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1.
不同氮肥缓释化处理对夏玉米田间氨挥发和氮素利用的影响 总被引:23,自引:4,他引:23
2.
氮、磷营养对黄土高原旱地玉米产量、品质的影响机理研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
田间裂区试验研究了不同氮磷施用水平对旱地玉米子粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施氮、磷肥,能增加子粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸含量和子粒容重,降低粗淀粉的含量,提高玉米产量和水分利用效率,且氮肥效果优于磷肥。施用氮、磷肥能够增加土壤碱解氮、速效磷的浓度,有利于玉米根系对氮磷营养的吸收;在促进根系生长的同时,提高玉米的生物产量,增加植株茎秆、叶片对氮素、磷素的吸收、转化以及向穗轴、子粒的输送,显著提高子粒的灌浆强度,促进灌浆中后期子粒氮、磷的积累,增大粒重,改善子粒品质。 相似文献
3.
Waqas Ahmad Minhas Noman Mehboob Ahmad Nawaz Sami UL-Allah 《Journal of plant nutrition》2020,43(9):1356-1368
AbstractThis study was designed to investigate the effect of biochar on maize production and nutrient retention with recommended full and half dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition in loamy soil. In the first study, maize was grown in pots with four levels of biochar (0, 2, 4, and 6?t?ha?1) under two levels of NP fertilizer, viz. recommended (200–150?kg?NP?ha?1) and it’s half (100–75?kg?NP?ha?1) dose. The prominent improvement in plant roots traits, leaf area, plant growth, morphological and yield-related parameters were observed with addition of biochar at 2 and 4?t?ha?1; while, plant height, number of grains per cob, grains and biological yield decreased with biochar addition 6?t?ha?1 along with full dose of NP nutrition. In subsequent field studies, two levels of biochar along with control (0, 2, 4?t?ha?1) were investigated. The more improvement in root growth, leaf area and crop growth was observed when biochar was applied at 2?t?ha?1 with full NP nutrition. Biochar application at 2?t?ha?1 with full NP nutrition produced the highest grain yield (6.64?t?ha?1); however, biochar addition (2?t?ha?1) with half NP nutrition resulted in better grain yield than full dose of NP to enhance maize production as compared with full dose of NP without biochar. Therefore, biochar addition (2?t?ha?1) with half-recommended dose of NP prominently improved the maize productivity in loamy soil and serve as better in replacement of full dose of NP fertilizer. 相似文献
4.
玉米根系对局部氮磷供应响应的基因型差异 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
5.
种植密度和施氮量对不同株高夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
6.
J. O. AZEEZ 《土壤圈》2009,19(5):654-662
Low soil nitrogen (N) and weed infestations are some of the major constraints to maize production in Nigeria.A split-split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replicates was established at two sites with different agroecological zones,Ikenne (Typic Paleudalf) and Shika (Typic Tropaquept),in Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 rainy seasons to investigate the responses of four maize genotypes (Oba super II,Low N pool C2,TZB-SR,and ACR 8328 BN C7) to N fertilizer applied at four rates,0,30,60,and 90 kg N ha-1,and three weed pressure treatments,no weed pressure (weekly weeding),low weed pressure (inter-row weekly weeding),and high weed pressure (no weeding throughout the growing season).Growth and yield parameters of maize and weeds were taken at flwering and harvest.The results indicated that there was a significant reduction in maize leaf area,leaf area index,and photosynthetically active radiation due to weed interference at both sites.The application of nitrogen at 90 kg N ha-1 significantly increased maize leaf area.Reductions in maize growth and yield at flowering and harvest were significant due to weed interference at both Ikenne and Shika,thus showing that the reductions in maize growth and yield due to weed interference were not ecological zone specific even though weed species and their seed banks may differ.Ameliorative management options could thus be the same in the two agroecological zones.Application of 90 kg N ha-1 led to a significant increase in maize grain yield at Shika while there was no fertilizer effect at Ikenne on grain yield.There was no significant difference between 60 and 90 kg N ha-1,suggesting that 60 kg N ha-1 could be a possible replacement for the higher fertilizer rate at least for the identified maize genotypes.Low weed pressure treatment led to 26% and 35% reductions in maize grain yield at Ikenne and Shika,respectively,while 22% and 51 % reductions,respectively,were observed due to high weed pressure.Generally,maize grain yield was higher at Ikenne than Shika.The maize genotypes Low N pool C2 and ACR 8328 BN C7 performed better than the other genotypes at Ikenne while the maize genotype Oba super II had the best performance at harvest at Shika.Application of nitrogen increased weed biomass at flowering at Ikenne.The maize grain yield was highest in the N-efficient genotypes,Oba super II and Low N pool C2;the susceptible genotype TZB-SR had the least yield at Shika.There existed a negative and significant correlation between maize grain yield and weed biomass at both sites. 相似文献
7.
氮素运筹对玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响 总被引:19,自引:2,他引:19
田间小区试验,研究了氮素运筹对玉米干物质累积、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响。结果表明,施氮和有机肥可以延长干物质积累的旺盛时期,使玉米干物质总量积累速率最大的时刻推后1~3d,增加了玉米的干物质积累量。氮肥配施有机肥能延长氮素积累的旺盛时期,其中,N2+M处理氮素积累的旺盛时期△t分别比N0、N1、N2、N3和FP处理延长了6、4、6、1和7d,该时段吸N量比FP处理增加 0.25 g/plant,比等氮量的N2处理增加0.24 g/plant。播前施有机肥 30 t/hm2,在减 N 26.83%的情况下,玉米吸氮量比常规施肥(FP)提高 6.52%,氮素利用率达54.31%,高于常规施肥的 33.27%;玉米增产24.12%,比常规施肥增收2696元/hm2。 相似文献
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以长三角地区典型土壤类型青紫泥为背景土壤,研究连续7年有机肥不同施用量和化肥减量条件下水稻产量、氮磷吸收累积特性和氮磷利用效率,并对影响水稻氮磷吸收利用效率的原因进行分析。结果表明,与纯化肥处理相比,施用有机肥处理在不同程度上增加了水稻产量,其中以处理C4(30 t·hm~(-2)有机肥+1/2常量化肥)增加比例最大,为5.67%。当有机肥单施用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量比纯化肥处理增加5.56%,地上部氮磷累积均高于其它各处理,其中,氮累积尤为明显,增加比例为16.5%~25.4%。有机肥不同用量配合化肥减量施用时水稻地上部氮磷转运量、生理利用效率与纯化肥处理间无明显差异。然而,当单施有机肥用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,氮转运量明显增加,生理利用效率明显降低,磷生理利用效率亦有所降低,但不如氮明显。水稻氮磷生理利用效率降低的主要原因是长期大量施用有机肥使土壤养分含量增加特别明显,可能超过利于水稻利用的浓度范围。另外,土壤矿质元素铵态氮在水稻生长过程中含量过高也与之紧密相关。 相似文献
9.
Rubab Sarfraz Awais Shakoor Muhammad Abdullah Ammara Arooj Azhar Hussain 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):488-498
Biochar application has been considered as a rich source of carbon which helps to improve the physico-chemical properties and fertility of the soil. In Pakistan, excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer is considered a serious problem, so it is of vital importance to examine the effect of biochar on soil with varying doses of nitrogen fertilizer. We hypothesized that addition of biochar to an alkaline calcareous soil could improve not only soil quality and crop yield but also nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), reducing the loss of nitrogen (N) in the form of denitrification, ammonia volatilization, and nitrate leaching. A pot experiment was conducted under 2-factorial completely randomized design having three replications to evaluate the NUE in biochar amended calcareous soil. Biochar was applied at the rate of 0%, 1% and 2% (w/w) in pots filled with 17 kg of soil using various levels of N (0%, 50% and 100% of recommended dose) on maize (Zea mays L.). Several soil quality indicators, uptake, and yield of maize were monitored. Biochar application significantly decreased soil pH, increased water-holding capacity, total organic carbon, maize yield, stomatal conductance, and nitrogen uptake in plant. The results of the study indicated that addition of biochar could not only decrease the use of inorganic fertilizers by improving its quality and yield as in our case biochar at the rate of 1% and N at the rate of 50% provided optimum output minimizing the economic cost eventually. 相似文献
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冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量与氮素利用最佳水氮配置 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
【目的】华北太行山前平原高产限水区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中灌水施肥不合理的现象普遍存在,水资源浪费和农业面源污染严重。长期定位研究水氮配置对小麦玉米产量和氮素利用影响,可为该区优化水氮管理模式,充分发挥水氮协同增效作用提供依据。【方法】2006~2014年进行大田试验,采取裂区设计,灌水量为主区,施氮量为副区。小麦季灌水设春灌一次水(W1, 拔节水)和两次水(W2, 拔节水+开花水)两个处理; 玉米季在小麦灌一次水基础上设限水处理(WL),在两次水基础上设适水处理(WS),限水和适水的灌水次数根据降水年型而定。两种灌水条件均设置6个施氮水平,分别为0(N0)、 60(N60)、 120(N120)、 180(N180)、 240(N240)、 300(N300)kg/hm2。连续8年定位测定了小麦玉米产量、 植株吸氮量。【结果】小麦玉米产量和植株吸氮量年际间差异均较大,相对而言,W2(WS)产量和吸氮量的年际波动较小,一定程度上降低了不同年型气象因素的影响,达到稳产的效果。两种水分条件下N0 和N60处理的作物产量和吸氮量除个别年份外都显著低于其余施氮处理。本研究的产量水平下(冬小麦7000~9500 kg/hm2,夏玉米8500~11000 kg/hm2)小麦玉米产量与其吸氮量呈显著线性正相关。小麦玉米8年平均产量和吸氮量在一定施氮范围内均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,但施氮达到120 kg/hm2后产量不再显著增加,达到180 kg/hm2后吸氮量不再显著增加,同一施氮水平的作物产量和吸氮量都表现W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。两种水分条件下小麦玉米的氮肥偏生产力、 氮肥农学效率和氮素生产效率都随施氮量的增大而显著减小,但对同一施氮水平W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。冬小麦-夏玉米整个轮作体系氮肥累计表观利用率(一段时期内作物对肥料氮的累计吸收量与该时期施氮总量的比值)同样随施氮量的增加显著减小,一次水+限水条件下从N60+60的51.8%下降到N300+300的22.3%,两次水+适水从N60+60的57.4%下降到N300+300的24.6%。同一施氮水平的氮肥累计表观利用率两次水+适水都高于一次水+限水。【结论】冬小麦春灌两次水、 施用N 120 kg/hm2,夏玉米适水灌溉、 施N 120 kg/hm2的产量和吸氮量都达到最高水平,氮肥偏生产力、 农学效率、 累计表观利用率以及氮素生产效率也比较高,因此在一定时期内可作为当地小麦-玉米轮作体系适宜的水氮配置,周年产量可维持在16~19 t/hm2。 相似文献
11.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2012,35(1):1-12
AbstractBecause of the high pH of the soil in semiarid regions, phosphorus adsorption is unfavorable. So, considerable amounts of phosphorus fertilizers are used annually, where this fertilizer may affect the plant residues' decomposition. To examine the interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on nitrogen mineralization in calcareous soil, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor consisted of various C:N ratios (20, 40, and 60 or three levels of nitrogen N1:0, N2:11, and N3:43?kg N ha?1, respectively) and the second factor consisted of various C:P ratios (87, 174, and 260 or three levels of phosphorus P1:0, P2:12, and P3:45?kg P ha?1, respectively), under incubation conditions. The results indicated that the cumulative mineral nitrogen content in all treatments, except for N1P2 and N1P3 treatments, started from a positive amount and remained positive until the end of the incubation period. The highest amount of cumulative mineral nitrogen among treatments was related to N3P1 treatment, while the lowest was associated with N2P3 treatment. Mineralization of nitrogen during 60?d of incubation was the dominant phenomenon, except for the N1P2 and N1P3 treatments which remained in the organic phase. The effect of phosphorus on the cumulative mineralization of nitrogen was significant. With increasing the amount of phosphorus, the total inorganic nitrogen diminished. Nitrogen release begins earlier with lower C:N ratios, and therefore the available nitrogen can be released more quickly to the plant. It is generally concluded that, in calcareous soil, the use of nitrogen fertilizer to adjust C:N ratio and to improve the mineralization of wheat residues will be a suitable option. 相似文献
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施用常规磷水平的80%可实现玉米高产、磷素高效利用和土壤磷平衡 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5
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施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响 总被引:26,自引:11,他引:26
选用登海661(DH661)和郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,研究了超高产条件下施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮素利用及其转运规律的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,子粒产量、植株氮素总积累量和氮肥利用率呈先增加后降低。施氮量为N 240~360 kg/hm2,DH661和ZD958产量分别达12172~15080 和12011~15360 kg/hm2;而氮素利用率和氮肥农学利用率,DH661分别为10.6~23.1%和11.5~13.6%,ZD958分别为24.1~28.6%和9.5~11.4%;植株氮素总积累量和氮肥利用率均达到最大。施N 240~360 kg/hm2,提高了营养器官中氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量,可以有效调控开花前氮素转运及花后直接同化,促进子粒氮素积累,提高产量。在本试验条件下,施 N 240~360 kg/hm2可提高氮肥利用率,实现玉米高产。 相似文献
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氮素运筹对夏玉米产量形成与氮素利用效果的影响 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
以郑单958玉米为材料,研究了氮素运筹对夏玉米产量形成与氮素利用效果的影响。结果表明,合理氮素运筹能显著提高夏玉米果穗的穗粒数、粒重、容重以及整个生育时期植株的氮素积累量,经济产量增加16.4%。施氮量与夏玉米秸秆、子粒的氮素累积量呈极显著正相关;但在相同施氮量下,分期施用对其无显著影响。施氮量超过N 300 kg/hm2,且于花粒期施氮,营养器官氮素转运量显著降低,营养器官和子粒的含氮量及累积量升高,出现了氮素奢侈吸收现象,导致氮素的表观利用率、农艺效率、生理效率、干物质和子粒生产效率显著降低。转运氮贡献率与施氮量呈显著的二次曲线关系。在本试验条件下,最佳施肥量为N 300 kg/hm2,采用种肥配合大喇叭口期一次追施为宜。 相似文献
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氮肥用量对普通玉米产量和营养品质的影响 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11
利用田间试验研究了施用氮肥对玉米黔兴2302产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥不仅显著提高了子粒产量,增产9.59%~23.14%,且不同程度上增加了蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪酸的含量;但不改变直链淀粉和支链淀粉的比值,对玉米口感无不良影响。在玉米子粒中,蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、亚麻酸含量比较稳定,主要受遗传基因的控制,难于因施肥而改变;其余营养成分,如清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、直链和支链淀粉、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量因施用氮肥而发生变化,它们的含量既受遗传基因的控制,也受施用氮肥的影响。综合考虑玉米的产量和品质,本试验条件下,黔兴2302玉米较为适宜的氮肥用量约为N 150 kg/hm2。 相似文献
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施氮量对潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田氮磷淋溶的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
潮土是我国华北地区主要土壤类型之一,潮土区是我国冬小麦-夏玉米作物的主要产区,研究不同施氮量潮土氮磷淋溶特征对于指导区域农田面源污染防控具有重要意义。本研究设置3个施肥处理,即传统施氮(CON)、优化施氮(OPT)和优化再减氮(OPTJ),利用田间渗漏池法,研究潮土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田硝态氮及总磷淋溶特征。结果表明:2016—2018年,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周年不同施肥处理90cm土层年淋溶水量79.0~102.5 mm,不同淋溶事件间土壤淋溶液硝态氮浓度波动较大, CON、OPT和OPTJ处理单次淋溶事件硝态氮浓度分别为18.9~208.7(平均为72.7) mg·L~(-1)、9.0~99.2 (平均为33.8) mg·L~(-1)、4.7~55.5 (平均为15.4) mg·L~(-1)。本研究区域冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式的氮素淋溶风险较高,磷素淋溶风险较低。传统施氮处理(CON)下农田硝态氮的平均淋溶量和表观淋失系数分别为66.4 kg·hm~(-2)和10.3%,而总磷(TP)为0.06 kg·hm~(-2)和0.04%。氮肥减施会显著降低氮素淋失,OPT和OPTJ处理的氮素淋溶减排率可达56.3%和78.9%。两个年度CON、OPT和OPTJ处理硝态氮平均表观淋失系数分别为10.3%、6.2%和4.9%,随着施氮量的增加,硝态氮淋失系数动态增加。氮淋溶具有较大的年际变化,降雨量高的2018年比降雨少的2017年硝态氮淋溶量多57.0%。两个年度CON、OPT和OPTJ处理总磷平均淋溶量分别为0.06 kg·hm~(-2)、0.06 kg·hm~(-2)和0.08 kg·hm~(-2)。适量减施氮肥会增加作物产量, OPT处理的作物产量是CON处理的1.08倍。然而,过量减施则会带来减产风险, OPTJ处理氮肥减施56%,作物产量比CON处理降低2.0%~8.1%。总之,潮土区农田硝态氮淋溶风险较大,适量减施氮肥能够在保证作物产量的基础上显著降低氮素淋失损失。 相似文献
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19.
供磷水平对不同磷效率玉米氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响 总被引:30,自引:7,他引:30
在砂培条件下,以磷高效利用型玉米(KH5)和磷低效利用型玉米(西502)为材料,研究了低磷(Pi25μmol/L,LP)和正常供磷(Pi2mmol/L,NP)2个供磷水平对其氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响。结果表明,磷高效利用型玉米氮钾素吸收和干物质积累受低磷处理的影响较小,表现出对氮、钾的高效吸收。正常供磷水平下,磷低效利用型玉米氮、钾素吸收量和干物质积累量显著高于磷高效利用型,但其氮、钾吸收和干物质生产能力远低于后者。低磷处理使玉米干物质和氮钾营养向根系分配的比例增加,磷低效利用型玉米这种趋势更为明显,反映其耐低磷能力较弱。 相似文献
20.
施氮对夏玉米碳氮代谢及穗粒形成的影响 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同施氮水平下玉米产量、产量构成、粒数形成关键期植株体的碳氮代谢及碳氮代谢的关键酶进行了研究。结果表明,氮肥对玉米产量的影响主要体现在对穗粒数、穗粒重的影响上。施氮量为180.kg/hm2时,显著促进玉米穗粒数、穗粒重的增加;施氮量增加至240.kg/hm2时,促进作用下降。施氮明显促进大喇叭口期至灌浆期植株体的碳氮代谢,使碳氮代谢的关键酶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性提高,增强光合产物的积累和运输,从而满足生殖生长的需求,促进穗粒数的形成,提高产量。在抽丝前供氮充足的前提下,抽丝期施氮对增产意义不大。 相似文献