缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对直播杂交籼稻叶片生长及产量的影响

【目的】逐步采用机械化直播的集约栽培模式已是水稻种植的主要趋势之一,本文研究了机械化水稻直播条件下,缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配施对水稻生长和产量的影响特征,为直播稻的高产高效施肥技术提供理论基础。【方法】以优质杂交籼稻‘宜香优2115’为材料,采用两因素裂区设计,主区为直播 (C_D) 和手插 (C_H) 两种栽植模式;副区为氮肥运筹方式,总施氮量150 kg/hm2,设普通尿素按基、蘖、穗肥配比为3∶3∶4 (U₃₀),普通尿素全量基施 (U₁₀₀),缓释尿素全量基施 (S₁₀₀) 及缓释尿素 (基肥) 与普通尿素 (穗肥) 配比为8∶2 (S₈₀)、6∶4 (S₆₀)、4∶6 (S₄₀) 6种肥料运筹方式,以不施氮肥 (CK) 为对照。调查了直播水稻的叶色变化、叶片生长、LAI、剑叶光合作用和叶片碳氮代谢及其与产量形成的关系。【结果】1) 直播稻产量略高于手插稻,前者有效穗数优势显著,后者优势在于每穗粒数,其产量差异表现取决于有效穗数和每穗粒数是否充分互补,具体体现在总颖花数,优势肥料处理在有效穗数和每穗粒数上协调性更强。2) 缓释尿素与普通尿素的配施处理下叶色表现,直播稻和手插稻分别呈“三黑三黄”和“二黑二黄”交替变化,直播稻的叶色相对较浅;直播稻叶片生长前快后慢,齐穗期LAI及齐穗后剑叶Pn值均较低,但其高效叶面积率较高,表明后期群体上部功能叶叶面积较大,群体质量较高;在叶片碳氮代谢上,直播稻中、后期叶片NSC/N较高,碳代谢较旺盛,两种栽植方式中高产处理后期叶片NSC/N相近,均较低,但代谢途径不同,直播稻主要通过增强氮代谢,手插稻则通过增强碳水化合物的同化进行调节。增加穗肥占比可有效优化直播稻中后期的叶片质量。3) 相关分析显示,孕穗期的叶片增长率、LAI、剑叶Pn及叶片NSC/N均与产量呈显著或极显著相关,表明孕穗期的叶片质量是影响产量形成的关键。4) 直播稻和手插稻分别在基肥 (缓释尿素) 与穗肥 (普通尿素) 配比为4∶6和8∶2下产量最高,分别达12.11 t/hm2和11.51 t/hm2,较普通尿素常规运筹 (U₃₀) 分别增产15.55%和5.40%。【结论】缓释尿素与普通尿素配施下,增大速效穗肥比例,前期控氮控群体,后期增氮壮个体,实现直播稻群体与个体的协调,增强后期氮代谢,有效调节叶片碳氮比,提高叶片质量防早衰,是增产的有效途径。     

氮肥运筹对超级稻库源关系、干物质积累及产量的影响

以"扬两优6号"和"新两优6号"两个超级稻品种为材料,在总施氮(尿素)量600 kg/hm~2条件下,研究了氮肥运筹方式对超级稻库源关系、干物质积累及产量的影响,以期为超级稻高氮肥用量的情况下合理运筹氮肥提供依据。结果表明:与氮肥全部作为基肥施用(对照)相比,氮肥施用后移,使超级稻分蘖数减少、成穗率提高;齐穗期有效叶面积提高,库源关系协调;中后期干物质积累显著增加,产量显著提高。其中,两个品种均是基肥︰分蘖肥︰促花肥︰保花肥︰粒肥为3︰1︰1︰1︰0的处理产量最高,分别较对照增产22.86%、27.15%,增产均达极显著水平;重施分蘖肥处理(基肥、分蘖肥各占50%)的产量最低,分别较对照减产7.69%、6.32%,减产分别达极显著、显著水平。     

Impact of in-season split application of nitrogen on intra-panicle grain dynamics,grain quality,and vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum

Background

The correct rate and timing of nitrogen (N) has the potential to improve sorghum productivity through modified grain yield components and quality. The impacts of in-season split application of N have little documentation.

Aim

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum rate and timing of N to relate vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency and to maximize grain yield and quality under different soil types.

Methods

Pioneer 86P20 was grown in three environments on two different soil types following a completely randomized block design with nine N application treatments. Treatments included differing N rates applied at critical developmental stages of sorghum (planting, panicle initiation, and booting), accompanied with high temporal aerial phenotyping.

Results

Opportunities to increase grain protein content while using split N applications were observed, with panicle initiation identified as a critical developmental stage. In-season split application of N enhances grain yield under low soil mineral N. Split application of 31 kg N ha⁻¹ each at the time of planting, panicle initiation, and booting emerged as optimum N treatment to increase protein content in sorghum. Vegetative indices, that is, normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference red edge index are capable of predicting grain yield and protein content, respectively. Intra-panicle grain numbers and weights were altered significantly at different portions within panicles, with an opportunity to enhance yield potential at the bottom portion. The strong stay-green trait in this hybrid locked a large proportion of nitrogen in the leaves, which warrants the need for balancing stay-green and senescence in sorghum improvement programs.

Conclusions

Findings highlight that in grain sorghum remobilization of residual leaf N into grain is a target to increase yield and grain quality. An optimized stay-green trait balanced with senescence is recommended for enhancing sorghum yield potential.     

Effects of Pretransplant Basal and Split Applications of Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Manawthukha Rice

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pretransplant basal (surface application, BSF, and incorporation methods, BIC) and split applications of nitrogen (N) on the growth and yield parameters of rice. Using 120 kg N ha^?1 except (N0, control), different percentages of N rate were applied at basal, tillering, and panicle initiation in five N split treatments. Growth parameters and dry matter were greater in BIC than BSF until panicle initiation stages. Among N split applications, N2 (25:50:25) using low basal surface N was optimized for maximum dry matter and yield. With large incorporated basal N, N1 (50:25:25) obtained greater dry matter and yield but did not differ from N4 (50:50:0). With omitted N at tillering, N5 (50:0:50) did not increase rice yield or dry matter by either method. This study highlighted that N split-application patterns affect the growth and yield parameters of Manawthukha rice.     

Dry Matter,Nitrogen, Phosphorous,and Potassium Partitioning,Accumulation, and Use Efficiency in Transgenic Cotton-Based Cropping Systems

A better understanding of the fate of nutrients in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields will improve nutrient efficiencies, will optimize crop growth and development, and may help to enhance soil quality. A study was made to evaluate and quantify the effect of cropping system [sole cotton and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping with transgenic cotton] and nitrogen (N) management [control (0N), 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea, substitution of 25% RDN through farmyard manure (FYM), and substitution of 50% RDN through FYM] on dry matter (DM) and nutrient partitioning and accumulation by transgenic cotton and groundnut at New Delhi during 2006–2007. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed at 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing and at harvest. Results revealed that intercropping of groundnut with cotton did not significantly affect DM and nutrient partitioning in cotton, but residual soil fertility in terms of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) N showed an improvement in contrast to Olsen's P and ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc)–exchangeable K over sole cotton. At harvest, of total DM assimilated, leaves constituted 10–20%, stem 50%, and reproductive parts of cotton accounted for the rest. For each kilogram of seed cotton produced, the crop assimilated 61 g of N, of which 23 g was partitioned to harvested seed cotton. Substitution of 25% RDN through FYM, being on par with 100% RDN through urea, recorded greater DM, nutrient uptake in different parts of cotton, agronomic N-use efficiency (9.5 kg seed cotton kg N^?1), and apparent N recovery (83.3%) over 50% RDN substitution through FYM and control. The control, being on par with 50% RDN substitution through FYM, recorded significantly greater DM and nutrient uptake by intercropped groundnut over other treatments. Apparent N and potassium (K) balance at the end of study was negative in all treatments; however, the actual change in KMnO₄ N was positive in all the treatments except control. Our study suggests that intercropping of groundnut with transgenic cotton and substitution of 25% dose of N through FYM is sustainable in tropical countries.     

Comparison of ammonium sulfate and urea as nitrogen sources in rice production

Wetland rice agriculture is the major anthropogenic source of methane, an important greenhouse gas. Methane emissions are less when ammonium sulfate (AS) rather than urea is the nitrogen (N) source. However, an agronomic advantage of AS over urea has not been established. The objectives of this study were: (i) to compare the effectiveness of AS, urea, and urea plus elemental sulfur (S) as sources of N in flooded rice culture, (ii) to compare fertilizer recovery of each source of N from application at preflood (PF) and panicle initiation (PI), and (iii) to determine if there is a response to S by rice grown on a soil with a less than optimum level of available S. ‘Cypress’ rice was . drill‐seeded in a Crowley silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Typic Albaqualf) of 7.25 to 10.75 mg S kg^‐1. Ammonium sulfate, urea, or urea plus S was applied in split applications of 101 kg N ha^‐l PF and 50 kg N ha^‐1 PI. Microplots with retainers and ¹⁵N‐labeled N were used. Unlabeled N was used in field plots. Microplots were harvested at 50% heading, while field plots were harvested at maturity. Dry matter and total N accumulation at 50% heading and at maturity were similar regardless of N source. Grain dry matter yields were 8.54, 8.47, and 8.79 Mg ha^‐1 for AS, urea, and urea plus S treatments, respectively. Greater N recovery was generally found from N application at PI than at PF, but this was not reflected by an increase in grain yield. No response to S was detected, although grain yields were slightly higher when S‐containing fertilizers were used. Ammonium sulfate and urea were equally effective for flooded rice production in Louisiana.     

含2.5%基质材料尿素的氮缓释特性及其与作物生长吻合性

【目的】在尿素中添加由改性蒙脱石和有机聚合粘结剂等组成的基质材料 (> 5%) 生产的尿素具有缓释效果。本试验研究了将基质材料降低到国家标准允许的最高限量 (2.5%) 时肥料的缓释效果,为新型肥料的生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2016和2017年在合肥进行水稻和玉米田间试验。设置无氮对照、常规尿素和缓释尿素 (含N 45.2%和基质材料2.5%) 3个处理。调查了水稻抽穗期和玉米吐丝期株高、叶面积、根系表面积,分析了叶片叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,产量及其构成因素,并分析了水稻抽穗期和玉米吐丝期土壤矿质氮含量,评估了肥料氮素淋溶与氨挥发风险。利用室内淋溶实验模拟了缓释肥料氮素的淋出量变化。【结果】基于两年试验结果的平均值进行分析:与常规尿素相比,缓释尿素处理水稻植株增高了4.5%,玉米增高了12.4%;水稻叶面积提高了9.8%,玉米提高了11.5%;水稻根系表面积提高了9.5%,玉米提高了5.0%;叶片叶绿素含量水稻提高了18.5%,玉米提高了7.8%;叶片硝酸还原酶活性水稻提高了19.6%,玉米提高了20.3%;叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性水稻提高了17.7%,玉米提高了11.5%。与普通尿素相比,缓释尿素处理水稻增产17.2% (P < 0.05),玉米增产6.6% (P > 0.05)。缓释尿素处理可提高水稻单位面积有效穗数,但降低穗粒数;缓释尿素处理有提高玉米穗粒数和千粒重的趋势。通径分析表明,缓释尿素处理提高水稻产量的原因主要是提高了亩穗数,提高玉米产量的主要原因是提高了穗粒数。肥料氮素损失过程可以用逻辑斯谛方程拟合 (P < 0.01),缓释尿素比常规尿素具有较低的氮素淋溶和氨挥发风险。在水稻抽穗期,缓释尿素处理的土壤矿质氮含量比常规尿素处理提高9.2% (P < 0.05);在玉米吐丝期,缓释尿素处理的土壤矿质氮含量比常规尿素处理提高18.1% (P < 0.05)。缓释尿素处理较低的氮素损失风险和较高的土壤矿质氮含量是其改善作物生长的重要原因。【结论】2.5%基质改性缓释尿素具有减少氮素损失、提高土壤矿质氮含量、改善植株形态生长和生理活性、提高水稻与玉米产量的作用,在水稻和玉米栽培中具有一定应用前景。     

Growth,yield and silicon uptake of rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by dose and timing of silicon application under water-deficit stress

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dose and timing of silicon (Si) application on rice under limited water supply. The treatments for the first study included five Si doses (0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 kg Si ha^–1) under three soil moisture conditions (100%, 75% and 50% field capacity). For the second study, the treatments were four Si application timings [100% basal, 50% basal + 50% panicle initiation (PI), 25% basal + 75% PI and 25% basal + 50% PI + 25% heading] at the dose of 300 kg ha^–1 under the same moisture conditions. The highest number of panicle plant^–1 (14.6) and grain yield (13.6 g plant^–1) were obtained with the dose of 300 kg Si ha^–1. Similarly, an increase of 34–45% in grain yield was observed for different Si application timings compared with the control. Shoot dry matter and grain yield had positive linear relationship with shoot Si content. Grain yield and number of spikelet panicle^–1 were higher at the 300 kg Si ha^–1 dose applied as 100% basal, and hence could be a feasible option for RD57 Thai rice variety under water-deficit conditions.     

减氮配施控释尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用的影响

以释放期为60~90 d的控释尿素为试验材料,2015年在广东省台山市和翁源县开展大田试验,研究在全量施氮[195 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]、减氮20%[156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]和减氮40%[117 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]条件下,常规分次施肥(CF)、配施控释尿素氮占25%一次性施用(25%CRU)和配施控释尿素氮占50%一次性施用(50%CRU)对水稻生长、产量及氮肥利用率的影响,为控释尿素在水稻生产上的推广应用提供参考。结果表明,在水稻营养生长阶段,不同施氮处理的每兜分蘖数基本一致,叶片SPAD值随施氮量增加略有提高。随着施氮量增加,水稻产量先提高后降低,当施氮量为156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量最高。等氮条件下,25%CRU、50%CRU和CF处理的水稻籽粒产量基本一致;不同施氮处理的稻谷和稻草氮素吸收累积量无显著差异。水稻氮素吸收累积量随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮肥偏生产力和氮收获指数逐渐降低。等氮条件下,25%CRU和50%CRU处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率均显著高于常规施肥处理(P(27)0.05),两地平均增幅分别为14.99%、17.23%和98.22%、57.44%。当施氮量为195 kg(N)·hm~(-2)时,25%CRU和50%CRU处理的氮收获指数较常规施肥处理(CF)提高6.99%和6.69%,其中台山试验点的增幅达到显著水平(P(27)0.05)。117 kg(N)·hm~(-2)处理的土壤碱解氮含量显著降低(P(27)0.05)。25%控释氮肥掺混一次性施用施氮量为156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)的施肥处理,其产量和氮肥利用效率在台山和翁源两个试验点均较高,在广东省双季稻区可实现水稻增产稳产,显著提高氮肥利用率,并维持土壤肥力,是一种较优的氮肥运筹模式。     

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

在双季稻北缘地区,以常规品种早籼65和杂交组合香两优68为试验材料,在施氮量150.kg/hm2的条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹模式对早稻产量及氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明:减少基、蘖肥,提高穗肥比例可增加抽穗成熟期的叶片含氮量,使SPAD值维持较高水平,提高齐穗后的绿叶面积和有效叶面积率,提高群体光合势,有利于促进干物质积累而提高产量和氮素吸收,常规稻和杂交稻均以基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25运筹模式产量最高;前氮后移增施穗肥因能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,可促进氮素的吸收;氮肥当季利用效率随穗肥比例提高而增加,但氮肥的农学利用率与产量有更好的对应关系。基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25的运筹模式是双季稻北缘地区早稻合理的施肥技术。     

YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF UPLAND RICE AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN SOURCES

Ammonium sulfate and urea are main sources of nitrogen (N) for annual crop production in developing countries. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted using ammonium sulfate and urea as N sources for upland rice grown on a Brazilian Oxisol. The N rates used were 0, 50, 100, 150, 3000, and 400 kg N kg^?1 of soil. Yield and yield components were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with increasing N rate. Ammonium sulfate X urea interaction was significant for grain yield, shoot dry matter yield, panicle number, plant height and root dry weight, indicating a different response magnitude of these plant parameters to two sources of N. Based on regression equation, maximum grain yield was achieved with the application of 380 mg N kg^?1 by ammonium sulfate and 271 mg N kg^?1 by urea. Grain yield and yield components were reduced at higher rates of urea (>300 mg kg N) but these plant parameters’ responses to ammonium sulfate at higher rates was constant. In the intermediate N rate range (125 to 275 mg kg^?1), urea was slightly better compared to ammonium sulfate for grain yield. Grain yield was significantly related with plant height, shoot dry weight, panicle number, grain harvest index and root dry weight. Hence, improving these plant characteristics by using appropriate soil and plant management practices can improve upland rice yield.     

氮肥对粳性和糯性糜子干物质积累和产量性状及氮肥利用效率的影响

为探讨不同粳糯性糜子干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率对不同供氮水平的响应,本研究通过两年田间试验,以粳性糜子品种陇糜13号和糯性糜子品种陇糜14号为试验材料,设置45(N1)、90(N2)和135 kg·hm^-2(N3)3个供氮水平,以不施氮为对照(CK),研究不同供氮水平下不同粳糯性糜子在开花期和成熟期的干物质积累与转运、农艺性状及产量的变化,分析氮素积累量、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用率及氮肥表观利用效率对施氮的响应。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,不同粳糯性糜子的地上部各器官干重呈单峰曲线变化,在N₂下,开花期和成熟期糜子的茎秆干重、叶片干重、茎鞘干重和穗干重均显著高于CK(P<0.05);随着施氮量的增加,不同粳糯性糜子的氮肥偏生产力呈降低趋势,而氮素利用效率呈先降低后升高的趋势;N₂可以显著提高不同粳糯性糜子的株高、茎粗、穗长、单穗粒重、千粒重及产量,也可提升氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥表观利用率。两年数据表明,N2(90 kg·hm^-2)下陇糜13号的农艺性状、产量及氮素利用效率均优于陇糜14号。综上,本研究条件下,甘肃省会宁地区糜子的推荐氮肥施用量为90 kg·hm^-2,这对西北地区种植不同粳糯性糜子具有生产指导意义。     

不同缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区春玉米的减量施用效果

本文通过田间试验研究了覆膜条件下,黄土台塬区6种缓/控释尿素减量施用对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮素累积量等的影响,以确定适合本地区春玉米施用的缓/控释氮肥品种和用量,为本地区春玉米简约、高效施肥技术提供理论依据与技术支撑。以春玉米品种‘先玉335’为供试作物,设9个处理,分别为不施氮肥处理(N0)、农户常规施氮处理[普通尿素,施氮量225 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N225]、普通尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N180]和6种缓/控释尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]。6种缓/控释尿素分别为树脂尿素、控失尿素(CLU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、脲甲醛(UF)、多肽尿素和稳定尿素。在玉米各生育时期采集地上部植株样品及耕层(0~20 cm)土样,分析耕层土壤无机氮含量,测定玉米植株氮素累积量及产量。施用氮肥可显著增加玉米产量,增产率在28%~65%。与N225相比,N180玉米产量显著降低19.1%,但各缓/控释尿素(减量20%)一次基施没有明显的减产效应,其中SCU与CLU分别增产4.5%和2.7%。与农户常规施肥相比,N180降低经济效益2 051$·hm~(-2);各缓/控释尿素(除UF)可增加玉米氮素累积量、提高氮肥利用率2.26%~12.69%,经济效益提高347~1 747$·hm~(-2),氮肥利用率和经济效益以SCU、CLU最高。大喇叭口期—吐丝期,缓/控释尿素氮素释放量大可能是提高氮肥吸收和利用率的原因之一。控失尿素和硫包衣尿素等缓/控释尿素减量(20%)并一次性基施,能维持产量不降低,提高氮肥利用率和经济收益,节约劳动力成本,可作为黄土台塬区春玉米简约化减量化施肥的一种选项。     

常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施用对旱作春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

  【目的】  通过田间试验研究施氮量和施肥方式对旱作春玉米产量、经济效益、干物质累积量、氮素累积利用和土壤无机氮残留的影响,为春玉米高产及高效施肥提供理论支撑。  【方法】  本研究采用裂区试验,以施肥方式为主处理,包括常规尿素一次施肥 (OF)、常规尿素分次施肥 (TF) 和常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 (MF);施氮量为副处理,设0、60、120、180、240、300 kg/hm2 6个施氮水平(N0、N60、N120、N180、N240、N300)。在玉米十叶期 (V10)、吐丝期 (R1)、灌浆期 (R3)、成熟期 (R6) 分别采集植株样品,测定植株生物量,并按器官分类测定不同部位的氮含量。  【结果】  1) 3种施肥方式下,随着施氮量的增加产量逐渐增加,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2后,产量不再显著增加。MF施氮处理的平均产量较OF和TF处理分别显著提高了5.0%和4.2%,经济效益分别提高了7.9%和25.7%。2) 增施氮肥显著增加了干物质累积量,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2后,收获期干物质累积量不再显著增加。N240处理吐丝期和收获期的干物质累积量MF较OF分别增加了19.5%和12.5%。3) 增施氮肥显著增加了花前、花后和氮素总累积量。MF方式的N240处理氮素总累积量较OF和TF方式分别显著增加了32.7%、20.9%。4) 增施氮肥显著增加了收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量以及茎氮、叶氮转移量。相同施氮量下,收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量和茎、叶氮向籽粒的转移量都表现为MF>TF>OF,且MF方式显著高于OF方式。5) 相比OF和TF方式,MF方式显著提高了氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率,显著降低了无机氮残留和氮表观损失。  【结论】  常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥方式在施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,显著提高了春玉米的产量、经济效益、氮素累积量和肥料利用率,降低了土壤无机氮残留,为当地高产和高效施肥的最佳方式。     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in wheat as affected by genotype and irrigation

To investigate the genotypic differences of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and remobilization as well as the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf during grain filling under water-limited conditions, nine winter wheat cultivars were planted under two irrigation treatments including W0 (no irrigation applied during spring) and W2 (1500 m³ ha^?1 applied 50% at stem elongation and 50% at anthesis). Results showed that cultivar and irrigation significantly affected the accumulation and remobilization of DM and N as well as the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf. No irrigation in spring on average decreased the photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, accelerated leaf senescence, and consequently decreased the accumulation of DM and N, but increased the ear distribution ratio and the remobilization and contribution of DM and N in leaf and stem to grain. Maintaining high photosynthetic activity and promoting DM and N distribution in ear and the remobilization of DM and N in leaf and stem may lead to higher grain filling rate and lower yield loss under water-limited conditions in North China Plain.     

NPK Accumulation and Use Efficiencies of Manawthukha Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Affected By Pretransplant Basal and Split Applications of Nitrogen

We investigated the effects of split applications of nitrogen (N) on N, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) uptake and use efficiency of rice under basal surface-application and incorporation methods. Different amounts of N were applied at the basal, tillering, and panicle initiation stages in five N split treatments. Basal incorporation provided greater NPK uptake than basal surface application until initiation of the panicle. In basal surface application, N2 (25:50:25) resulted in the greatest total NPK uptake, use efficiency, and N recovery efficiency. In basal incorporation, N1 (50:25:25) resulted in greater values for all parameters. The N5 (50:0:50), which included omitting N at tillering, resulted in low N recovery efficiency and uptake, both under basal incorporation and basal surface application. These results emphasize that split applications of N influence N recovery efficiency and total NPK uptake and use efficiency of rice.     

水稻的硅素积累与分配特性及其基因型差异

研究了南方稻区30个水稻品种(系)的硅素积累与分配特性及其基因型差异。结果表明,水稻成熟期植株含硅量在1.62％～2.66％之间,植株含硅量的基因型差异显著;前期硅素积累量少,幼穗分化期以后硅素积累量占总积累量的3/4,不同生育阶段硅素积累的基因型差异达显著或极显著水平。硅在器官中的分配因生育期及栽培季节不同而异,早季成熟期硅在茎叶穗中的分配比例分别为43.36％、23.07％和33.57％,晚季分别为33.23％、19.75％、47.02％。水稻硅素积累量与干物质积累量、稻谷产量及N、P、K积累量呈显著相关。     

冬小麦上短控释期尿素的适宜施用量与施用方法研究

【目的】控释尿素受土壤温度、 水分等环境条件的影响,应用效果不一。对比相同施氮量下一次性基施控释尿素与尿素分期施用,以及控释尿素和普通尿素追施对冬小麦籽粒产量、 品质, 氮肥利用率及综合经济效益的影响,可为控释尿素的合理施用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】采用大田试验,选用新麦26为供试材料,随机区组试验设计,调查了冬小麦籽粒产量、 主要品质性状、 氮肥利用率及经济效益。设两个试验,试验1: 控释尿素和普通尿素各设5个氮肥水平,即N 0、 120、 160、 200和240 kg/hm2; 试验2: 设不施氮肥、 N 200 kg/hm2总氮量下普通尿素和控释尿素均40%返青期追施3个处理。【结果】 1)与不施氮(CK)相比,控释尿素和普通尿素均可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,其中以分期施用普通尿素N 240 kg/hm2处理籽粒产量最高。相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理(N 160 kg/hm2除外)。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理,增产率达15.8%; 2)相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理较一次性基施控释尿素处理的小麦籽粒容重、 蛋白质含量、 水分含量、 湿面筋含量均有所提高,且两种尿素处理间籽粒容重在N 160 kg/hm2和N 200 kg/hm2时差异达显著水平。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒容重、 湿面筋含量、 蛋白质含量等品质指标显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理; 3)两种尿素处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加而降低,在相同施氮量下分期施用普通尿素处理显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理。此外,与分期施用普通尿素处理相比,一次性基施控释尿素处理减少了小麦拔节期追肥人工成本投入,但由于一次性基施控释尿素处理籽粒产量较低和氮肥价格较高,导致经济效益相对较低。然而,试验2结果表明,返青期追施控释尿素处理氮素利用率(氮肥农学效率、 氮肥偏生产力及氮素回收率)和经济效益显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理。【结论】本研究地区较适宜的推荐氮肥施用量为N 200 kg/hm2,一次性基施控释尿素较适宜于劳力欠缺的农户,而对于个别劳力充足的农户则适宜采用分期追施普通尿素或者小麦返青期追施控释尿素的氮肥管理技术。因此,在当前农村劳动力日益减少,用工成本日益增加以及种粮比较效益持续降低的大环境下,氮素肥料合理选择和施用技术要依据实际情况而定。     

Response of baby corn genotypes to soil and foliar nitrogen application schedule

Responsive genotypes, timing and mode of nitrogen application are important for realizing potential yield of winter baby corn. Soil application of nitrogen is a common practice. Foliar application enhances absorption and utilization of nitrogen particularly after anthesis. We investigated combined approach in management of nitrogen for the first time including soil applications followed by foliar urea spray to enhance baby corn yield and profitability. To determine these, 2-year study conducted with three genotypes and six schedules of recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN). Growth characters, productivity traits, harvest period and yields recorded. Nitrogen content and uptake, protein content and harvest were determined. Genotype HM-4 produced 4.6% and 4.1% more cobs and corn weight over HQPM-1. Combined approach resulted higher yield attributes, yields, N uptake, protein harvest and monetary returns. RDN in 4 splits with more basal (B) dose increased cob and corn yield by 4.8% and 5.1% than 3 splits (50% B). Results suggest that HM-4 be grown using RDN 50% as B, 25% at knee height stage, 20% at tassel emergence followed by 5% foliar spray after first picking as urea solution (3%) for achieving higher yield and net returns. More studies needed under diverse conditions.