不同密闭材料硫包衣尿素氮素释放特性及对夏玉米生长的影响响

通过静态水溶法和田间土培法,研究了采用石蜡和脲醛树脂作为密闭材料的硫包衣尿素养分释放特性;并通过田间试验研究这两种硫包衣尿素对夏玉米生长、产量、氮素利用效率、土壤硝态氮残留和净收益的影响。结果表明,采用石蜡和脲醛树脂作为密闭材料制造的两种硫包衣尿素SCUA和SCUB,其养分释放趋势均呈直线形,养分释放速率达到了中华人民共和国化工行业标准中硫包衣尿素（Ⅰ型）的条件指标。由于肥料所处环境条件的不同,SCUA和SCUB均表现出静态水溶法氮素养分溶出速度快于田间土培法的测定值,且SCUA养分释放速度略快于SCUB。利用脲醛树脂作为硫包衣尿素的密闭材料较石蜡每吨肥料制造原料成本降低49.39元。夏玉米田间试验中SCUA和SCUB减量30%处理玉米的植株生长及产量与普通尿素当地习惯施肥无显著性差异,且可以显著提高氮肥表观利用率,分别达到了40.45%和42.59%;收获时普通尿素当地习惯施肥处理（CK1）及减量30%处理（CK2） 60100cm土壤硝态氮含量显著高于硫包衣尿素处理。SCUA和SCUB在相同用量的情况下,净收益差异不显著,且减量30%的情况下仍可获得与普通尿素当地习惯施肥量相当的净收益。以脲醛树脂替代石蜡作为硫包衣尿素密闭材料是可行的,能达到节本增效的作用。     

Effects of manure-based urea pellets on growth,yield, and nitrate content in coriander,garden cress,and parsley plants

Various organic residues and animal manures represent an excellent matrix material for production of natural-based pellet fertilizers. Fully decomposed cow manure with 50% w/w urea was used for pellet production in densities of 400 or 800 kg/m³, representing low and high compact urea pellets. The growth of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) were then evaluated under application of these pelleted urea compared to urea alone and unfertilized plants. The total amount of applied nitrogen (N) in the form of urea or pelleted urea was 300 mg/kg soil, wherein pelleted urea treatments, 30% of N was incorporated into the soil as urea alone before planting. The results showed that application of pelleted urea in low and high compactness resulted in different plant responses in the three vegetable crops. Plant growth and biomass production was increased in plants treated with urea or low compact urea pellets. Leaf N concentration and the Soil-Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) index were increased by low but not by high compact urea pellet application. Regardless of compactness, pellet treated plants had less nitrate content compared to urea treated plants. Number of flowering plants in coriander and garden cress was higher with high compact urea pellet and in unfertilized plants, whereas plants treated with urea or with low compact urea pellet showed fewer flowering plants. So, for production of these leafy vegetables low compact pellet is preferred.     

硫磺树脂包膜尿素氮素释放与小麦、玉米需氮规律的匹配性及最佳配施比例

  【目的】  研究小麦、玉米专用硫磺树脂包膜尿素 (SRCU) 在水中和土壤中的氮素释放规律及其与作物氮素吸收的匹配性,并研究现有条件下其与普通尿素的配施比例,为调整该产品的氮素释放特征、提高其利用效率提供依据。  【方法】  本研究包括氮素静水、土壤释放规律试验以及缓控释尿素与普通尿素最佳配比试验。供试缓控释肥料静水释放期分别为3个月 (SRCU3) 和2个月 (SRCU2)。静水氮素释放试验取10.00 g SRCU于孔径为0.15 mm的尼龙袋中,置于200 mL无离子水内,在25℃恒温培养,定期取样,测定水中氮素含量,直至80%以上氮素释放;土壤氮素释放规律试验在小麦、玉米播种后第1天,将 20.00 g SRCU装入尼龙网袋,埋入20 cm深土壤中,从第1天起,定期取出肥料袋,称量肥料袋质量,以相邻取样时期的质量差作为氮素释放量。肥料配比试验设不施氮肥 (CK)、普通尿素常规施用 (FP)、普通尿素全部基施 (100%U) 和100%、70%、50%、30% SRCU 分别与普通尿素配合一次性基施,共7个处理。在小麦、玉米收获期取植株和籽粒样品,测定氮素含量、产量,调查了小麦、玉米产量构成,计算氮肥表观利用率和经济效益。  【结果】  1) SRCU2和SRCU3在静水中第1天氮素累积释放率分别为9.29%和7.09%,28天的氮素累积释放率分别为63.45%和43.86%;SRCU2在64天的氮素累积释放率为89.77%,SRCU3在90天的氮素累积释放率为85.70%。2) 埋入土壤中的SRCU2在玉米苗期 (1—14天) 、拔节期 (14—42天)、大喇叭口期 (42—56天) 、开花期 (56—70天)、灌浆期 (70—94天) 的氮素累积释放率分别为8.96%、 25.28%、9.54%、 21.77%、15.82%;氮素日均释放率在拔节期较高,至开花期最高。埋入土壤中的SRCU3在小麦越冬期 (1—128天) 、返青期 (128—170天) 、拔节期 (170—201天)、开花—收获期 (201—239天)的氮素累积释放速率分别为 21.54%、7.60%、 26.96%、26.24%;氮素日均释放率在拔节期、灌浆期较高。3) 与常规施肥 (FP) 相比,100%SRCU和70%SRCU处理玉米产量显著升高,70%SRCU处理小麦产量显著升高;经济效益的增减与产量结果一致,施用100%SRCU、70%SRCU、50%SRCU处理玉米经济效益分别提高1107.82、1348.70、1065.80元/hm2,70%SRCU、50%SRCU处理小麦经济效益分别提高1609.98、683.71元/hm2,效益最高的均是70%SRCU处理。70%SRCU处理在玉米、小麦上的氮肥表现利用率分别提高8.97、7.10个百分点。  【结论】  小麦和玉米专用硫磺树脂包膜尿素的氮素释放率符合行业标准要求,但还需根据作物需求调整。目前SRCU3的氮素释放量在小麦返青期和拔节期不足,SRCU2需要增加玉米开花期后的释放量。本试验条件下,硫磺树脂包膜尿素在玉米和小麦上适宜的一次性配施比例为70%。     

控释肥料性质及其对烟草生长影响的研究

该文以自然资源“桐油”为包膜材料(从油桐果实中提取),生产包膜肥料,采用盆栽试验,对控释尿素养分释放动态进行研究。养分的测定采用“质量法”进行。结果表明：在红壤中,以桐油为原料的控释尿素初期溶出率为12.6%,比普通尿素初期溶出率下降69.5%,并且较好地满足烟草生长对养分需求特点。施包膜尿素比施普通尿素烟草叶片干物质产量增加5.5 g/株。     

Controlled‐release urea decreased ammonia volatilization and increased nitrogen use efficiency of cotton

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer input leads to higher N loss via ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. Controlled‐release urea (CRU) was expected to reduce emission losses of N. An incubation and a plant growth experiment with Gossypium hirsutum L. were conducted with urea and CRU (a fertilizer mixture of polymer‐coating sulfur‐coated urea and polymer‐coated urea with N ratios of 5 : 5) under six levels of N fertilization rates, which were 0% (0 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), 50% (110 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), 75% (165 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), 100% (220 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), 125% (275 mg N kg⁻¹ soil), and 150% (330 mg N kg⁻¹ soil) of the recommended N fertilizer rate. For each type of N fertilizer, the NH₃ volatilization, cotton yield, and N uptake increased with the rate of N application, while N use efficiency reached a threshold and decreased when N application rates of urea and CRU exceeded 238.7 and 209.3 mg N kg⁻¹ soil, respectively. Ammonia volatilization was reduced by 65–105% with CRU in comparison to urea treatments. The N release characteristic of CRU corresponded well to the N requirements of cotton growth. Soil inorganic N contents, leaf SPAD values, and net photosynthetic rates were increased by CRU application, particularly from the full bloom stage to the initial boll‐opening stage. As a result, CRU treatments achieved significantly higher lint yield by 7–30%, and the N use efficiency of CRU treatments was increased by 25–124% relative to that of urea treatments. These results suggest that the application of CRU could be widely used for cotton production with higher N use efficiency and lower NH₃ volatilization.     

氮肥追施时期及包膜控释氮肥对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥追施时期和包膜控释尿素对冬小麦产量、产量构成、氮肥利用率和土壤氮素表观损失等方面的影响。结果显示:冬小麦氮肥最佳追肥时期为拔节期;与40%普通尿素底施+60%普通尿素拔节期追施(F2)相比,30%普通尿素+35%控释期90d包膜尿素+35%控释期120d包膜尿素配合(F4、F6)一次性底施的氮素释放与冬小麦对氮素需求吻合较好,F4小麦植株总氮吸收量增加6.11%,减氮25%条件下(F6)增加8.48%;与F2相比,F4使冬小麦增产5.02%,经济系数提高6.43%,氮肥利用率提高10.22%,同时土壤氮素表观损失降低。F4通过提高千粒重和单穗重来提高产量,而F6通过维持穗粒数保证产量。     

硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、光合特性及氮肥利用率的影响

本试验以控释期为90d的硫膜（SPCU）和树脂膜（PCU）控释尿素为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、 光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与普通尿素（U）一次基施相比,控释尿素各处理均能显著提高水稻子粒产量、 氮肥表观利用率和农学效率,增幅分别达15.1%~51.4%、 64.5%~14.11%和5.4~18.2 kg/kg;显著提高水稻生育中后期叶片净光合速率;提高水稻生育中后期的SPAD值。与普通尿素分次施用相比,树脂膜控释尿素及硫膜控释尿素和普通尿素以7∶3比例一次性施入的处理能显著提高水稻子粒产量、 氮肥农学效率以及水稻收获后的土壤全氮和碱解氮含量,其增幅分别为7.9%~31.7%、 3.3~13.0 kg/kg、 2.2%~17.6%和13.2%~22.0%;显著提高叶片中后期的净光合速率,且以树脂膜控释尿素100%一次基施的处理最高。施用树脂膜控释尿素的各处理较普通尿素均能显著提高水稻的氮肥生理效率。树脂膜控释尿素比硫膜控释尿素表现出更好的水稻增产效应和氮肥利用效率,更能有效延缓叶片衰老,实现水稻氮素的高效利用。     

不同缓/控释尿素对小麦生长及氮素利用的影响

  【目的】   通过大田试验筛选山东省适宜于小麦生长的缓/控释尿素，并初步研究其氮素高效利用的机制。   【方法】   选用的肥料产品有4种，包括树脂包膜尿素 (PCU)、多肽尿素 (PPU)、脲甲醛尿素 (UF) 和本实验室制备的树脂包膜与脲酶抑制剂结合型控释尿素 (CHQ)，以普通尿素和不施氮肥为对照，分别在山东潍坊和泰安进行田间试验，供试小麦品种为‘济麦22号’，普通尿素按1∶1比例基施和追施，缓/控释肥均一次性基施。分析了小麦不同时期的株高和单株分蘖数、花前花后干物质积累与转运、产量及其构成因素、氮肥利用率以及土壤无机氮含量和脲酶活性的变化。   【结果】   施用4种缓/控释尿素均降低了小麦越冬期的土壤脲酶活性，减缓尿素水解，降低土壤无机氮含量；成熟期，在潍坊试验点仅CHQ处理的土壤无机氮含量高于尿素处理，在泰安试验点4种缓/控释尿素处理的土壤无机氮含量均高于尿素处理，以CHQ处理的无机氮含量最高，CHQ处理的土壤无机氮含量在泰安和潍坊2个试验点较尿素处理分别增加了81.86%和6.20%。与尿素相比，在泰安试验点施用4种缓/控释尿素均可促进小麦生长，提高小麦花前干物质转运与花后干物质生产量，有利于小麦的群体构建和产量形成，增强小麦对氮素的吸收利用能力，提高氮肥利用率，以CHQ表现最优；而在潍坊试验点，仅CHQ肥效优于尿素。CHQ在泰安和潍坊的小麦产量分别为6966.67和10342.22 kg/hm2，较尿素处理分别增加了38.69%和11.07%；氮素生产效率分别为18.83和26.72 kg/kg，较尿素处理分别增加了38.66%和11.06%。潍坊试验点小麦产量和氮素生产效率整体高于泰安，CHQ较尿素的增效幅度低于泰安试验点。   【结论】   土壤肥力影响缓/控释尿素对小麦的增产效果，在高肥力的壤土 (潍坊) 上，只有既控制尿素释放速率又控制其在土壤中的水解速率的树脂包膜与脲酶抑制剂结合型控释尿素可有效促进小麦生长及其对氮素的吸收利用，在低肥力砂壤土 (泰安) 上，4种缓/控释尿素在小麦生长后期均可维持土壤中较高的氮素供应，肥效均好于普通尿素。综合而言，在山东省建议优先选择树脂包膜与脲酶抑制剂结合型控释尿素。     

缓释氮肥与尿素掺施比例对冬小麦产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

  【目的】  研究不同氮肥类型下缓释氮肥与尿素掺混对3个不同冬小麦品种生长发育、干物质累积量、产量、氮素转运、吸收利用效率以及土壤硝态氮残留的影响,探索适宜提高陕西关中地区冬小麦产量的氮肥配比,为该地冬小麦高效生产的肥料管理提供科学依据。  【方法】  本试验设置了4个氮肥处理,分别为纯尿素 (U)、纯缓释氮肥 (S)、缓释氮肥与尿素8∶2掺混 (SU₁)、缓释氮肥与尿素6∶4掺混 (SU₂),施氮量为180 kg/hm2;以不施氮肥 (N₀) 为对照。选取关中地区农民主栽的3个冬小麦品种[小偃22 (XY22)、西农979 (XN979) 和郑麦379 (ZM379)]为试材,每个品种设5个处理。观测冬小麦在主要生育期的株高和叶面积指数,并分析冬小麦成熟期的干物质累积量、产量、植株氮素累积量和土壤硝态氮残留量。  【结果】  施氮量相等时,缓释氮肥与尿素掺施能显著促进冬小麦生长发育,增加冬小麦的产量和成熟期植株氮素累积量。SU₂处理下不同冬小麦品种的株高、叶面积指数、产量和成熟期植株氮素累积量均达到最大值,且0—100 cm土层剖面硝态氮残留量最小。SU₂处理下3个冬小麦品种的产量分别比U和S处理提高了31.81%～31.99%和9.66%～25.38%;营养器官的氮素向籽粒的转移率也分别提高了21.31%～51.12%和2.60%～20.78%。此外,缓释氮肥与尿素掺施能显著提高3个冬小麦品种的氮素吸收利用效率,显著促进开花后营养器官的氮素向籽粒转运,XY22、XN979和ZM379在SU处理下,冬小麦营养器官氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率分别为49.71%、48.32%和49.39%;在SU₂处理下3个冬小麦品种的氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均最大,分别为17.54和41.95 kg/kg、17.94和41.53 kg/kg、11.32和38.56 kg/kg。冬小麦收获后,XY22在SU₂处理下0—100 cm土层硝态氮的残留总量在3个品种中最小, 为112.67 kg/hm2,比U处理下的硝态氮累积总量明显下降13.48%。这表明缓释氮肥与尿素掺施可以显著提高表层土壤硝态氮含量,减少硝态氮向土壤深层淋失,提高氮肥的利用效率。  【结论】  施氮量为180 kg/hm2时,缓释氮肥与尿素按6∶4掺混是本试验条件下冬小麦高效生产的最佳掺施比例。     

不同土壤水势与氮素营养对杂交水稻生理特性和产量的影响

以超级杂交水稻“两优培九”为试验材料,研究了不同土壤水势和氮素营养对其生理特性和产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明, 1）同一土壤水势下,植株地上部分干重与总干重随氮肥水平的提高而提高,而根冠比则降低。2）在同一氮肥水平下,叶片净光合速率、叶绿素a和叶绿素b及其总含量、SPAD值及叶片水势随着土壤水势的降低而降低,而叶绿素a/b、丙二醛的含量和过氧化物酶的活性随之而增加;同一土壤水势下,叶绿素a和叶绿素b及其总含量、SPAD值均随氮肥水平的提高而提高,而叶片水势、叶绿素a/b和丙二醛的含量随之降低。3）在同一氮肥水平下,水稻产量随土壤水势的降低而降低;土壤轻度干旱时,水稻产量高低顺序为高氮中氮低氮;而当土壤水分充足或土壤重度干旱时,则表现为中氮高氮低氮。随着土壤水势的降低,中、高氮处理的氮肥农学利用率降低。试验结果还表明,225 kg/hm2施氮水平在0 kPa土壤水势下有明显的增产效果,过度增施氮肥并不利于水稻增产与氮肥利用率的提高。     

Interactive effects of plant growth regulators and nitrogen on corn growth and nitrogen use efficiency

Our objective was to determine the combined effect of some plant growth regulators and nitrogen (N) on corn growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency. A potted experiment was conducted with two levels of growth regulators [i.e. with or without treatment with Seed king (Kinetine), Root king (Indole-butyric acid) and More king (Chitosan)], two maize cultivars (Calabar White and Obatanpa-98 and three nitrogen rates (0, 90 and 180 kg/ha in the form of urea). The measured parameters were growth attributes, nitrogen uptake, dry matter yield, harvest-index, shoot to root ratio, yield attributes and agronomic and physiological nitrogen use efficiency. Calabar White had taller plants (154.53 cm) more leaves (12.00) and larger leaf area (466.98 cm²) than obatanpa-98 at 6 weeks after sowing. The dry matter yield of both leaf and stem increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing N rates but the growth regulators significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased only the leaf dry matter. The interaction between growth regulators and nitrogen significantly affected the leaf dry matter but not the stem dry matter. There was a considerable (P ≤ 0.05) increase in harvest-index (HI) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with growth regulators and Obatanpa-98 had better HI (30.81%) than Calabar White (27.41%). Obatanpa 98 also had much (P ≤ 0.05) higher grain yield (87.42 g/plant) than Calabar White (65.40 g/plant) but for both cultivars, the grain yield increased progressively with increasing N rate. The uptake of N differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the different partitions of maize (leaves, stems and grains) at various growth stages. Calabar White had the highest N uptake in the leaves and stem whether at silking or at harvest. Obatanpa-98 partitioned more N to the grains than Calabar White. Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was highest (21.31 gg^?1) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 having a superior (20.26 gg^?1) ANUE to Calabar White (15.94 gg^?1). The physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was also highest (8.14 g/kg) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 being more efficient (8.08 gkg) than Calabar White (6.26 g/kg). Thus, both cultivars treated with 90 kgN/ha with or without growth regulators would best optimize nitrogen fertilizer use. However, the growth regulators increased the yield of Calabar White significantly only when no N was applied. In contrast, they increased the yield of the hybrid Obatanpa-98 at all N rates especially at the 180 kgN/ha rate. Thus, under the low input cropping common with Calabar White, treatment with the growth regulators would boost yield. A combined treatment of 180 kg N/ha with the growth regulators would ensure the best yield of Obatanpa-98.     

A flood-free period combined with early planting is required to sustain yield of pre-rice sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Abstract

Understanding the responses of sweet sorghum to flooding and the characters associated with flooding tolerance may be a useful strategy for pre-rice production and help meet demand for biofuel feedstock. Three sweet sorghum genotypes (Bailey, Keller and Wray) and five flooding treatments including non-flooding control, continuous flooding extended from 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after emergence to harvest were conducted under greenhouse conditions. Flooding decreased leaf dry weight (22–60%), leaf area (10–70%), number of node per stalk (1–5%), shoot dry weight (5–20%) and stalk yield (2–22%) with highest reduction in 30 days after emergence flooding treatment. Flooding later than 30 days after emergence did not significantly affect shoot growth, yield and yield components. Brix value, sucrose content and total sugar content were not significantly affected. All studied cultivars had similar shoot growth response. Flooding induced development of roots in water; root length, root dry weight, nodal root and lateral root number and interconnection of aerenchyma spaces from roots in flooded soil to stalk base above water level but suppressed root growth in flooded soil. The acclimation traits were highest in Keller, flooding from 30 days after emergence but there was a lack of root development in 75 days after emergence flooding treatments. These findings indicate the effect of waterlogging on sweet sorghum growth and yield strongly depends on the growth stage at which it occurs. There were genetic variations in root morphological and anatomical responses to flooding of sweet sorghum. The development of nodal and lateral roots and aerenchyma formation from flooded plant parts to stalk bases above water level may distribute to flooding tolerance in sweet sorghum. Based on the results, a flood-free period of at least 30 days after emergence is required to sustain yield of pre-rice sweet sorghum and early planting is highly recommended.     

控释尿素不同条施深度下鲜食玉米产量和氮素利用效应

通过田间试验研究一次性施肥条件下控释尿素不同条施深度(0,5,10,15cm)对鲜食玉米产量、干物质积累变化、氮素利用率和土壤无机氮含量的影响,为控释尿素在鲜食玉米上的应用推广提供依据。结果表明:控释尿素施用深度的不同主要影响鲜食玉米抽雄至乳熟收获期的干物质积累,该阶段10,15cm深度下鲜食玉米的干物质积累速率和积累量显著高于0,5cm。随着控释尿素施用深度的增加,鲜食玉米鲜穗产量、乳熟收获期植株总吸氮量以及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥表观利用率均呈现递增趋势,与0cm相比,15cm深度处理的鲜穗产量和收获期植株总吸氮量分别显著提高13.3%和53.0%,氮肥偏生产力从70.9kg/kg增加到80.4kg/kg,氮肥农学利用效率从6.8kg/kg增加到16.3kg/kg,氮肥表观利用率从3.3%提高到33.7%;10cm深度处理仅较0cm处理显著提高了植株总吸氮量和氮肥表观利用率,而5cm深度处理的鲜穗产量、乳熟收获期植株总吸氮量、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥表观利用率与0cm处理间均无显著差异。抽雄期叶片光合特性测定结果表明,与不施氮(CK)相比,控释尿素的施用显著提高了单株叶面积、叶面积指数和穗位叶净光合速率,与0cm相比,15cm深度处理的单株叶面积、叶面积指数、叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度均有不同程度的提高。关键生育期的土壤无机氮测定结果表明,控释尿素施用深度的增加可以提高拔节期、抽雄期和乳熟收获期行间(施肥部位)0—20cm土层、抽雄期和乳熟收获期行间(施肥部位)20—40cm土层以及乳熟收获期玉米种植行(非施肥部位)0—20cm的土壤无机氮含量。可见,控释尿素深施能够提高鲜食玉米抽雄期以后的土壤供氮能力和改善叶片光合特性,促进干物质积累和氮素吸收,从而提高氮肥利用率和鲜穗产量。试验设置条件下,控释尿素最佳的施用深度为15cm。     

YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF UPLAND RICE AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN SOURCES

Ammonium sulfate and urea are main sources of nitrogen (N) for annual crop production in developing countries. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted using ammonium sulfate and urea as N sources for upland rice grown on a Brazilian Oxisol. The N rates used were 0, 50, 100, 150, 3000, and 400 kg N kg^?1 of soil. Yield and yield components were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with increasing N rate. Ammonium sulfate X urea interaction was significant for grain yield, shoot dry matter yield, panicle number, plant height and root dry weight, indicating a different response magnitude of these plant parameters to two sources of N. Based on regression equation, maximum grain yield was achieved with the application of 380 mg N kg^?1 by ammonium sulfate and 271 mg N kg^?1 by urea. Grain yield and yield components were reduced at higher rates of urea (>300 mg kg N) but these plant parameters’ responses to ammonium sulfate at higher rates was constant. In the intermediate N rate range (125 to 275 mg kg^?1), urea was slightly better compared to ammonium sulfate for grain yield. Grain yield was significantly related with plant height, shoot dry weight, panicle number, grain harvest index and root dry weight. Hence, improving these plant characteristics by using appropriate soil and plant management practices can improve upland rice yield.     

控释尿素配施黄腐酸对小麦产量及土壤养分供应的影响

【目的】 控释尿素可调控氮素缓慢释放使其与作物养分吸收速率基本同步,黄腐酸可调控土壤与肥料养分转化,两者均能显著提高肥料利用率,然而控释尿素配伍黄腐酸对小麦的协同增效研究鲜有报道。本文研究控释尿素配施黄腐酸对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响,为其科学施用提供依据。 【方法】 以小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.) 为试材进行了盆栽试验,供试土壤为棕壤。试验设不施氮 (CK)、尿素全量 (U)、尿素减量1/3(U2/3)、尿素全量及减量配施黄腐酸 (U + FA、U2/3 + FA)、控释尿素全量及减量 (CRU、CRU2/3)、控释尿素全量和减量配施黄腐酸 (CRU + FA、CRU2/3 + FA) 共9个处理。所有处理P₂O₅ 和K₂O施入量均为150 kg/hm2和75 kg/hm2,尿素全量处理为N 225 kg/hm2,黄腐酸处理黄腐酸用量为45 kg/hm2。控释尿素处理均为一次性基施,普通尿素处理于拔节期追施尿素,基追比为1∶1。于小麦苗期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期取0—20 cm土壤样品,测定土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量,同时测定株高和叶片SPAD值,收获期调查了小麦产量和土壤养分含量。 【结果】 1) 控释尿素CRU、CRU2/3较等氮尿素U、U2/3处理产量平均显著增加7.3%,净收益显著提高24.9%;CRU2/3与处理U产量差异不显著;CRU + FA较CRU显著增产6.4%,净收益显著增加12.6%;与U2/3处理相比,U2/3 + FA显著增产10.6%;U + FA较U处理显著减产12.8%。2) 等氮条件下,CRU、CRU2/3处理与U、U2/3处理小麦株高、叶片SPAD值差异不显著,CRU + FA、CRU2/3 + FA与CRU、CRU2/3处理间差异均不显著。3) 拔节期,CRU、CRU2/3处理土壤硝态氮含量比等氮U、U2/3处理平均显著高出54.7%,CRU2/3处理与U处理差异不显著;配施黄腐酸处理U + FA、U2/3 + FA、CRU + FA、CRU2/3 + FA的土壤有效磷含量均呈现先降低后增加最后降低的趋势,拔节期CRU处理的土壤有效磷含量与U处理无显著差异,CRU2/3、U2/3 + FA的土壤有效磷含量较CRU处理显著提高了18.6% 和20.6%;拔节期U + FA、U2/3 + FA较等氮U、U2/3处理土壤pH平均显著降低了0.11个单位,其他时期U + FA和CRU + FA处理与等量单施化肥处理差异不显著。 【结论】 控释尿素配施黄腐酸可协同增效,满足小麦各生育期氮素需求,一次性基施显著提高小麦中后期土壤养分供应强度,显著提高了小麦产量、肥料利用率和净收益。      

施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

2009~2010年度在我国油菜主产区采用多点田间试验研究了施用控释尿素（Controlled release urea, CRU）对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响,以期为CRU在油菜上的施用提供理论依据。结果表明,CRU一次性基施可以保证后期氮素供应,明显促进油菜的生长发育,与普通尿素一次性基施处理（UB）相比,油菜叶片的SPAD值、株高及花期绿叶数明显增加。油菜籽产量增加了7.1%~19.7%,影响产量的构成因素主要有总角果数、分支数和第一节位高。油菜的氮素积累量增加16.9%~27.3%,氮肥利用率提高12.2~17.7个百分点,试验后耕层土壤（030 cm）的硝态氮含量升高了149.3%~296.1%,无机氮含量升高了40.5%~145.9%。CRU处理与尿素分次施用处理（UD）相比,生长指标、油菜籽产量和干物质量均没有明显差异,氮积累量和氮肥利用率有增加趋势。可见,CRU一次性基施可以达到普通尿素分期施用的效果。     

控释肥料提高氮素利用率的作用及对水稻效应的研究

研究了田间条件下控释肥料氮的释放速率与水稻吸收氮量之间的关系。结果表明 ,控释肥料氮的释放速率在水稻生育前期高 ,但随着时间的进程而逐渐降低。水稻从 70日型控释肥料中吸收的氮遵循三次曲线 ,因此 70日型控释肥料能够满足水稻本田生长期对氮的需要。施用控释肥料的水层含氮量极低 ,且无可见的水藻生长 ;而施尿素的水层则尿素N和NH4+-N含量高 ,水藻活动繁茂 ,滞留于水层的肥料氮 5～ 6d内迅速地降至无氮对照水平 ,氨的挥发损失和氮的反硝化损失大。控释肥料氮的利用率高达 72.3% ,比尿素高出 36.5个百分点。     

延迟释放型包衣尿素对水稻生长和氮素吸收的影响

通过田间试验比较研究了普通尿素和延迟释放型包衣尿素在不同施用量、不同施肥方式(普通尿素为基肥+两次追肥;延迟释放型包衣尿素为接触施肥方式)条件下对移栽稻生长过程和氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,延迟释放型包衣尿素在比普通尿素施氮量(N150kg/hm2)减少30%(N105kg/hm2)和50%(N75kg/hm2)时,对水稻生长不会产生任何不良影响;由于包衣尿素在田间的养分释放动态与水稻对氮素的吸收规律吻合,施用包衣尿素的水稻产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率均显著高于普通尿素处理,其中水稻产量增加12.7%～14.4%,吸氮量增加27.5%～32.7%;普通尿素和氮肥用量减少30%和50%的包衣尿素3个处理的氮肥利用率分别为19.9%、58.8%和89.9%。此外,施用包衣尿素比普通尿素水稻的子粒粗蛋白质含量提高9.2%～12.2%。     

Adaptive attributes of tropical forage species to acid soils I. Differences in plant growth,nutrient acquisition and nutrient utilization among C4 grasses and C3 legumes

Low supply of nutrients is a major limitation of forage adaptation and production in acid soils of the tropics. A glasshouse study was conducted to find differences in plant growth, nutrient acquisition and use, among species of tropical forage grasses (with C₄ pathway of photosynthesis) and legumes (with C₃), when grown in two acid soils of contrasting texture and fertility. Twelve tropical forage legumes and seven tropical forage grasses were grown in sandy loam and clay loam Oxisols at low and high levels of soil fertility. After 83 days of growth, dry matter distribution among plant leaves, stems, and roots, leaf area production, shoot and root nutrient composition, shoot nutrient uptake, and nutrient use efficiency were measured. Soil type and fertility affected biomass production and dry matter partitioning between roots and shoots. The allocation of dry matter to root production was greater with low soil fertility, particularly in sandy loam. The grasses responded more than the legumes to increased soil fertility in both shoot and root biomass production. Leaf area production and the use of leaf biomass for leaf expansion (specific leaf area) were greater in legumes than in grasses, irrespective of soil type and fertility. But soil type affected shoot biomass production and nutrient uptake of the grasses more than those of the legumes. There were significant interspecific differences in terms of shoot nutrient uptake. The grasses were more efficient than legumes in nutrient use (grams of shoot biomass produced per gram of total nutrient uptake) particularly for nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca).     

Influence of phosphorus supply pattern in soil on yield of spring wheat

The purpose of this research was 1) testing the influence of various patterns of supplying phosphorus (P) on dry matter production and biomass allocation in various organs of spring wheat and 2) exploring the optimal P application pattern for high grain yields of spring wheat. Plants were grown in pots constructed with PVC tube, 130 cm long and 10 cm in diameter. Each tube consisted of two segments of 0–43 cm and 43–130 cm. Two soil water regimes were imposed: i) D, water content in the upper soil layer was kept at 50% of field capacity (FC), lower layer (43–130 cm) was at 75–80% of FC and ii) W, a well‐watered control with the entire soil profile being maintained at 75–80 FC. Three P applications were made: i) Pu, P was supplied in the upper 0–43 cm soil layer, ii) Pl, P was supplied in the 43–130 cm layer, and iii) Pe, P was supplied to the entire soil profile. Total photosynthates of plants in WPe and WPu in a whole day were higher than that in DPe and DPu. The photosynthetic rates were similar between WP1 and DPl. The highest P/T (Photosynthesis/ Transpiration) in topsoil drying treatments occurred in DPu, but in wet treatments it was Wpe. The DPu and WPu had similar leaf area, which were significantly higher than other treatments. In the period from the beginning of water treatments to harvest, water consumption in DPe, DPu, DPl, WPe, WPu, and WP1 was 419, 354, 476, 763, 565, 806 mL, respectively. At harvest time, supplied water use efficiencies of DPu and WPu were similar, and reached a peak in both drying and wet treatments. Grain weights per shoot in DPu and WPu were significantly higher than those of other treatments. This implies that phosphorus supplied to the upper soil is beneficial to yield maximum.