Effects of water‐soluble constituents of plant residues on water uptake by seeds

Abstract

There has been strong support for the hypothesis that the adverse effects of plant residues on crop yields are due to phytotoxic compounds derived from these residues. This hypothesis is based largely on studies showing that, when compared with distilled water, aqueous extracts of plant residues have an adverse effect on seed germination and seedling growth. Because seed germination and seedling growth are reduced by a delay in germination resulting from slow uptake of water by seeds, we studied the possibility that the adverse effects of aqueous extracts of plant residues on seed germination and seedling growth might be at least partly due to water uptake by seeds being retarded by water‐soluble constituents of these residues. To test this possibility, we compared the rates of water uptake and germination of seeds of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merrill], and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) when these seeds were treated with distilled water and with aqueous extracts of corn, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and wheat residues. We found that the rates of water uptake and germination of seeds treated with aqueous extracts of plant residues were appreciably slower than the corresponding rates for seeds treated with distilled water. This may be due to the water potentials of these extracts (ca. ‐50 kPa) because when seeds of corn, sorghum, and wheat were treated with a solution of polyethylene glycol 8000 having a water potential similar to that of the extracts of plant residues tested, the rates of water uptake and germination were also slower than the corresponding rates for seeds treated with distilled water. These observations suggest that the adverse effects of aqueous extracts of plant residues on seed germination and seedling growth when compared with distilled water may be partly due to constituents of these extracts inducing water potential effects that reduce water uptake by germinating seeds.     

不同矿化度灌溉水对春小麦种子萌发特性的影响

为解决南疆小麦生产上日益缺水的问题,探索了小麦种子萌发对不同水质的响应,将3个春小麦品种的种子置于4种不同矿化度的水环境中进行发芽试验,对不同品种萌发和根系生长指标进行测定分析。结果表明:随着矿化度的升高,3个春小麦品种的萌发特性指标均下降。根据主成分分析将7个小麦萌发及根系生长指标简化为2个关键因子指标,建立综合评价体系,最终得出综合排名前三的处理分别为:蒸馏水浇灌新春15号、自来水浇灌新春15号和蒸馏水浇灌新春8号,主成分综合得分分别为1.56、0.81、0.53;微咸井水浇灌新春6号综合排名最低。综合分析认为,蒸馏水浇灌新春15号综合表现最好,但使用蒸馏水灌溉成本过高,由于新春15号耐盐性最强,可推荐在生产中应用;并结合实际情况推荐在当地春小麦生产中用绿化灌溉水全部或部分替代农业灌溉水进行灌溉。     

Influence of seed nitrogen content and biofertilizer priming on wheat germination in salinity stress conditions

In order to study the effects of seed nitrogen content and biofertilizer priming on germination indices of wheat seeds under salinity stress, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted in 2009. Experimental factors consisted of: (1) the application of different nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 55, 110 and 165 kg ha^?1 N) on parent plants; (2) priming of achieved seeds by biofertilizers (Nitragin, Biophosphorus and distilled water); and (3) different levels of salinity produced by NaCl (0, ?0.4, ?0.8 and ?1.2 MPa). Germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, germination index, radicle and plumule length, radicle and plumule dry weight and radicle number per seedling were measured. Nitrogen application increased seed nitrogen content in parent plants. All germination indices decreased with increasing in salinity levels. Biofertilizer priming, especially Nitragin, had a positive effect on germination percentage, radicle number and radicle and plumule length in most salinity levels. The highest values for germination factors were related to achieved seeds from parent plants that were treated with 110 kg ha^?1 N. Overall, application of middle levels of N fertilizer (55 and 110 kg ha^?1 N) on parent plants combined with seed priming with Nitragin biofertilizer improved the germination indices of wheat under salinity stress.     

马铃薯对瓜列当种子萌发的化感作用研究

瓜列当给瓜类等经济作物造成较大危害。本研究采用盆栽4个推广马铃薯品种"夏波蒂"、"青薯168"、"冀张薯5号"和"克新1号",以不同生长时期(幼苗期、开花期和结薯期)马铃薯根际土、根系和地上部的浸提液(甲醇和水)刺激瓜列当种子萌发,根据发芽率来判定其对瓜列当化感作用的强弱,同时筛选刺激瓜列当发芽率高的品种用于列当杂草的防除。结果表明,马铃薯能刺激瓜列当种子萌发;不同马铃薯品种对瓜列当的化感作用各有差异,随着马铃薯的生长,根际土中化感物质积累不断升高,根系化感作用逐渐减弱,而地上部化感作用逐渐增强。甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子发芽率高于水浸提液,即甲醇浸提化感作用效果较好。"夏波蒂"根系甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子的发芽率在幼苗期最高,为48.5%;而地上部甲醇浸提液处理的发芽率在结薯期最高,为51.2%。可以在瓜列当危害的农田轮作"夏波蒂"5~8年,同时采用马铃薯秸秆还田来减少土壤中瓜列当种子库,达到防除瓜列当危害的目的。     

60Co-γ射线辐射对金花菜种子生物学效应的影响

为探明⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射对金花菜(Medicago polymorpha L.)种子的生物学影响,本研究以金花菜干种子为材料,设置不同剂量(0、400、600、800、1 000、1 200 Gy)辐射处理,测定了发芽率、植株存活率、幼苗株高、分枝数、开花数量、荚果数量等指标,利用直线回归方程计算金花菜干种子的半致死剂量(LD₅₀)。结果表明,辐射剂量为400 Gy可显著提高金花菜种子的发芽率,发芽率随着辐射剂量的增加(400~1 200 Gy)逐渐降低;辐射剂量与成活率、幼苗株高、分枝数呈显著负相关;低剂量(≤600 Gy)可促进金花菜的种子萌发、生长和结实,高剂量(>600 Gy)则抑制金花菜的生长和结实;金花菜干种子辐射的LD₅₀为580 Gy。本研究结果为金花菜诱变育种提供了理论参考。     

Seed priming in nanoparticles of water treatment residual can increase the germination and growth of cucumber seedling under salinity stress

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was carried out to evaluate the impact of the nanoparticles of water treatment residuals (nWTRs) and salt stress on germination and growth parameters of cucumber seedling. The interaction between three nWTRs treatments (0, 500, and 1000 mgL^?1) nWTRs and five saline solution (fresh water: sea water) treatments had 0.70, 2, 3, 6, and 11?dSm^?1 were studied. The results revealed that increasing salinity levels significantly reduced the percentage of germination (GP) for the primed seeds treated in fresh water and nWTRs. The GP reduction was higher in seeds primed in fresh water compared to which primed in nWTRs. Salt stress negatively affected radicle length of cucumber seedling for both priming treatments. However, this impact was more pronounced for the primed seeds treated in fresh water than which treated in nWTRs at high salinity stress. Priming in nWTRs significantly decreased the root radius of cucumber seedlings, and the1000 mgL^?1 priming treatment obtained a lowest value of radicle radius. Increasing salt concentration in culture medium reduced total biomass of cucumber seedling, however for the primed seeds treated in nWTRs, the total biomass was increased in comparison with which treated in fresh water. Salt tolerance and vigor indices were significantly (p?<?0.01) affected by salinity levels, nWTRs treatments and their interaction. It can be concluded that nWTRs are ameliorating materials for plant growth under salt stress conditions.     

小麦种子发芽率近红外定量分析模型的优化

The backward interval partial least squares (BiPLS) and the synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS) were applied to select the characteristic spectral regions representing the germination rate of 84 wheat seeds and build the near infrared (NIR) quantitative analysis model of wheat seed germination rate.Results from comparison showed that the models built by two variable selection methods had better predictive ability than full-spectral partial least squares(PLS) model.The optimal model was obtained by SiPLS with the calibration and prediction correlation coefficient(R) at 0.902 and 0.967 respectively, and ratio of performance to standard deviate (RPD) at 3.75.Based on this, the physical chemistry significance of characteristic spectral regions was analyzed.The characteristic spectral of wheat seed germination rate contained characteristic peaks of water, protein, starch, fiber, which were the internal nutrients of the seed that influence the germination ability, thus explaining the mechanism of measuring wheat seed germination rate using NIR to a certain extent.     

零磁空间诱变小麦的生物效应研究

研究了零磁空间处理小麦风干种子以及在小麦花药培养过程中附加零磁空间处理的生物遗传学效应。结果表明 ,小麦种子在零磁空间处理 1 80d以上会明显抑制种子萌发和幼苗生长 ,表现出与传统γ射线处理完全不同的生物效应 ;在小麦花药愈伤组织诱导过程中附加一定周期的零磁空间处理 ,对小麦雄核发育和最终形成愈伤细胞团有一定的刺激作用 ,有助于促进高质量愈伤组织及其绿苗的获得率。零磁空间处理丰富了小麦花培后代的变异类型 ,提高了小麦花培育种选择的效率     

保水剂对4种典型荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究不同保水剂用量对4种典型荒漠植物种子萌发的影响,筛选种子包衣保水剂的适宜用量,为荒漠区植被恢复和荒漠化防治提供科学依据。[方法]以红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、泡果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)、花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)4种典型荒漠植物为研究对象,采用1%,4%,7%,10%,13%的保水剂对4种种子进行处理,测定4种种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数。[结果]随保水剂用量的增加柠条种子发芽率呈现下降趋势,花棒、泡果白刺和红砂呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当保水剂用量为4%时发芽率最高;不同量保水剂处理对柠条和红砂种子发芽势影响显著(p0.05)。随着保水剂用量的增加发芽势均呈现先增加后减小趋势,当保水剂用量为1%时柠条种子发芽势最高,4%时花棒、泡果白刺和红砂种子的发芽势最高;不同量保水剂处理对柠条、泡果白刺和红砂种子平均发芽速率和发芽指数影响显著(p0.05),泡果白刺和红砂种子随着保水剂用量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当保水剂用量为4%时平均发芽速率和发芽指数最高,当保水剂用量为1%时,柠条种子发芽指数最大。[结论]保水剂用量对种子萌发的影响因物种而各异,适量的保水剂对典型荒漠植物种子的萌发具有促进作用。     

黔中废弃煤矿区酸性排水污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响

通过对贵阳市花溪区麦坪乡废弃煤矿区酸性排水进行样品收集与分析,探讨煤矿酸性排水的污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,在煤矿附近50～350m距离内溪沟水pH变化达2.35～6.3,污染物主要以SO24-、Fe、Mn为主;矸石堆洼地蓄积水完全抑制两种植物的萌发;距井口50m溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜都表现为种子发芽后发霉死亡;距井口100m处溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜和水稻的种子发芽率、幼苗鲜重和干重、发芽指数和简化活力指数与对照（蒸馏水处理）之间均存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）。煤矿酸性排水胁迫下,水稻各项指标变幅低于油菜,说明物种耐性强度为水稻〉油菜。     

介质阻挡放电低温等离子体处理对小麦种子活力及幼苗生理的影响

为揭示低温等离子体处理对小麦种子活力及幼苗生理特性的影响,该研究以济麦22、百农307为处理对象,对其进行不同时长（0、6、9、12、15 s）的介质阻挡放电（dielectric barrier discharge,DBD）低温等离子体处理,分析其对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、种皮形态结构、幼苗代谢生理及抗氧化性指标的影响。结果表明：以氩气为气源的DBD低温等离子体处理明显提高了小麦种子发芽率及其幼苗根苗长、鲜干重、活力指数;各处理时长条件下小麦种子吸水率均有所增加,当处理时间为9 s时,两种小麦种子的吸水率增幅最大,分别显著增加了6.4%（济麦22）、5.9%（百农307）（P<0.05）;小麦种子接触角随处理时间的延长而逐渐减小,表明其润湿性能逐渐提高;处理9 s时小麦的种皮结构组织轮廓模糊,呈现明显裂纹;处理后小麦种子的新生幼苗中光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量均得到不同程度的增加;处理后小麦种子的新生幼苗抗氧化能力有所提高,当处理时间为9 s时,两种小麦幼苗中的丙二醛含量降幅最大,分别显著降低了15.6%（济麦22）、18.0%（百农307）（P<0.05）。因此,DBD低温等离子体有效改善了小麦种子活力及其幼苗生理特性,可作为潜在的种子强化方法用于提高作物生产中的种子质量及促进后续小麦生长。     

Effect of aluminium and calcium on growth of wheat seedlings and germination of seeds

Two separate experiments were conducted to investigate the aluminium (Al) and calcium (Ca) effects on wheat seedling growth and on seed germination. Wheat (Tritcum aestivum L, cs Yangmai No. 5) seedlings were grown for a 15‐day period and treated with 0.5 mM Al with low Ca (1 mM Ca) or high Ca (5 mM Ca). The growth of seedlings was signficantly inhibited by Al. Supplement of Ca improved the growth of Al‐treated plants, increased dry matter weight of plant and leaf area, and decreased shoot/root ratio. This showed that Ca ameliorated Al toxicity in wheat. In experiments on seed germination, Al concentrations less than 2 mM in the germinating medium had little or no visible effect on length of shoot and root of germinating seed. The germinating rate of seed was not affected significantly by Al, when Al concentrations lower than 5 mM Al. The addition of 3 mM Ca did not increase the length of shoot and root and germination rate of seeds. Both pretreatments with 6 mM Ca and 1 μM GA had no significant effect on the length of shoot and root and amylolytic activity of Al‐treated germinating seeds. No significant differences were found in the total amylolytic activity in Al‐treated and control seeds two days and five days after germination. The results of Al and Ca effects on seedlings and seed germination showed that Al‐toxicity on germinating seeds was different from on seedling growth. The high concentrations of Al inhibit growth of roots and shoots of germinating seeds by other toxicity mechanism rather than interaction of Al with Ca and mobilization of carbohydrate reserves.     

小麦种子发芽率近红外定量分析模型的优化（英文）

The backward interval partial least squares(Bi PLS)and the synergy interval partial least squares(Si PLS)were applied to select the characteristic spectral regions representing the germination rate of 84 wheat seeds and build the near infrared(NIR)quantitative analysis model of wheat seed germination rate.Results from comparison showed that the models built by two variable selection methods had better predictive ability than full-spectral partial least squares(PLS)model.The optimal model was obtained by Si PLS with the calibration and prediction correlation coefficient(R)at 0.902 and 0.967 respectively,and ratio of performance to standard deviate(RPD)at 3.75.Based on this,the physical chemistry significance of characteristic spectral regions was analyzed.The characteristic spectral of wheat seed germination rate contained characteristic peaks of water,protein,starch,fiber,which were the internal nutrients of the seed that influence the germination ability,thus explaining the mechanism of measuring wheat seed germination rate using NIR to a certain extent.     

超低温小麦种子和幼苗保存及遗传变异分析

 以小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种周98165和开18的种子与幼苗为材料,对它们超低温（液氨中）保存前后的发芽和成活率及田间生长指标进行了研究,并采用AFLP和MSAP技术对其遗传稳定性作了初步探讨。结果表明,小麦种子经超低温保存后,其发芽率和成活率与对照相比有一定的差异,但田间生长,除分蘖数稍低于对照外,其他生长指标与对照相比没有明显区别。而超低温保存后的幼苗,各项生长指标与对照均有显著差异。AFLP技术分析了超低温保存前后的样品,同一品种不同处理间的AFLP带型一致,统计的1500多条带中未见明显差异带型,表明在超低温保存前后无论是种子还是幼苗,其基因组DNA序列均没有发生变异。进一步用MSAP技术分析了超低温保存后的样品的甲基化水平,13对引物共扩增出590多条清晰的带,与对照相比,超低温保存后的材料均产生了不同程度的甲基化变化。其中变异带最多的达83条,变异率高达13.67%,且脱甲基化变化是主要趋势。     

DCPTA对干旱胁迫下玉米种子萌发影响的无损检测

为探究2-(3,4-二氯苯氧基)乙基二乙胺(2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy) ethyl triethylamine,DCPTA)在干旱胁迫下对玉米种子萌发的影响,使用聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol-6 000,PEG-6 000)和浓度为0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/L的DCPTA混合溶液对玉米种子进行浸泡处理,采用种子标准发芽试验总结得出不同浓度的DCPTA对玉米种子发芽情况影响的规律,再结合低场核磁共振(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)及核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术,通过研究其内部水分变化情况、水分迁移规律及水分分布特征解释造成该结果的原因。试验结果表明:一定浓度的DCPTA可以提高玉米种子萌发过程中的耐旱性能,加快种子内部水分的存储速率,提供种子萌发所需的水分条件,减轻干旱胁迫对玉米种子造成的损害。DCPTA对玉米种子干旱胁迫的缓解效果随着其浓度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,以1.0 mg/L的DCPTA处理效果最显著(P<0.05)...     

Effect of municipal solid waste compost on seed germination of rice,wheat and cucumber

Water extracts of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) were applied to seed of three crops v - v rice ( Oryza sativa, L.), wheat ( Triticum aestivum, L.) and cucumber ( Cucumis sativa, L.). Severe suppression of germination index (GI), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were observed with the seeds treated with 1 v : v 7.5 MSWC v : v water extracts. A significant positive relationship was observed between the above mentioned parameters and organic carbon, nitrogen and optical density. A significant negative relationship between the above parameters and the contents of ammonia and heavy metals was also found. When comparing the three different seeds, wheat was most sensitive, followed by rice and then cucumber in terms of germination index, germination (%), root and shoot growth.     

磁粉包衣丸粒化蔬菜种子活力性能试验

为了满足磁吸式精密播种需要,提出了一种以滑石粉和细铁粉为填料的磁粉包衣剂。通过对白菜和甘蓝2种蔬菜种子的磁粉包衣丸粒化和磁化处理,试验研究了不同铁粉含量的磁粉剂在外磁场磁化作用下,对白菜、甘蓝种子发芽率、发芽势、活力指数的综合影响。试验结果表明：磁粉包衣丸粒化对种子早期萌发有抑制作用,但磁粉剂中铁粉质量分数控制在20%以内时,在磁场综合作用下,能明显提高种子后期的发芽率和活力指数,改善幼苗素质,促进幼苗根茎生长,根据试验得出的发芽率、发芽势、活力指数和幼苗素质,得到丸粒化用磁粉剂铁粉最佳质量分数：白菜种子为20%,甘蓝种子为10%,2种种子的磁化磁场强度为100 mT,研究结果为推动磁吸式精密播种技术的应用提供了试验依据。     

小麦与油菜种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的反应研究

用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0模拟酸雨处理小麦和油菜种子试验结果表明,pH2.0时小麦和油菜种子不发芽,pH2.5时只有小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时小麦和油菜种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均与pH值显著正相关,小麦异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低。小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率、贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;小麦和油菜的根、芽长抑制指数均与pH值显著负相关,且小麦抗酸雨胁迫能力强于油菜。     

槟榔芋萌发早期的营养物质及激素水平变化研究

为探究槟榔芋苯点部位萌发早期的营养物质与激素水平变化规律,以槟榔芋为研究对象,测定不同发芽程度槟榔芋芽点部位淀粉、蛋白质、水分等营养物质含量的变化,并基于低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)技术探究槟榔芋萌发早期的水分迁移分布状况,同时测定脱落酸(ABA)及赤霉素(GA₃)等激素水平的变化。结果表明,距球茎顶端越远,发芽槟榔芋的淀粉含量越高;发芽程度越高,芋头球茎顶端蛋白质含量越低;3种发芽长度槟榔芋距球茎顶端2 cm处的水分含量最低;经过低场核磁共振检测发现,越靠近芋头球茎中心,水分活跃度越高,且随着槟榔芋萌芽长度的增加,结合水逐渐向半结合水转变;核磁共振成像结果显示,短芽芋头含水率最高,长芽芋头最低;短芽及中芽芋头的3个部位(块茎、芽、根须)中根须部位ABA含量最高,而长芽芋头3个部位的ABA含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);短芽芋头的GA₃含量在3个部位无显著差异(P>0.05),中芽及长芽芋头芽部位GA₃含量最高。本研究结果为探索槟榔芋休眠及贮藏后的萌发规律提供了理论支持。     

电子束对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为了确定电子束对番茄种子及幼苗的影响,本试验采用200、300、400、500和600 Gy 5个剂量的电子束分别辐照两个番茄品种黄盆栽和1479的干种子,以未辐照种子为对照,分析电子束处理对番茄种子萌发及其幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,随着电子束辐照剂量的增加,黄盆栽和1479种子的发芽率逐渐降低;当电子束剂量达到600 Gy时,黄盆栽和1479种子的发芽率分别为对照的97.2%和77.2%。此外,随着电子束辐照剂量的增加,番茄幼苗叶片内渗透调节物质,如游离脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,其中Pro含量增加最为明显;抗氧化酶活性也发生一定的变化,但无明显规律性。总之,不同剂量电子束对番茄种子的影响不同,相同剂量的电子束对不同品种番茄种子的影响也有显著差异,黄盆栽抗辐射能力较1479强。本研究结果为电子束辐照技术在番茄诱变育种中的应用提供了理论指导。