown-regeneration, seems promising with a view to increasing acorn yield; however, it should be tested on larger sample sizes before any final conclusions can be drawn in this respect. Based on the results, the present health status of holm oaks in southwestern Spain (a result of sustained decline) and the low value of firewood — which used to be a very important source of income from pruning a few decades ago -, the authors recommend reducing the frequency and intensity of pruning in the dehesas of the study area.     

Effects of silvicultural disturbance on acorn infestation and removal

Oak (Quercus spp.) regeneration is an important forest management goal in the central hardwood forest region of the United States. Silvicultural methods that target oak regeneration, such as the creation of canopy openings and removal of shade-tolerant midstory trees, are complicated by the impact of pre- and post-dispersal predators of oak acorns like acorn weevils (Curculio spp.) and granivorous small mammals. Understanding the effects of forest disturbance created by silviculture on these predators is important to promote successful oak regeneration. We conducted a 6-year study of acorn production, weevil infestation, and acorn removal at 113 black (Q. velutina) and white oak (Q. alba) trees impacted by three types of silvicultural treatments: adjacent to harvest openings, midstory removal (first-stage shelterwood harvest), and control (no harvest) in south-central Indiana, USA. We observed highly variable acorn production across years, but minimal impact of silvicultural treatments. Levels of weevil infestation and acorn removal by small mammal seed predators also varied greatly, and predation pressure was highest in years when acorns were scarce. Weevil infestation was reduced following midstory removal in shelterwood harvests, but probability of acorn removal by small mammals was unchanged following harvest. Damaged, germinated, and weevil-infested acorns were less likely to be removed by seed predators, suggesting additive effects of pre- and post-dispersal predators. This study emphasizes the importance of considering acorn predators in oak regeneration silviculture, and timing harvests to follow large acorn crops in order to reduce predation pressure and generate a high number of seedlings.     

An approach to acorn production in Iberian dehesas

Acorn production is one of the most important products in silvopastoral systems in the Mediterranean region. In the present study we carried out two preliminary trials to analyze the distribution of production over time and the effect of pruning. The objective was to develop tools to manage this valuable resource within these systems. In the first part of the study, we analyzed the total acorn production of a holm oak stand, and its seasonal distribution (October–January) over two years (1997–1998 and 1998–1999) in five sites in the southwest of Spain. Mean total acorn production ranged from 590 to 830 kg ha⁻¹. There was considerable variation between the different sites and years studied, as was expected from studies on other oak species. A comparison was also made of acorn production, comparing annual acorn production between 40 pruned and 40 non-pruned trees, for the period 1994–1999. There was an interaction between ‘pruning treatment’ and ‘year’. Pruning, significantly decreased acorn production in all but two years when production was above the average, whereas production was not affected by pruning the three years that acorn yield was below the average. The study of acorn production and the analysis of the effect of pruning, needs to be studied over a longer time period.     

我国橡子资源的开发利用

橡子营养丰富，而且具有多种功能特性，广泛应用在食品和其它工业中。对橡子仁、橡子皮质和橡子壳的成分、功能和应用等研究情况进行了综述，并介绍了橡子资源在食品及其它工业领域的应用进展，以及提出了橡子资源开发与研究过程中遇到的问题和解决方案。     

Do ecological and silvicultural factors influence acorn mass in Holm Oak (southwestern Spain)?

The effect of orientation, location, year, and pruning treatment on mean acorn mass in two open woodland experimental locations (Huelva, South-Western Spain) of Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota [Desf.] Samp.) was analyzed during 2001–2006. Data were analyzed by using a mixed linear model, where the covariates were tree size parameters (circumference at 80 cm height, crown size), topographic position (wet index and flow length), intraspecific competition, total acorn crops per tree (weight and number), and climatic parameters. Average estimated acorn mass was 3.17 g acorn^?1 in the Calañas location and 4.12 g acorn^?1 in the San Bartolomé location, with significant differences between locations, among individual trees and across years. Acorns from the south sides of trees were significantly heavier than those at other positions. The effect of pruning treatment and the interactions location × treatment and treatment × year were not significant. Our study provides no evidence that pruning affects acorn mass. None of the analyzed covariates related to tree size, topographic position and intraspecific competition explained the difference among trees, suggesting that heritable factors play an important role. Specific climatic parameters during September, the most important month for acorn growth, may explain the effects of year and location × year on acorn mass. In addition, there appeared to be a “trade-off” between acorn mass and number of acorns.     

Edge Effect on Acorn Removal and Oak Seedling Survival in Mexican Lower Montane Forest Fragments

Vegetation structure of forest edges and type of adjacent field can affect seed and seedling survival patterns of tree species. We investigated acorn removal and seedling survival of Quercus germana and Q. xalapensis in relation to woody plant density across old field-forest gradients with soft and abrupt edges. Experiments were established along four parallel bands located at 40–50 m in the forest, forest and field edges (0–10 m to each side of the border), and 20–30 m in the old field. Within each band, woody plant and acorn density was measured, and four points for acorn and seedling removal experiments were randomly positioned. In each position, 20 acorns or four seedlings were placed. Survival was monitored during one month. In abrupt edges, acorn density was higher along edges than in forest interior. Also, higher acorn removal and seedling mortality were observed in the adjacent old-field whereas acorn and seedling survival was the highest at the edges. Acorn and seedling survival was positively correlated to woody vegetation density. As the vegetation density of field and forest edges grows, abrupt edges develop into soft edges, and they become more hospitable to oak recruitment and then to forest cover expansion.     

Effects of asynchronous acorn production by co-occurring <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus</Emphasis> trees on resource utilization by acorn-feeding insects

To clarify the effects of asynchronous seed production among tree species on the population of seed predators, we investigated the relationship between the annual variation in production of mature acorns and the insect damage in those acorns of two sympatric oak species, Quercus variabilis Blume and Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray, over 4 years at two study sites. The annual variation in acorn production was noticeable, with a coefficient of variation (CV) at the two sites of 1.05 and 0.80 for Q. variabilis and 0.87 and 0.73 for Q. serrata. Annual fluctuation in acorn production by Q. serrata was synchronized between the two sites. Since annual fluctuation in acorn production was not synchronized between the two species, the CVs for the total acorn production by both oak species (0.83 and 0.62 at the two sites) were lower than those for Q. variabilis and Q. serrata alone. The rate of predation by the specialist predators (Curculio weevils) on the acorns of both species was not related to the annual acorn crop size. Prolonged diapause of Curculio weevils might stabilize their populations. The rate of acorn predation by the generalist predators (tortricid moths) was also not related to the annual crop size. Asynchronous acorn production by the two oak species would help to stabilize the population.     

Population variability based on the morphometry and chemical composition of the acorn in Holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota [Desf.] Samp.)

We have studied in this work the natural variability in Holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) by analyzing acorn morphometry and chemical composition in 13 populations from the Andalusia region (southern Spain). Acorn morphometry showed statistic significant differences between the populations with a higher acorn weight, length, and diameter in the northern provenances (TJA, GSE, CTH, CHU, APS, and PCO), while the Southern provenances (RMA, SAA, CCO, BCA, and SCA) showed lower value that even decreased with the altitude. Acorn chemical composition also showed statistic significant differences between populations. Morphometry and chemical composition data were subjected to clustering analysis, and two major clusters were detected. This analysis showed that northern populations (CTH, TJA, SCA, CHU, PCO, GSE, and APS) showed a tendency to present values highest in acorn weight (5.42?g vs. 3.21?g); acorn length (37.21?mm vs. 28.73?mm); acorn diameter (16.12?mm vs. 13.79?mm); ash (1.88% vs. 1.55%); protein (4.82% vs. 4.38%); fat (12.55% vs. 9.92%); and oleic acid (66.93 vs. 66.4%). On the contrary, Southern populations (SSA, VJA, CCO, BCA, RG, and RMA) showed a tendency to present values lowest in sugar (10.28% vs. 11.25%); energy (20,076.71?kJ/kg vs. 20,149.26?kJ/kg); palmitic (16.11% vs. 16.39%) and linoleic acids (13.07% vs. 13.11%). The populations studied here seemed to integrate acorn morphology and chemical composition related to environmental conditions of the original provenances. These data have provided biochemical markers that help establish phylogenic associations between populations and also reveal potentially account as an alternative source for dietary nutrition.