种子引发对NaCl胁迫下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

以耐盐性强的晋农207和耐盐性弱的运麦218两个冬小麦品种种子为试材,用20%的PEG及100mmol/L的KNO3水溶液对种子进行引发处理.研究模拟NaCl胁迫环境下引发处理对小麦种子发芽、幼苗耐盐性及幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明:两种引发处理不同程度地提高了2个品种小麦的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数;使2个小...     

Sugar beet yield as affected by seed priming and weed control

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of different priming techniques on the germination characteristics and competition of weeds in sugar beet in 2008–2009. Three priming times and four priming methods were used in a laboratory study, and four priming treatments and four redroot pigweed densities (0, 4, 8 and 12 plants m^?2) were used in a field study. Sugar beet seeds were treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000), NaCl (1.5 N) and HCl (0.1 N) for 2, 4 and 6 h. Seed characteristics were significantly affected by HCl (0.1 N) treatment for 6 h. In this treatment, the germination percentage was 25 and 9% higher than control and NaCl (1.5 N) treatments after a similar time. An intermediate and low effect has been shown with NaCl (1.5 N) and PEG 8000 seed priming, respectively. Sugar beet root yield was reduced by 13, 54 and 89% compared with control treatment (without weed) at redroot pigweed densities of 4, 8 and 12 plants m^?2, respectively. Sugar beet seeds primed with HCl (0.1 N) for 6 h gave a higher root yield than unprimed seeeds and the other primed seeds treatments. Overall, the results showed that weed control can significantly increase sugar beet yield and the seed priming technique can be used for weed control.     

蛋白质水解物引发提升盐胁迫棉花幼苗光合作用和生理活性

目的以蛋白质水解物(PHs)作为棉花种子的引发剂,研究其对盐胁迫下棉花苗期生长、光合参数及生理状况的影响,探究PHs对棉花耐盐性的调控效应。方法首先进行发芽试验,设置PHs浓度0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6、3.2 g/L 7个处理和1个不引发对照,引发8 h;在PHs 0.4 g/L下,设置4个引发时间处理：0、8、16、24 h,引发处理后的种子在含NaCl 150 mg/kg的砂子中进行发芽,连续7天调查种子发芽率和下胚轴长度。然后进行双因素完全随机盆栽试验,设置3个NaCl盐胁迫水平：0.52 (S1)、2.52 (S2)、4.52 g/kg (S3),5个PHs引发浓度水平：不引发(CK)、PHs 0 g/L引发(P0)、PHs 0.2 g/L引发(P1)、PHs 0.5 g/L引发(P2)、PHs 0.8 g/L引发(P3),共15个处理。待棉花出苗后55天,测量棉花生长指标,分析叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量。结果在盐胁迫下,引发处理显著提高了棉花的发芽率和下胚轴长度,引发剂处理的最佳浓度为0.4 g/L,对发芽率的最佳引发时间为8 h,但引发时长对棉花下胚轴长度影响不显著。随着盐胁迫程度的加重,棉花株高、茎粗、生物量显著降低,叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量先上升后下降,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率不断下降,类胡萝卜素、胞间CO₂浓度、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量则不断上升。S2、S3盐胁迫水平下,PHs引发处理(P1、P2、P3)的棉花株高相比于P0处理变化不显著,但叶、根、总生物量显著提高,增幅表现为P2>P3>P1,其中P2处理还显著提高了茎粗和茎生物量;棉花叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著提高,提升效果表现为P2>P1>P3;叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著提高,表现为P2>P3>P1;胞间CO₂浓度显著降低,降幅表现为P2P3>P1,MDA降低幅度表现为P2>P3>P1。相比于无盐胁迫的S1处理,S3处理下的棉花游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著升高,S2、S3处理下的可溶性蛋白质含量显著降低;S2、S3盐胁迫程度下,P2、P3引发显著提高了棉花游离Pro、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,整体表现为P2>P3。结论在盐胁迫条件下,采用适宜浓度的蛋白质水解物对棉花种子进行引发处理,可有效提高种子发芽率和下胚轴长度,并提高棉花苗期叶片光合色素含量及光合速率,促进棉花生物量的积累,提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的含量,提高苗期棉花对盐胁迫的抵御能力。蛋白质水解物的适宜引发浓度为0.5 g/L,时间为8 h。     

2种紫花苜蓿耐盐生理特性的初步研究

为研究2种紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa L.)“阿迪娜”(耐盐基因型)和“秘鲁”(敏盐基因型)在盐胁迫处理下的生理特性与耐盐机理,采用150mmol/LNaCl胁迫处理2种紫花苜蓿幼苗,分别测定盐处理前和处理后2,4,6,8,16h的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(PRO)、相对含水量(RWC)和叶绿素(Chl)含量。结果表明:2种紫花苜蓿的过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量在盐胁迫下总体呈上升趋势,脯氨酸含量和相对含水量表现出相反的趋势。叶绿素含量在盐胁迫前期稳定不变,但在胁迫后期显著性下降;2种紫花苜蓿的相对含水量和叶绿素含量的变化趋势与植株表型变化相对应。主成分分析表明,过氧化氢酶和丙二醛的贡献率最大,能更好地为苜蓿耐盐机理及分子育种研究提供理论依据。     

种子贮藏物质与萌发的关系

种子萌发是植物生长的关键初始阶段,种子贮藏物质在种子萌发过程中起到重要作用,萌发过程中贮藏物质代谢也因物质类型和物种不同而异。本文评述了种子中三大贮藏物质,糖类、蛋白质和脂肪及其代谢产物在种子中的作用和对种子活力及萌发的影响,阐述了不同类型种子萌发过程中的贮藏物质代谢过程,以及逆境(如温度、干旱、盐碱胁迫)条件下,贮藏物质在萌发胁迫耐受方面所起的作用,同时对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

不同引发剂处理对水分胁迫下小麦发芽及幼苗生理特性的影响

为了解不同引发处理对水分胁迫下小麦萌发特性的生理机制差异,以半冬性小麦品种周麦18为试验材料,分别用H2O、0.25μM茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)、20%聚乙二醇(PEG)、0.25μM Me JA+20%PEG引发处理6、12、18、24 h,然后在浓度为15%的PEG溶液中进行发芽试验,并测定幼苗生理指标。结果表明,4种引发剂处理均能显著提高小麦种子在水分胁迫下的发芽特性,促进幼苗生长,其中H2O和Me JA均在引发处理12 h效果最好,而PEG和Me JA+PEG均在引发处理18 h效果最好。在最佳引发时间条件下,4种引发处理均能显著降低小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量,加速小麦种子内部碳水化合物代谢,提高渗透调节物质含量;同时,显著提高酶促抗氧化系统的活性,有利于水分胁迫下小麦的生长。因此,适当的引发处理能增强水分胁迫下小麦种子的萌发能力,维持膜系统的稳定性,增强渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,保证生物量的积累。本研究结果为旱地小麦栽培提供了理论依据。     

聚乙二醇引发对盐胁迫下棉种萌发及生理特性的影响

为提高棉花在盐胁迫下的出苗率,争取全苗、壮苗,以棉花种子为试验材料,使用蒸馏水和5％、10％、15％聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)进行6、12、24 h引发,根据发芽势(GP)和发芽率(GR)筛选出最适引发条件.后续以未引发种子为对照,使用筛选出的最佳引发条件进行引发,分别于4个NaCl浓度(0、50、100、150 m...     

大麦空间诱变SP2和SP3代萌发期耐盐性变异

以卫星搭载大麦品种花30种子的180份SP2代和14份SP3代作为供试材料,设置0和5.0g/LNaCl溶液25℃、12h浸种后,分别置于含NaCl 0和15g/L的溶液中发芽,比较种子萌发阶段的耐盐性。结果表明:供试材料在主根长度、发根数、芽鞘长度和发芽率影响率上均存在广泛变异;大部分材料的直接表达型耐盐性比花30的高,而诱导表达型耐盐性比花30的低;直接表达型耐盐性可以遗传,而诱导表达型耐盐性不能传递给后代。     

Salt tolerance of Elaeagnus macrophylla and Frankia Ema1 strain isolated from the root nodules of E. macrophylla

Effects of NaCl on the seed germination and growth of Elaeagnus macrophylla seedlings and multiplication of Frankia Ema1 strain isolated from the root nodules of E. macrophylla were examined. The germination rate of seeds was not reduced by N aCI at 50 mM, but was reduced with further increase of the concentration, and germination did not occur at 200 mM NaCl. Root nodules were formed in the seedlings treated with 100 mM NaCl. The fresh and dry weight of the seedlings slightly decreased by the increase of the concentration of NaCl and the rate of decrease was 10–20% at NaCl concentrations higher than 100 mM. However, Na+ concentrations in the shoot increased up to 300 mM by treatment with N aCI at a concentration above 50 mM for 30 d and in some plants the lower leaves fell. The growth of free-living Frankia was markedly suppressed and the hyphae became thick and short in the solution at 100 mM NaCl. This trend was more obvious at 200 mM NaCl. Na⁺ concentration in the cells in the medium with 200 mM NaCl was lower than 20 mM and the cells underwent multiplication again when they were transferred to the medium which did not contain N aCl. These results indicate that the salt tolerance of E. macrophylla seedlings was not very high and the threshold for NaCl ranged between 50 and 100 mM, whereas Frankia Ema1 strain was able to survive in a much higher salt environment.     

Tolerant varieties and exogenous application of nutrients can effectively manage drought stress in rice

ABSTRACT

Common abiotic stresses in rain-fed rice areas like drought can occur at any phase of crop growth and may occur periodically. Variation in intensity and severity of drought requires the use of different rice varieties and different nutrient management strategies. This study evaluated the morphological and physiological response of contrasting rice cultivars (Rajalaxmi, IR64, and Sahbhagidhan) to various nutrient combinations under water sufficience and scarce conditions. Drought stress at vegetative stage significantly reduced tiller formation, dry matter remobilization, and photosynthesis, leading to around 41.6% yield reduction. The effect of drought stress was more evident in Rajalaxmi and IR64 by a yield reduction of 57.4% and 43.2% as against only 24.3% in Sahbhagidhan. The combined application of nutrients resulted in higher proline accumulation, chlorophyll and carbohydrate concentrations, and photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes, ultimately better tolerance to drought. This is reflected in higher values of tolerance indices and low scores of leaf drying and leaf rolling, especially for Sahbhagidhan. The combined application of P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe resulted in 52.9, 53.3, 48.9% higher yield over P or K application. Rice drought tolerance can be managed by combining breeding of drought-tolerant high yielding varieties with the proper application of fertilizer nutrients.     

灌水矿化度及土壤含盐量对南疆棉花出苗率的影响

为获知新疆棉花苗期耐盐度阀值及其影响因素,该文进行了不同灌水矿化度单因素及不同灌水矿化度和土壤含盐量2种组合因素对棉花出苗的耐盐性试验研究,结果表明,灌水矿化度及土壤含盐量均与棉花相对出苗率呈线性负相关;而灌水矿化度则随土壤盐碱程度的不同而改变,当土壤盐质量分数在0.33%以下,灌水矿化度不超过5 g/L,土壤盐质量分数在0.33%～0.5%之间灌水矿化度不超过3 g/L,土壤盐质量分数大于0.5%时,则应采用淡水灌溉;从对比这2种因素对出苗率的影响来看,在中度及以下盐渍土壤中,灌水矿化度的影响较土壤含盐量的大;同时结合大田出苗率调查,则表明在轻度盐碱土中灌水矿化度的临界值为4.28 g/L,而对土壤而言棉花苗期的耐盐阀值则为0.58%。该研究为进一步研究棉花耐盐性提供参考,对指导新疆棉花生产具有重要意义。     

磷施用量对烤烟根系生理及叶片光合特性的影响

【目的】根系作为吸收水分和养分的重要器官,其生理功能的强弱对烟草地上部分的生长发育有重要的影响。本研究分析磷施用量对烤烟不同生育期根系生理和叶片光合生理的影响,初步阐明磷素对烤烟生长的生理效应,明确烤烟品质形成的生理基础,为生产中合理施磷提供一定的参考。【方法】2014年在河南农业大学采用盆栽土培试验,设置四个处理,各处理P2O5用量分别为0(CK)、 3.5(T1)、 7.0(T2)和10.5 g/plant(T3),N用量为3.5 g/plant,N∶K2O=1∶3。在烤烟不同生育时期测定各处理烟株的根系活力、 根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积等根系生理指标以及中部叶的叶面积、 叶绿素含量和叶片的光合指标。【结果】在整个生育期内,T2处理烟株的根系活力强、 根系总吸收表面积和根系活跃吸收表面积大。团棵期(移栽后30 d左右)随施磷量的增加,上述根系生理指标及中部叶叶面积、 叶绿素含量不断增加,T3处理显著高于不施磷处理; 成熟期(移栽后90 d左右)T3处理叶片的叶绿素含量较其他处理下降更快。随生育期的推进,各处理叶片的净光合速率、 蒸腾速率、 气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度均呈现先升后降的变化趋势,在移栽后60 d达到最大值。与其它处理相比,T2处理叶片的净光合速率、 蒸腾速率和气孔导度在整个生育期内均最大,且在移栽后60 d时显著高于CK处理。根冠比随生育期的推进呈波动变化,但整体表现出上升的趋势。在整个生育期内,T3处理的根冠比最大,其次为CK,T1、 T2处理的根冠比相对较小。【结论】施用P2O5 10.5 g/plant的烟株在团棵期快速生长及成熟期叶绿素含量迅速下降的现象证明,在一定范围内,充足的磷素供应能促进烟株生育前期根系发育、 叶片扩展,生长后期烟叶适时落黄。磷用量对叶片光合性能和烟株根冠比的作用证明,磷素对叶片光合性能的促进作用建立在烟株根、 冠结构和功能协调一致的基础上,当根、 冠生长的协调性被打破,其叶片的净光合速率也随之降低。施用P2O5 7.0 g/plant 烟株整体表现最优,而施用P2O5 3.5 g/plant在基本满足烟株正常生长的同时能够降低生产成本,这对生产中如何确定磷肥的施用量提供了一定的参考。     

Effect of Salinity on Seedling Emergence of Seven Banksia Species Cultivated for Cut Flower and Foliage

ABSTRACT

Seven Banksia species were tested in order to determine their salinity tolerance at seedling emergence. Five water salinity levels (0.5, 1.7, 2.7, 4.8, and 8.2 dS m^?1 for B. burdettii, B. hookeriana, B. menziesii, and B. victoriae; and 0.2, 1.3, 2.4, 4.7, and 8.5 dS m^?1 for B. coccinea, B. occidentalis, and B. speciosa) were imposed by irrigating with water that contained sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) (normal ratio 2:1). With regards to seedling emergence rates, the species that showed greater salinity tolerance were B. menziesii and B. occidentalis. With regards to the seedling emergence percentages, B. speciosa was the most salinity-tolerant. The calculation of the thresholds expressed as electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract gave that, at seedling emergence, B. speciosa and B. occidentalis are moderately tolerant to salinity, B. menziesii, B. coccinea, and B. hookeriana are moderately sensitive to salinity, and B. burdettii and B. victoriae are sensitive to salinity.     

Inducing Salt Tolerance in Wheat by Exogenously Applied Ascorbic Acid through Different Modes

ABSTRACT

In order to assess whether exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) through different ways could alleviate the adverse effects of salt-induced adverse effects on two wheat cultivars differing in salinity tolerance, plants of a salt tolerant (‘S-24’) and a moderately salt sensitive (‘MH-97’) cultivar were grown at 0 or 120 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). Ascorbic acid (100 mg L^?1) was applied through the rooting medium, or as seed soaking or as foliar spray to non-stressed and salt stressed plants of wheat. Salt stress-induced reduction in growth was ameliorated by exogenous application of ascorbic acid through different ways. However, root applied AsA caused more growth enhancement under saline conditions. Leaf ascorbic acid, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were also maximal in salt stressed plants of both cultivars treated with AsA through the rooting medium. Furthermore, leaf ascorbic acid, CAT, POD, and SOD activities were higher in salt stressed plants of ‘S-24’ than those of ‘MH-97’. Root applied AsA caused more enhancements in photosynthetic rate. Root applied AsA caused more reduction in leaf sodium (Na⁺) compared with AsA applied as a seed soaking or foliar spray. Overall, AsA-induced growth improvement in these two wheat cultivars under saline conditions was cultivar specific and seemed to be associated with higher endogenous AsA, which triggered the antioxidant system and enhanced photosynthetic capacity.     

Intra‐specific variation for salt tolerance in a potential oil‐seed crop,brown mustard (Brassica juncea (l.) Czern. and Coss.)

Thirty eight accessions of brown mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.) were screened after two weeks growth in solution culture containing 120 mol m‐³ NaCl. Considerable variation for salt tolerance was observed in this set of germplasm, since some accessions showed relatively vigorous growth in saline medium.

In order to determine the consistency of degree of salt tolerance at different growth stages of crop life cycle two salt tolerant accessions, P‐15 and KS‐51 and two salt sensitive 85362 and 85605 were tested at the adult stage in 0(control), 100 and 200 mol m^‐3 NaCl. Both the tolerant accessions produced significantly greater fresh and dry biomass and had considerably higher seed yield than those of the salt sensitive accessions. Analysis of different ions in the leaves showed that salt tolerant accessions contained greater amounts of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ than the salt sensitive accessions, although they did not differ significantly for leaf Cl^‐. Only one salt tolerant accession P‐15 had greater leaf K/Na ratio and K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity compared with the tolerant KS‐51 and the two salt sensitive accessions.

From this study it was established that there is a considerable variation for salt tolerance in B.juncea which can be exploited by selection and breeding for improvement of its salt tolerance. Since the degree of salt tolerance in B.juncea does not change at different growth stages of the crop life cycle, selection for salt tolerance at the initial growth stages could provide individuals that would be tolerant at all other growth stages. Accumulation of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves are important components of salt tolerance in B.juncea.