Aspects of the phosphorus nutrition of white clover populations. IV root growth and morphology

Most studies using split root or single isolated roots have demonstrated that root systems proliferate in regions of high nutrient supply, though it is not clear whether tne whole root system responds by producing more roots or by greater elongation of existing roots.

The effect of pretreatment and subsequent treatment at high and low phosphorus (P) supply on the rate of production and rate of elongation of roots was determined for 10 white clover populations, grown in nutrient solution. External P supply was shown to have a greater effect on root elongation rate than on root production rate.

Populations with many small roots (i.e. a low root weight/number ratio) were generally the most responsive to P, measured by shoot weight. Populations collected from low‐P soils had lower root elongation rates, shorter average root lengths and their root production rates were more responsive to P than populations from high‐P soils.     

玉米苗期根系生长与耐低磷的关系

在田间筛选试验的基础上,利用两个磷高效(181和186)、两个磷低效(153和197)玉米自交系,进一步研究了这些自交系苗期耐低磷能力差异及其与根系生长的关系。结果表明,在低磷胁迫(P.5.78.mg/kg)下,所有自交系玉米地上部重量、初生根重、次生根重及磷累积量降低,但磷高效自交系181和186受影响程度显著小于153和197。在试验所处的玉米生育时期(6叶龄),磷对所用自交系的初生根及次生根数量没有影响。比较181和197的根系形态,在低磷胁迫下,磷低效自交系197的初生根侧根长、轴根长均显著下降,磷高效自交系181则下降幅度很小。而且,低磷使181初生根的侧根/轴根比值、根长度/根重比值较高。说明低磷胁迫下,181自交系可以将根中的有限的养分及干物质作更合理的分配,促进细根的生长,从而获得较长的根系。     

玉米细根形成和土壤中无机磷分级平衡对缺磷的特异性响应

Plants have diverse strategies to cope with phosphorus (P) deficiency. To better understand how maize responds to P deficiency, a field experiment with two P levels, 0 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P0 and P100, respectively), was carried out as a part of a long-term Pfertilizer field trial. Plant and soil analyses showed that P-deficient maize reduced its growth rate, increased P use efficiency, and formed more thin roots with the diameter less than 0.6 mm at jointing and silking stages, compared to the plants treated with P100. Further, there were no differences in major inorganic P fractions (Ca 2 -P, Ca 8 -P, Al-P, Fe-P, occluded P and Ca 10 -P) between the rhizospheric and bulk soils at each harvest, even when soil Olsen-P was only 1.38 mg kg-1 . These results suggested that maize responded to P deficiency by reducing the internal P demand for growth and increasing P acquisition ability by favorable root morphological alteration at low carbon cost.     

不同磷供应水平下小麦根系形态及根际过程的变化特征

以石麦15和衡观35两个品种小麦为试验材料,应用根袋栽培方式,研究了不同施磷量对小麦根系形态和根际特征的影响。结果表明,与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷（P2O5 0.3 g/kg）条件下石麦15地上部生物量和磷累积量增加幅度大于衡观35;但不施磷处理衡观35地上部生物量降低幅度小于石麦15,磷含量和累积量高于石麦15,衡观35耐低磷能力较强。土壤供磷不足时,衡观35总根长中直径0.16 mm细根所占比例高于石麦15,根系平均直径较小;而高磷供应下,石麦15根系中直径0.16 mm细根长度较长,在总根长中所占比例较高。总根长和直径0.16 mm的细根长度与植株地上部磷累积量之间呈显著正相关关系。总根长越长尤其是细根越多,有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。与非根际土壤相比,高磷供应下根际土壤有机磷含量增加,微生物量磷含量降低;而供磷不足时根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高,有机磷含量较低。与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷下根际土壤pH值升高、碱性磷酸酶活性下降,不施磷处理根际土壤pH值降低。本研究表明,供磷不足时,小麦根系形态和根际过程均发生适应性变化,而高量供磷条件下,小麦植株根系形态的改变因品种而异。     

低钾胁迫下不同耐低钾玉米品种(系)开花后根系生长和结构的变化

[目的]土壤缺钾常引起植株早衰,严重影响玉米产量.从玉米开花后根系形态、结构和活性等参数的变化,研究低钾胁迫下玉米早衰的机理.[方法]以耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3和钾敏感玉米自交系D937为试材,进行池栽试验.设置天然低钾土壤(低钾,-K)和正常供钾(CK,+K)两个处理,分别于玉米开花后测定根系形态、结构和活性等...     

褪黑素通过调控根系形态生理特性增强大豆幼苗对抗低磷胁迫的能力

目的从根系形态和生理特征的角度,研究褪黑素提高大豆幼苗抗低磷胁迫的途径。方法采用1片复叶期的大豆幼苗为材料进行砂培试验。在营养液中设置两个磷水平：0.5 mmol/L(正常磷对照 , CK)和0.05 mmol/L (低磷胁迫,P0.05),并在磷胁迫下增设淋浇100 μmol/L褪黑素处理(P0.05+M)。在褪黑素处理后的0、5、10、15和20天,破坏性取大豆幼苗地上部(植株)和根部样品,调查与大豆幼苗根系和地上部生长相关的形态和生理指标,分析褪黑素与各指标之间的关系。结果与CK相比,P0.05处理显著抑制了大豆幼苗和根系生长。与P0.05处理相比,第5、10、15和20天,P0.05+M处理大豆根系谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷氨酸−草酰乙酸转移酶(GOT)、谷氨酸−丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)活性、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量平均提高10.63%、4.3%、4.8%、13.73%、6.18%、7.05%、5.23%,而铵态氮、硝态氮含量分别降低了9.7%、5.41%。褪黑素处理后第10和20天,P0.05+M处理大豆根长、根体积、根瘤数、根表面积、平均直径、根尖数、根系活力较P0.05处理分别平均提高了4.59%、27.51%、12.67%、7.27%、3.57%、22.23%、11%;叶、茎、根以及全株的氮素积累量分别平均提高了108.37%、201.82%、58.93%、87.38%,磷素积累量则分别平均提高了62.69%、63.24%、55.84%、59.96%;叶片Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b)、Car含量分别平均提高了13.02%、23.02%、15.66%、29.59%,气体交换参数Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr分别平均提高了16.64%、10.4%、3.2%、13.04%;株高、茎粗、叶面积、节数、叶干重、茎干重、根干重、全株干物质积累量分别平均提高了22.88%、17.09%、62.07%、20.97%、52.43%、25.6%、33.93%、38.58%。Mantel检测结果显示,大部分根系形态和生理指标之间,以及它们与大豆植株地上部形态、干物质积累、氮和磷素积累量间呈显著正相关关系。随机森林分析进一步明确了根系硝态氮含量、谷氨酸−丙酮酸转氨酶活性、根表面积和铵态氮含量是决定低磷胁迫下大豆幼苗生长速率的4个关键指标。结论根系硝态氮含量、谷氨酸−丙酮酸转氨酶活性、根表面积和铵态氮含量是决定低磷胁迫下大豆幼苗生长速率的4个关键指标。磷胁迫严重抑制了大豆幼苗根系的生长发育和生理代谢。淋浇褪黑素显著提高了根表面积及根系谷氨酸-丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)活性,促进了根系中硝态氮和铵态氮向上转移,进而促进了大豆根系和全株的氮、磷积累,提高了光合效率,最终提升了大豆幼苗对低磷胁迫的抗性。     

缺素培养对大豆营养生长和根系形态的影响

通过营养液栽培试验,探讨了巴西10号和本地2号两个大豆基因型在氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、铁缺乏条件下的缺素症状和植株生物量变化,以及根系形态指标的改变。结果表明,缺素处理对大豆植株生长影响显著,在各种缺素条件下大豆植株生物量均明显降低,地上部与根部均表现出各种营养元素缺乏时的特有症状;缺氮、缺钾、缺钙、缺镁和缺铁处理时大豆总根长和根表面积也均显著降低。大豆对不同缺素处理的反应存在基因型差异。     

辣椒丛枝菌根真菌吸磷机制研究

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the action mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in phosphorus (P) uptake of Capsicum annuum L.in a sterilized fossil Oxisol.Three P levels of 0,10 and 200 mg kg-1 soil (P0,P10 and P200,respectively) without and with AM fungal inoculation were applied as Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O.Shoot dry matter yields and shoot P uptake increased significantly (P > 0.05) by the inoculation of AM fungi at P0 and P10.Root length and P concentration in soil solution increased with the inoculation of AM fungi but the root:shoot ratio decreased or remained constant.Around 50% roots of inoculated plants were infected by AM and the external hyphae amounted to 20 m g-1 soil at P10 and P200.The hyphae surface area of the infected root cylinder amounted to 11 and 2 cm-2 cm-2 root at P0 and P10,respectively.The increased P uptake of inoculated plants was mainly because of an up to 5 times higher P influx of the infected root.Model calculations showed that the root alone could not have achieved the measured P influx in both infected and non-infected roots.But the P influx for hyphae calculated by the model was even much higher than the measured one.The P uptake capacity of hyphae introduced in the model was too high.Model calculations further showed that the depletion zone around roots or hyphae was very narrow.In the case of the root only 7% of the soil volume would contribute P to the plant,while in the case of hyphae it would be 100%.The results together with the model calculations showed that the increased P uptake of AM inoculated plants could be explained partly by the increased P concentration in the soil solution and by the increased P absorbing surface area coming from the external hyphae.     

野生大豆根系形态对局部磷供应的响应及其对磷吸收的贡献

通过土柱试验模拟局部供磷,定量评价了磷局部供应对野生大豆根系形态参数的影响以及这些根形态参数对植株磷吸收的贡献.磷局部供应明显改变了野生大豆的根形态,使总根长增加了80.5％,比根长增加了32.6％,根表面积扩大了70.7％,根直径减小了27.6％,植株对磷的吸收增加了43.2％,地上干重增加了72.0％;在所有的根形态参数中,总根长、根表面积和比根长对野生大豆植株磷吸收具有较大贡献,其中尤以比根长对植株磷吸收贡献最大,即在根长增加的同时,根直径减小能够明显提高野大豆根系对磷的吸收.结果表明,野生大豆对局部磷供应表现出高度的根系形态可塑性,通过局部养分供应优化根系空间分布和定向调控根系生长能显著提高植物对异质性土壤磷资源的获取能力.     

低磷条件下植物根系形态反应及其调控机制

磷是植物必需营养元素之一,土壤中磷有效性低,限制作物生长发育。磷肥施用量逐年增加,但是磷矿资源面临耗竭。植物根系形态变化对于植物适应低磷胁迫,提高植物对土壤磷的吸收利用具有重要意义。本文从植物根系构型、根冠比、初生根、根毛、侧根等方面综述了植物适应低磷胁迫的根系形态变化特征。低磷条件下,植物根系构型发生改变,普遍抑制主根生长,刺激侧根发育起始与伸长,诱导根毛形成。同时,分析了转录因子、植物激素、蔗糖以及关键基因等对低磷条件下植物根系生长发育的生理与分子调控机制,低磷胁迫下转录因子ZAT6和MYB62参与调控初生根生长,BHLH32和PHR调控根毛形成发育,WRKY75对侧根发育有抑制作用。研究表明,在低磷条件下,赤霉素、细胞分裂素、生长素和乙烯对初生根发育起着调控作用,而根毛的生长发育与赤霉素、生长素和乙烯有关,侧根发育过程中生长素作用明显。一些基因如LPR1、LPR2、LPR3以及PDR2参与调控低磷胁迫下植物初生根的发育。低磷胁迫下光合产物蔗糖对植物根毛和侧根发育有影响。     

砂培条件下两种磷效率棉花根系形态及根际特征差异

为对比两种磷效率棉花在两种磷水平(0.1和5 mmol/L)的根系形态和根际特征的差异。以磷高效型棉花ZM42和磷低效型棉花XLZ13为研究对象设计砂培花盆分层试验,测定生物量、吸磷量、根系形态数据、分层Olsen－P、 pH值和酸性磷酸酶。结果表明：在砂培条件下两种磷效率棉花生物量和磷素积累量随施磷量的增加均有不同程度增加; ZM42在两种磷处理的根部生物量、吸磷量以及根冠比都优于XLZ13。在两种磷处理下, ZM42根系中根径(0~0.4 mm)的细根长度较XLZ13长,细根在总根长中的比例较高。总根长中细根越多有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。生长介质中磷含量降低时,棉花根际pH值也随之降低,高效品种ZM42的根际pH值降低幅度显著高于XLZ13;两种磷效率棉花在两个时期的根际土壤磷酸酶活性均随着施磷量的减少而增加,磷高效棉花ZM42分泌的土壤磷酸酶活性均高于磷低效棉花XLZ13。由此可见,两种磷效率棉花在相同生长介质中根际机理存在差异,且在低磷胁迫下磷高效棉花根系形态特征改变是根际磷活化主要机理之一。     

Phosphorus Application Affects the Soybean Root Response to Water Deficit at the Initial Flowering and Full Pod Stages

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is an important factor for improving the tolerance to water deficit in many plants. A pot experiment was conducted to identify the effects of P application on soybean adaptability to water deficit at the R1 (initial flowering) and R4 (full pod) stages through the investigation of root morphological traits, plant P uptake and resultant yield in two soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars (Dongnong 46 and Heisheng 101). The four levels of P application were 0, 7.3, 14.6 and 29.2 mg kg^?2, respectively. The three water treatments were (1) 65–75% of field water capacity (FWC) as a well-watered control, (2) 30–40% of FWC at the R1 stage, and (3) 30–40% of FWC at the R4 stage. Root traits, plant uptake of P and yield were significantly reduced by water deficiency at different growth stages, especially at the R4 stage. Application of P enabled to alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit, to increase the root dry weight, root length and root surface area, and to slow root senescence after the R5 (initial pod filling) stage. The response of soybean genotypes to both water and P deficit was different. In the absence of P application, Dongnong 46 showed relatively low adaptability to water deficit at the R4 stage, whereas Heisheng 101 showed a lower reduction of root traits and yield. The beneficial effects of P application for Dongnong 46 were more pronounced than those for Heisheng 101. Based on this experiment, we suggested that P fertilizer application to soybean may be justified in low-rainfall years because of its ability to enhance the soybean adaptability to water deficit stress by improving the root morphology, P uptake and consequently yield.     

Phosphorus Application Affects the Soybean Root Response to Water Deficit at the Initial Flowering and Full Pod Stages

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is an important factor for improving the tolerance to water deficit in many plants. A pot experiment was conducted to identify the effects of P application on soybean adaptability to water deficit at the R1 (initial flowering) and R4 (full pod) stages through the investigation of root morphological traits, plant P uptake and resultant yield in two soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) cultivars (Dongnong 46 and Heisheng 101). The four levels of P application were 0, 7.3, 14.6 and 29.2 mg kg⁻², respectively. The three water treatments were (1) 65–75% of field water capacity (FWC) as a well-watered control, (2) 30–40% of FWC at the R1 stage, and (3) 30–40% of FWC at the R4 stage. Root traits, plant uptake of P and yield were significantly reduced by water deficiency at different growth stages, especially at the R4 stage. Application of P enabled to alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit, to increase the root dry weight, root length and root surface area, and to slow root senescence after the R5 (initial pod filling) stage. The response of soybean genotypes to both water and P deficit was different. In the absence of P application, Dongnong 46 showed relatively low adaptability to water deficit at the R4 stage, whereas Heisheng 101 showed a lower reduction of root traits and yield. The beneficial effects of P application for Dongnong 46 were more pronounced than those for Heisheng 101. Based on this experiment, we suggested that P fertilizer application to soybean may be justified in low-rainfall years because of its ability to enhance the soybean adaptability to water deficit stress by improving the root morphology, P uptake and consequently yield.     

不同氮水平下玉米苗期根系形态和氮吸收量的 QTL 定位

【目的】玉米的根系形态与氮素吸收能力关系密切,利用单片段代换群体对玉米苗期根系形态相关性状和植株氮吸收量进行 QTL 定位,可为进一步精细定位并克隆控制玉米低氮下优异根系形态和氮吸收的主效 QTL 奠定基础。【方法】以氮效率差异显著的两亲本许 178 和综 3 构建的 150 个玉米单片段代换系 (SSSL) 群体作为研究材料,进行水培试验。以 Ca (NO₃)₂ 作为氮源,设置高氮 (4 mmol/L NO₃– )和低氮 (0.05 mmol/L NO₃– ) 两个处理,培养 20 d 后分根、冠收获植株,测定生物量和氮含量。通过 WinRHIZO 根系分析系统获得根系的总根长、根表面积、根体积、根直径和根尖数等指标。根据代换系与亲本许 178 表型值的 T-test 结果,利用该群体 SSR 遗传连锁图谱,在 P ≤ 0.001 条件下定位所调查性状的 QTL。【结果】高氮条件下 SSSL 群体除了根直径与总根长和根尖数没有显著相关性以外,其它各性状之间均显著或极显著正相关,并且植株氮吸收量也与根系各性状呈显著或极显著正相关;低氮条件下,除了根直径以外,植株氮吸收量与其他根系性状均呈极显著正相关,并且地上部和根部氮累积量均与根表面积的相关性最大。在高氮条件下共检测到 102 个 QTL 位点,包括 40 个根形态相关 QTL、34 个植株生物量 QTL 和 28 个氮吸收量 QTL;在低氮条件下共检测到 85 个 QTL 位点,包括 47 个根形态 QTL、22 个植株生物量 QTL 和 16 个氮吸收量 QTL。所检测到的根形态相关 QTL 与生物量和氮积累量 QTL 成簇存在,同一 QTL 区间多同时检测到根形态 QTL 和氮吸收量 QTL。高氮条件下,在代换系 1428、1376、1282、1266 和 1473 的代换区间上检测到高氮特异的 QTL 簇,同时包括多个根形态和氮吸收量 QTL,贡献率从–43% 到 84%。低氮下,在代换系 1419 和 1314 的代换区间上同时检测到低氮特异的多个根形态和氮吸收量 QTL,贡献率从–32% 到 55%。【结论】单片段代换系 1419 和 1314 所包含的代换片段 bnlg182—bnlg2295 和 umc1013—umc2047 检测到多个低氮特异的 QTL,并且这两个区间在前人的研究中均有玉米氮效率相关 QTL 检测到,说明该区间包含有玉米根系形态和氮吸收量的主效 QTL,在玉米氮高效吸收中可能起重要作用。