Soil carbon pools under long-term rice-wheat cropping system in Inceptisols of Indian Himalayas

Knowledge about soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and its allocation into different pools is important for global food and environmental security. Accordingly, an attempt is made in the present study to investigate into the dynamics of SOC pools i.e. total soil organic carbon (TOC), oxidisable organic carbon (OC) and its different fractions viz. very labile (C_VL), labile (C_L), less labile (C_LL) and non-labile (C_NL) in soils under a 26 years old long-term experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L) – wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cropping system on Inceptisols under humid agro-climatic region of India with different soil management practices (control, 100% recommended dose of NPK, and 50% recommended dose of NPK + 50% N through farmyard manure (FYM). Of the several pools analyzed, a higher proportion of C was found in labile pool followed by very labile, non-labile, and less labile ones constituting about 46, 26.5, 20 and 7.3% of the total organic C at surface soil. The NPK+FYM treatment was found to have higher SOC pools, lability index (LI), recalcitrance indices and stratification ratio as compared to others. Results indicated that balanced fertilization with inorganic and organics is important for maintaining overall sustainability of the rice-wheat system.     

长期水旱轮作条件下紫色土养分供应能力的研究

通过10年稻—麦水旱轮作定位试验,研究了紫色土生产力以及N、P、K自然供应能力和变化。结果表明,在水旱轮作下,紫色土对稻、麦产量的地力贡献率平均为58%和51%,肥料的增产贡献率可达42%～49%。紫色土N、P、K养分自然供给力在小麦上分别为60%、70%、91%,在水稻上分别为70%、90%、92%,小麦对肥料的依赖性高于水稻;N、P、K养分的自然供应量在小麦上分别为37.1、5.4、45.9kg.hm2,在水稻上分别为81.8、13.6、103.0kg.hm2。随着试验年份的延长,旱作季节紫色土N、P、K养分的供应能力逐年降低,水作季节N、P、K供应力则相对稳定,旱作对地力的消耗比水作大。环境输入的养分在维持水田稳定供肥能力发挥了重要作用。紫色土这种基础养分供给力可维持每年生产小麦1.4t.hm2、稻谷3.5t.hm2左右。     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响

通过对华北平原小麦–玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层（0—20 cm）土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响。试验设化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）,全部施用有机肥（OM）,一半有机肥+化肥NPK（1/2OMN）及不施肥（CK）共7个处理。结果表明,各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤腐殖质（胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素）及活性腐殖质（活性胡敏酸和活性富里酸）组分碳和氮含量,提高可浸提腐殖质（胡敏酸和富里酸）及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮分配比例;但施肥对土壤活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量的增加率均分别高于腐殖质组分碳和氮。各处理土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量均为OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理;而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的关键;活性腐殖质组分碳和氮较腐殖质组分碳和氮对施肥措施的响应更灵敏。     

Nutrient management effects on organic carbon pools in a sandy loam soil under rice-wheat cropping

Agricultural management practices are known to influence soil organic C. While changes in total organic C (TOC) are relatively less discernible over short to medium-term, some extractable pools of TOC are considered early indicators of changes in TOC. Therefore, to devise nutrient management practices that can lead to C sequestration, it is important to study their effect on soil organic C pools that may respond rapidly to management. We studied the impact of balanced (NPK) and imbalanced (N, NP, NK and PK) application of fertilizer nutrients without and with farmyard manure (FYM) on total and labile pools of organic C viz. water soluble (WEOC), potassium permanganate oxidizable (KMnO₄-C), microbial biomass (MBC) and fractions of decreasing oxidizability after 5-cycles of rice-wheat cropping. Integrated use of NPK and FYM significantly increased TOC and extractable C pools in both surface (0–7.5 cm) and sub-surface (7.5–15 cm) soil. Majority of TOC (72%) was stabilized in less labile and recalcitrant fractions; the magnitude being higher under balanced (NPK+FYM) than imbalanced nutrient management (N+FYM). The results showed that balanced fertilizer application conjointly with FYM besides enlarging TOC pool favorably impacts soil organic matter composition under rice-wheat system.     

Integrated assessment of diversification of rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plain

Diversification of rice-wheat cropping system may improve the productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in the Indo-Gangetic plane region (IGPR), but the choice of alternative sequences to be used requires integrated assessment of various crop sequences. A long-term field experiment was initiated during 2000–01 on sandy loam soil at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India to assess 10 rice-based cropping sequences – rice-wheat, rice-chickpea, rice-wheat-green gram, rice-wheat-Sesbania (green manure), rice-mustard-green gram, rice-lentil-cowpea (fodder), rice-pea, rice-lentil + mustard (3:1)-cowpea (fodder), rice-maize (cob) + vegetable pea (1:1)-cowpea (fodder) and rice-potato-green gram in randomized block design with four replications. The data contained in this paper are for the year 2002–03 and 2003–04. Substitution of rice-wheat with 300% intensity cropping sequences particularly with rice-potato-green gram resulted in maximum production cost but gave the highest system productivity, net return, benefit:cost ratio, production efficiency, profitability and energy productivity. Inclusion of summer grain/fodder legume or Sesbania for green manuring improved the content of soil organic matter. The soil P status was positively affected in all the sequences and particularly those with summer crops. Decline in soil available K in all the sequences indicated inadequacy of present recommended rate of fertilizer K to all the component crops in different sequences.     

稻麦轮作区保护性耕作条件下氮肥对水稻生长发育和产量的调控效应

20062~008年在四川省广汉市开展了保护性耕作措施下水稻氮肥调控试验,设置不同秸秆还田量(0、6000、12000 kg/hm2)、施氮量水平(0、1502、10 kg/hm2)以及氮素分配比例(6∶2∶2、6∶3∶1、8∶2)。结果表明,和施N 150 kg/hm2相比,N 210 kg/hm2处理水稻分蘖力、干物质积累量、开花期的植株个体和群体质量均有升高,花后茎鞘贮藏物质的输出及光合物质积累量增加,子粒产量提高7.3%。在施N 150 kg/hm2水平和基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶2∶2分配比例下,与旋耕无麦秸还田处理相比,免耕秸秆还田与否对水稻茎蘖消长、干物质积累及子粒产量影响较小,但花后绿叶功能期延长,光合产物积累在产量形成中所占比例增加。在施N 210 kg/hm2水平和基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶3∶1分配比例下,免耕还田麦秸量从6000 kg/hm2增加至12000 kg/hm2,水稻分蘖力明显增强,干物质积累量增大,开花期个体和群体质量提高,单位面积穗数和穗实粒数增多,产量增加4.1%;将氮肥分配比例由6∶3∶1变为8∶2,即增加基肥用量,减少中后期的氮素供应会导致分蘖高峰后分蘖大量死亡,有效穗数降低,穗粒数减少,产量下降。以上结果说明,氮素的充分供应是保护性耕作水稻获得高产的重要前提和基础,适当提高麦秸还田量、增加中后期氮素供应,能提高氮素利用率及分蘖成穗率和结实率,利于稳产高产。     

长期施磷对土壤磷素吸附演变的影响

Knowledge of phosphorus （P） behavior in long-term fertilized soils is essential for programming fertilization practices and for sustaining environmental quality. The long-term （1984-1997） effects of various fertilization treatments on P changes and sorption isotherms as well as the relationship of soil properties to P sorption and P forms were evaluated in an Ustic Isohumisol, a calcareous soil, on the Loess Plateau, China. Compared to 1984, after 13 years of crop production, total soil P in the no-P treatments （control and N treatment） decreased by 5%-7%, but in the phosphorus fertilizer alone （P）, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in combination （NP）, manure alone （M）, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and manure in combination （NPM） treatments, it increased by 22%, 19%, 28%, and 58%, respectively. Residual fertilizer P was found mainly in NH4Ac-soluble P （Cas-P）, followed by NaHCO3-soluble P （NaHCO3-P）, and NH4F-soluble P （Al-P）. Phosphorus sorption in the soils with different fertilization practices fit the Langmuir equations. Phosphorus sorption capacity in the no-P treatments increased, whereas it decreased in the P-included treatments （P, NP, and NPM treatments）. Phosphorus sorption maximum （Qm） was significantly and negatively correlated to inorganic P including NaHCO3-P, Cas-P, NaOH-Na2CO3-soluble P （Fe-P）, and Al-P （P ≤ 0.01）. Moreover, long-term fertilization increased soil organic carbon in the NP, M, and NPM treatments and decreased pH in the NP and NPM treatments. Thus, the ability of the soil to release sorbed P to the environment increased under long-term P fertilization.     

Zinc accumulation characteristics of some leafy vegetables

Abstract

Twelve leafy vegetables were grown on field plots treated with 0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 pounds Zn per acre incorporated into the 0‐ to 10‐inch soil depth. At harvest maturity the edible parts of the plants were sampled and analyzed for Zn.

Of the 12 crops grown, only Swiss chard and spinach showed any tendency to be Zn accumulators. Even these crops would tolerate extremely high levels of available soil Zn before accumulating what might be considered hazardous Zn concentrations. Swiss chard and spinach were the only crops which showed visible growth depression when grown on plots treated with 800 lbs. Zn per acre.     

长期施肥条件下石灰性潮土磷的吸附解吸特征

采用Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程及其扩展形式对长期施肥土壤磷的吸附和解吸特征进行了研究。结果表明,双面Langmuir方程和三种Freundlich方程能较好描述石灰性潮土壤对磷的吸附,方程决定系数r2均接近0.99。长期施用有机肥能减少土壤对磷的吸附,表现在土壤对磷的理论最大吸附量（Qm）降低以及吸附结合能常数K值下降。与长期施用化肥相比,长期施用有机肥土壤新吸附的磷也更容易解吸,土壤磷的解吸率从化肥处理的15%左右提高到20%以上。钾肥的施用增大了石灰性潮土对磷的吸附容量,磷的吸附结合能明显提高,意味着化肥钾的施用可能导致土壤磷向作物难利用方向转化,但有机肥与钾肥配合施用,钾肥的这种不良作用得到明显的改善。     

基于长期定位试验的典型稻麦轮作区作物产量稳定性研究

为探讨长期施肥条件下作物持续稳产和高产的途径,利用始于1980年的江苏太湖典型稻麦轮作区水稻土长期定位试验,分析水稻和小麦不同年份产量数据和土壤养分数据,研究了长期不同施肥方式对作物产量稳定性的影响,以及作物产量波动和土壤养分变化相关性。结果表明：各处理试验小区水稻和小麦的平均产量均呈锯齿状波动,受气候和其他因素影响不同年份间的产量变动差异较大。数十年期间,各施肥处理包括对照的水稻和小麦产量均有增长趋势,水稻增产趋势较小麦明显,小麦产量年际间的波动较大。有机肥与化肥配施和秸秆还田较单施化肥或有机肥有更明显的增产效果。水稻产量的稳定性高于小麦,各处理水稻产量的变异系数（CV）较小麦低,而稳定性系数（SYI）较高。其中MPK（有机肥+化肥磷钾）处理的产量稳定性最高,而MNPK（有机肥+化肥氮磷钾）的稳定性最低。施化肥尤其是氮肥可能是造成产量稳定性降低的一个因素。氮肥是增产的主要因素,也可能是引起稻田生态系统稳定性降低的因素。水稻和小麦产量与土壤氮素之间的相关性较显著、相比旱季,在稻季条件下,水稻产量稳定性更高,且增产趋势更明显,说明稻田土壤生态系统可能稳定性较高,并且随着耕作年限的延长其稳定性有提高趋势。     

氮肥减施对稻-麦轮作体系作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响

田间试验研究了稻-麦轮作体系中减施氮肥对作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,与当地习惯施肥(小麦:N 225 kg/hm2,基肥与分蘖肥各半;水稻:N 210 kg/hm2,基肥和分蘖肥为3∶2)相比,减氮20%～30%处理产量并没有降低,而氮肥当季利用率、氮素农学利用率以及氮素偏因子生产力则有所增加;而且,氮肥分次追施,能增加子粒产量,并减少氮肥成本。虽然减氮20%～30%处理0—40 cm土层无机氮含量较习惯施肥处理降低,但是并没有降低植株地上部对氮素的吸收。在小麦和水稻收获期,减施氮肥处理0—100 cm土壤无机氮残留量低于习惯施肥处理;且稻-麦轮作系统中氮的表观损失主要发生在水稻季。初步认为,在长江中下游平原稻-麦轮作体系氮素过量施用地区,第一个轮作周期减施氮肥20%～30%不仅不影响产量,而且可提高氮素利用率,有利于保护环境。     

采用土壤质量指数评估施肥对集约型稻麦轮作系统中土壤物理性质的影响

Soil quality assessment has been suggested as an effective tool for evaluating sustainability of soil and crop management practices.The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive soil quality index(SQI) based on bulk density(BD),water-holding capacity(WHC),water-stable aggregates(WSA),aggregate mean weight diameter(AMWD),total organic C(TOC) and C input to evaluate the important rice-wheat cropping system on an Inceptisol in India.A long-term experiment has been conducted for 18 years at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research,Modipuram,India.The treatments selected for this study were comprised of a no-fertilizer control and N,P and K fertilizers(NPK) combined with Zn and S fertilizers(NPK+ Zn+S),farmyard manure(NPK+FYM),green gram residues(NPK+GR) and cereal residues(NPK+CR),laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Soil samples were collected and analyzed for BD,WHC,WSA and TOC.Correlation analysis revealed that both rice and wheat yields signi?cantly increased with the increases in AMWD,TOC and C input,but decreased with the increase in BD.The SQI values were then generated based on regression analysis of BD,WSA,AMWD,TOC and C input with rice and wheat yields for the 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil layers,respectively.Regression analyses between crop yields and SQI values showed a quadratic type of relation with the coeffcient of determination(R~2) varying from 0.78 to 0.89.With regard to soil sustainability,applying crop residues to both rice and wheat could maintain soil quality for a longer period,whereas the highest yields of both the crops were recorded in the NPK+Zn+S treatment.The regression equations developed in this study could be used to monitor soil quality in a subhumid tropical rice-wheat cropping system.     

含氯氮肥对太湖稻麦轮作体系氨挥发及作物产量的影响

【目的】通过研究尿素、氯化铵以及二者混合高塔造粒而成的含氯脲铵氮肥对太湖地区稻麦轮作体系作物产量、氮肥利用率、氨挥发损失、土壤氯残留和耕层土壤 pH 的影响,为新型含氯氮肥的推广,降低环境风险提供理论依据。【方法】通过两年稻麦轮作季的田间小区试验,在当地适宜施氮量条件下,以 CK (不施氮) 和施用普通尿素为对照,研究了两种含氯氮肥的施用对稻麦轮作体系作物产量和氮肥利用率的影响。采集作物收获后 0—20 cm、20—40 cm 土壤样品,采用硫氰酸汞比色法测定土壤氯残留;施肥后采用密闭室间歇通气－稀硫酸吸收法测定氨挥发通量。【结果】尿素、氯化铵和含氯脲铵处理对稻麦产量无显著影响,但与尿素相比含氯脲铵对稻麦有增产的趋势,而氯化铵对小麦有减产趋势。与尿素相比施用含氯脲铵显著提高氮肥利用率 7.0% (P < 0.05)。氨挥发主要发生在稻季,与施用尿素相比单施氯化铵使麦季氨挥发降低 26.3% (1.39 kg/hm2),而使稻季氨挥发增加 10.4% (2.67 kg/hm2);含氯脲铵使麦季和稻季的氨挥发分别降低 5.2% (0.55 kg/hm2) 和 12.9% (6.16 kg/hm2)。施用含氯氮肥土壤氯残留表现为稻季显著增加,而麦季则显著降低的趋势,收获期耕层土壤 (0—20 cm) 氯离子含量最高不超过 160 mg/kg,低于水稻和小麦的耐氯临界值。经过两个稻麦轮作循环后,施用氯化铵土壤 pH 比尿素下降 0.88 个单位,而施含氯脲铵土壤 pH 与尿素没有显著差异。【结论】在太湖地区稻麦轮作体系中,综合考虑产量和环境效益,含氯脲铵氮肥与两种单质肥料相比有一定优势,为氨挥发减排和氯化铵施用难题的解决提供了依据。     

长期施肥下灰漠土有机碳组分含量及其演变特征

采用湿筛和重液悬浮的物理分组方法分析了18年不同施肥模式下灰漠土有机碳组分含量差异及其演变特征。结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期有机无机肥配施(NPKM和1.5 NPKM)增加各有机碳组分的效果最显著,且粗和细自由颗粒有机碳、物理保护有机碳、矿物结合有机碳增加速率最高,平均分别达到0.12、0.06、0.08及0.17g/(kg.a);秸秆还田使粗和细自由颗粒有机碳分别以0.05和0.03 g/(kg.a)的速率增加,而撂荒和施化肥维持着各有机碳组分的含量。不同有机碳组分间存在显著的相关性,其中以粗自由颗粒有机碳含量增幅最高,不同施肥模式下平均增幅是其它有机碳组分的2.18~.0倍;以矿物结合有机碳所占比例最高,达到56.9%7~7.8%,说明粗自由颗粒有机碳对施肥较敏感,而矿物结合有机碳是灰漠土固存有机碳的主要形式。综上分析,长期有机无机肥配施是提高灰漠土有机碳组分含量和培肥土壤的有效模式。     

长期施肥对小麦-玉米轮作土壤微团聚体组成和分形特征的影响

通过对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作农田生态系统18 a田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层(0～20 cm)土壤微团聚体组成及分形维数(D)的影响,并探讨了特征微团聚体组成比例(PCM,<20μm/(250～20)μm)、微团聚体测定中<20μm与2000～20μm粒级含量的比值(RMD,<20μm/(2000～20)μm)和D与土壤肥力之间的关系。施肥处理包括化肥NPK不同组合(NPK、NP、NK、PK),全部施用有机肥(OM),1/2有机肥+化肥NPK(1/2OMN)及不施肥(CK)共7个处理。各施肥处理均能降低土壤PCM、RMD和D,提高土壤有效养分含量和酶活性。各处理土壤PCM、RMD和D均为OM处理最低,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施低于单施化肥各处理,而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用的降低效果最好。土壤PCM、RMD和D与作物产量、有机质和碱解氮含量及酶活性之间相关性较好,且PCM、RMD和D三者两两之间也具有较好的相关性。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是改善微团聚体组成、降低PCM、RMD和D及提高土壤保肥和供肥能力的关键;PCM、RMD和D均可作为评价长期施肥作物系统土壤肥力的综合性定量指标。     

不同施肥措施对洞庭湖区旱地肥力及作物产量的影响

应用长期定位试验方法,研究了洞庭湖区非粮食作物棉花-油菜轮作下,农民习惯施肥(TF)、配方施肥(NPK)及有机肥和化肥不同配比模式[有机肥来源氮占配方肥总氮量的50%(50%OM)、30%(30%OM)和10%(10%OM)]的作物产量和土壤养分的变化,以期为相应作物种植制度下的合理施肥提供参考。研究结果表明:在本试验施肥量及有机无机肥配比下,有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了棉花和油菜的产量,且以50%OM处理产量最高,各处理产量的顺序为50%OM30%OM10%OMNPKTFCK(不施肥对照);当有机氮施用量占总氮量的50%时(50%OM处理),棉花和油菜产量分别比NPK处理高24.52%、29.57%,比习惯施肥(TF)处理分别高46.03%和49.07%。同时,施用有机肥各处理作物产量的年际变化均不到20%,明显小于NPK、TF和CK处理,即施用有机肥不仅能促进旱地作物高产,同时也能保证其稳产。有机肥与化肥配施能增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,且以50%OM处理效果最好,与试验前比较的增加幅度分别达57.5%、38.2%、65.1%和48.1%;土壤有效磷含量有随施入磷素量的增加而增加趋势;而CK处理土壤有机质和养分含量则均呈逐年下降的趋势。各处理土壤有机质和养分含量(Y)随试验年限(X)的变化均可用方程式Y=a X+b来表示。在洞庭湖区肥力较高的旱地土壤中,合理的有机肥和化肥施用比例对保障非粮作物高产稳产和耕地地力提升尤为重要,且本试验条件下当有机肥来源氮占总施氮量的50%时能获得最佳效果。     

中国东部精细农业中N肥施用的最新动态和建议

The Taihu Region in eastern China is one of China‘s most intensive agricultural regions and also one of the economic ally most developed areas. High nitrogen balance surpluses in the summer rice-winter wheat double-cropping systems are leading to large-scMe non-point source pollution of aquifers. In an interdisciplinary approach, four-year (1995-1998) field trials were carried out in two representative areas (Jurong County and Wuxi City) of the Taihu Region. Five farmers‘ field sites were chosen in each of the 2 locations, with each site divided into “standard“ (farmers‘ practice) and “reduced“ (by 30%-40%) N fertilization. For both fertilization intensities, N balance surpluses and monetary returns from grain sales minus fertilizer expenditures were calculated in an economic assessment. Based on the field trials, the mineral N fertilizer application rates reduced by about 10% for rice and 20%-30% for wheat were recommended in 1999. Since 1999, the research focused on the trends in N fertilizer application rates and changes in grain and agricultural commodities prices. Summer rice N fertilizer use, in Wuxi City as of 2001, dropped by roughly 25%, while for winter wheat it decreased by 10%-20%, compared to the 1995-1998 period. This has been achieved not only by grain policy and price changes, but also by an increased environmental awareness from government officials. Nitrogen balance surpluses in Anzhen Town (of Wuxi City) have consequently diminished by 50%-75% in rice and by up to 40% in wheat, with reductions being achieved without concomitant decreases in physical grain yields or returns from sales minus fertilizer costs.     

稻麦轮作农田氮素循环的DNDC模型分析

基于长江中下游稻麦轮作体系的氮肥施用田间试验,采用Denitrification- Decomposition model (DNDC) 模型研究了气候条件、土壤属性、农业管理等输入因素的不确定性对子粒产量、作物氮吸收、氨挥发、N2O排放等预测结果的影响。结果显示:采用DNDC模型模拟的土壤氨挥发速率和N2O排放通量与田间实测结果较为吻合,氨挥发通量模拟值与实测值相关系数为0.688,N2O排放通量模拟值与实测值相关系数为0.528,均达极显著水平,表明DNDC模型预测农田土壤氮素具有较高可信度。模拟结果显示,气温和氮肥用量是影响作物产量和吸氮量的关键因素;土壤氨挥发主要受氮肥品种影响,并随氮肥用量增加而增加;土壤N2O排放主要受温度、土壤pH值、土壤有机碳含量的影响。为使DNDC能更有效地估算氨挥发和N2O排放,有必要获取更翔实的资料以减少输入数据的不确定性。     

田间原位试验分析长期机械作业下稻麦轮作地块土壤入渗性能

田间原位不同深度入渗试验是表达土壤分层状态、展示土层物理分异以及定量土壤剖面水功能变化的关键。为了探究不同深度水稻土的入渗能力及保水作用,该研究以华东稻麦轮作区小农户长期机械化耕整模式下代表地块的土层分异为目标,设计田间原位不同深度入渗试验。在试验地块内开挖7个不同深度的入渗坑并在坑底进行入渗试验,然后渗透48 h分层测取土壤含水率,研究不同坑底深度（坑深）土壤的入渗能力和入渗后各土层含水率的变化。结果表明,不同深度入渗试验准确表达了不同坑深土壤的水分入渗及土层持水分异,同时也能清晰地鉴别出犁底层所在位置和厚度,犁底层始于15 cm深,且耕作层与犁底层分异明显,耕作层平均紧实度为1 005.79 kPa,犁底层平均紧实度为1 910.73 kPa;土壤剖面分析表明,耕作层土壤形态疏松,根系分布稠密,犁底层土壤容重大,孔隙度小,透水性差,心土层土壤铁锰斑点较多,结构性差;土壤入渗参数随坑深的增加而减少,其中0～15 cm坑深范围内平均的平均入渗速率和累计入渗量分别为>20～30 cm的17.04倍和18.06倍;通过对比初始含水率和渗透48 h后含水率,得到坑深在15 cm范围内的...     

氮肥和秸秆施用对稻麦轮作体系下土壤剖面N_2O时空分布的影响

通过气体原位采集系统对稻麦轮作体系下土壤剖面不同层次N2O浓度动态变化进行了两年田间原位监测。共设4个处理:对照(N0S0)、施氮无秸秆(N1S0)、配施低量秸秆(N1S1)以及配施高量秸秆(N1S2)。结果表明,土壤剖面N2O浓度具有明显的时空分布特征:各处理在小麦和水稻生长前期均出现明显的浓度峰值,施加氮肥加大峰值,添加高量秸秆降低峰值。水稻生长季N2O主要产生在近表层土壤(7 cm和15 cm),N2O浓度两年均为15 cm≥7 cm≥30 cm≥50 cm;小麦生长季N2O主要产生在下层土壤(30 cm和50 cm)。与N0S0相比,施加氮肥3个处理均显著增加土壤剖面各层次的N2O浓度(p0.05),其中N1S0处理各土层N2O浓度是N0S0处理对应土层的2倍~3倍。配施高量秸秆(N1S2)能显著减少近表层土壤N2O浓度。