开发建设项目水土流失成因和特点分析

近年来随着我国工业化、城市化进程的加快，开发建设项目造成的水土流失问题相当突出，已经引起全社会的广泛关注。开发建设项目水土流失与自然因素造成的水土流失有内在的联系，但又有其特殊性。在总结分析我国开发建设项目水土流失现状和趋势的基础上，揭示了开发建设项目水土流失的9大特点，剖析了其形成的8大原因，为对今后进一步有针对性地预防和治理提供了理论依据。     

开发建设项目水土流失生态恢复初探

开发建设项目通过对影响水土流失的自然因子的干扰和破坏,打破了地表基底的稳定,损坏了生态系统的自我平衡,以至引发生态退化。通过分析开发建设项目水土流失成因、特点、危害等情况,结合生态恢复学相关理论,对水土流失生态恢复体系及生态恢复中存在的问题进行了阐述,希为开发建设项目水土流失的生态恢复提供参考。     

用类比法预测开发建设项目的间接水土流失

随着人口的增加和经济的快速增长，水土流失和水资源紧缺的问题将更加严峻。许多开发建设项目的施工，大面积破坏地表植被，随意向河道倾置弃土弃碴，阻碍行洪，造成严重的人为新增水土流失，后果十分严重。为了从根本上控制开发建设项目造成的人为水土流失，水利部颁布了《开发建设项目水土     

浙江临安市水土流失现状及生态修复对策

临安市由于土地利用方式不合理以及开发建设项目等原因造成水土流失严重、生态环境恶化。全市水土流失总面积为467.7 km²,以中度土壤侵蚀为主。水土流失主要发生在林地,面积占水土流失总面积的79.50%,尤以山核桃林为主。本文在介绍临安市水土流失现状特点、危害及成因的基础上,提出了该区进行水土保持生态修复的对策,特别是山核桃林下水土流失防治措施,以期促进当地经济与生态环境建设可持续发展。     

内蒙古开发建设项目水土流失特点与监测技术探讨

"十一五"期间,内蒙古自治区大规模的开发建设活动在推动全区经济快速发展的同时,对生态环境造成了极大的压力,人为水土流失呈现出上升趋势,开发建设活动造成的水土流失呈现出水土流失范围广、类型多样、危害大、治理难度大等特点。水土流失监测是开发建设项目水土保持监测的核心,自《开发建设项目水土保持设施验收管理办法》颁布实施以来,开发建设项目水土保持监测工作已逐渐被社会所接受,但据2009年的统计资料,全区开发建设项目水土保持监测率还不到24%。针对内蒙古自治区开发建设项目的不同水土流失类型,阐述了适用的监测方法,并建议应在充分了解项目建设内容与规模、建设活动扰动方式、项目区自然条件和水土流失特点、建设活动对水土流失的影响等因素的基础上,确定具体开发建设项目的水土流失监测方法,选择一种或多种监测方法,或不同方法交替运用。     

我国开发建设项目水土保持现状及发展趋势

通过分析我国自然资源分布特点、经济发展背景以及基础设施建设快速发展现状,对全国各行业开发建设项目水土保持方案编报率、开发建设项目水土流失量进行了统计,得出了开发建设项目在实施水土保持监理、监测和水土保持单项设施验收等措施后,所造成的水土流失得到有效控制、生态环境得到有效改善的发展趋势。     

开发建设项目新增水土流失量预测探讨

新增水土流量指开发建设项目在基建过程中破坏、扰动原地貌自然植被和弃渣造成的水土流失的增加值，通过实例说明正确理解这个概念的含义，在预测开发建设项目新增水土流失量的重要性。     

江西省人为水土流失现状调查与防治研究（简报）

为了给江西省各级政府开展人为水土流失防治提供基础数据,该研究在江西省范围内采用地面观测和调查监测相结合的方法,对江西省开发建设项目产生的人为水土流失进行调查研究,摸清了该省开发建设项目造成的水土流失面积及其分布,估算了该省不同类型开发建设项目水土流失量情况。并从不同类型开发建设项目出发提出了开发建设项目水土流失防治的建议。     

开发建设项目水土保持监督管理模式初探

预防和治理开发建设项目造成的水土流失是水土保持生态建设的重要任务。开发建设项目造成的水土流失从空间分布上分为本体工程水土流失和附属工程水土流失,从时段上分为建设期水土流失和运行期水土流失。开发建设造成的水土流失主要在建设期,但部分本体工程及影响区在运行期水土流失也十分严重。水土保持预防监督机构通过宣传、监督执法和技术服务等,形成科学的管理模式,指导、管理和督促建设单位防治其造成的水土流失。     

江苏省输变电类开发建设项目水土流失特点及防治管理措施

为了更好地开展江苏省开发建设项目水土保持工作,有效防治开发建设造成的水土流失,以输变电类开发建设项目为例,在对近5年内50个输变电类开发建设典型工程项目进行分析研究的基础上,摸清了江苏省此类项目水土流失特点以及环境影响因素,总结出该类项目水土流失防治分区与水土流失分布情况,同时有针对性地提出了水土保持防治管理措施。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

圆叶决明的栽培技术及其防蚀培肥的功效

经多年种植结果表明，圆叶决明具有覆盖率高、固氮率高、适应性和抗逆性强等特点，是山地茶果园水土流失地套种的先锋作物，本文阐述了圆叶决明的特征特性、栽培技术以及防治水土流失、培肥地力的作用。     

Soil organic matter and the adsorption and decomposition of the herbicides atrazine and linuron

Soil was subjected to a variety of treatments so as to provide a series of materials with different organic residues. These preparations were inoculated with an aqueous extract of untreated soil, then incubated at 20°C with atrazine or linuron and rates of herbicide degradation were followed. The rates were lowest when virtually all the organic matter had been removed by peroxidation. The most rapid break-down occurred in samples which had been successively extracted with ethanol + toluene, hot water, dilute acid and dilute alkali. It is suggested that the organic residue left after this sequence contained hydrolysed materials that were easily metabolized and hence could support the most active microbial population. There was no relationship between extent of adsorption and decomposition rate.     

Mobility and breakdown of asulam in the soil and the possible impact on the environment

Asulam reaching the soil either directly as spray drift or as rain washings from bracken fronds would, due to its rapid mobility in soil, be expected to leach down the soil profile into the drainage water and thereby contaminate streams and water catchments. The mobility of asulam in soil is influenced by pH, where undissociated asulam will leach less rapidly than the associated form (asulam pK_a 4·82). This is particularly relevant in the case of bracken as it can grow satisfactorily over a wide range of pH values (3·6 – 7·6). Adsorption coefficients expressed as Kd values [(μg asulam/g soil)/(μg asulam/ml solution)] were 2·54, 1·94 and 0·96 at pH readings of 4·0, 4·3 and 4·9 respectively. Another factor involved, the breakdown of asulam, was shown to be temperature dependent, 30·95, 7·65 and 2·50% remaining after 28 days at 5, 18 and 25°C respectively, thus underlining the influence of geographical regions and climatic conditions on asulam behaviour.     

甘蔗节间蛋白质含量与生长发育关系的研究

选用8个不同基因型的甘蔗，即粤糖86-368、新台糖16号、农林8号、拔地拉、割手密和从甘蔗杂交后代F1中选出的3株种茎的无性系(单株)。在甘蔗伸长初期，测定其 2节间至 8节间的长度、茎径，同时取 3、 5、 8节间，测定其可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质、细胞壁共价型结合蛋白质及可溶性总糖的含量。结果表明：从 2节间到 8节间，不同基因型的节间长度的变化极为相似，除割手密外，其它基因型甘蔗的节间长度都在 6节达到最长；但其茎径在 6节间以后仍保持稍微的增粗。从 3节间到 5、 8节间，所有基因型的三类蛋白质含量都逐渐下降，而可溶性总糖含量都逐渐提高。其中，三个节间较粗的基因型即拔地拉、粤糖86—368和无性系3号，其三类蛋白质含量相对较高，而可溶性总糖含量相对较低。     

图书馆与大力发展文化创意产业之间的关系

党的十七届六中全会提出了要推动文化创意产业成为国民经济的支柱性产业。图书馆拥有丰富的文献资源和信息服务能力,在为文化创意产业项目提供信息服务的同时,应提升自身形象,谋求更大发展。     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

Glyphosate and the response of the soil microbiota

Limited information on the effect of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) on soil microorganisms justified an inquiry into the response of soil actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi in terms of their respiration, and sensitivity of isolates. Low concentrations of glyphosate had little effect on total populations of these organisms during the 214-day experiment, while high concentrations initially increased actinomycete and bacterial numbers by 2 and 1$\text{case1}\text{2}$ logs, respectively. The stimulation was followed by a decline and fluctuation showing a gradual increase in numbers. The respiration rates of the soil microbiota in soil suspensions, showed some irregular stimulation and retardation with up to 10 μg glyphosate ml^?1. In contrast high doses suppressed O₂ uptake by the microbiota. Fungi were the least affected. Pronounced inhibition of actinomycete and bacterial respiration was in agreement with the results from isolate replication. The results indicated both stimulation and inhibition of O₂ uptake by some organisms within these groups. In contrast to some reports of limited, short-term inquiries these results showed considerable effects of glyphosate on soil microorganisms.