Quality,productivity and costs of spot mounding after slash and stump removal

Abstract

In Nordic countries, the harvesting of slash and stumps from regeneration areas for energy purposes has rapidly increased, and will increase further in the future. This development has unknown technoeconomic effects on soil scarification. This study investigated three spot mounding methods and factors affecting their quality, productivity and costs in regeneration areas after slash and stump removal. The methods were integrated stump lifting and spot mounding (INTE), separate excavator-based spot mounding (BLADE), and separate spot mounding by a continuously working mounding unit (CONT). The average quality of work was worst in INTE, while CONT was the most sensitive to stoniness. Average work times per spot mound were 4.1 and 3.1 times higher in INTE and BLADE, respectively, than in CONT. Altogether, the cost–quality ratio of CONT was better than that of the other methods, except in very small areas.     

Soil-CO2 flux after patch scarification,harrowing and stump harvest in a hemi-boreal forest

Abstract

Stump harvesting is one way of increasing the amount of bioenergy, but little is known about the consequences of tree-stump harvesting on the carbon balance in the forest. Therefore, soil-surface CO₂ flux (soil respiration, R _s) was determined two years after clear-cutting for common soil disturbances occurring after patch scarification, harrowing and stump harvest in southern Sweden. R _s from intact soil was found to be of the same magnitude as emissions from areas of mixed humus, indicating only small effects of disturbance. Elevated mounds produced lower emissions than in the intact soil during the second year despite larger amounts of organic matter, probably due to low soil moisture. The lowest R _s was found in soil surfaces with exposed mineral soil. The treatment effects on R _s were estimated considering the actual area of different disturbances. During the first year, there was no difference in R _s among the treatments, whereas in the second year the flux was 10% higher after harrowing and stump harvesting than after patch scarification, implying that the effects on CO₂ flux after stump harvest were comparable to conventional harrowing. However, it is unclear whether this finding basically applies to regions where decomposition is limited by soil moisture during the summer.     

Soil respiration and nitrogen leaching decreased in grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) coppice after clear-cut

ABSTRACT

Grey alder (Alnus incana) is a highly productive indigenous tree species, potential for short-rotation forestry in the Baltic and Nordic countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the development of a new forest generation, as well as the nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) storages and fluxes in a grey alder regenerating coppice (COP) after clear-cut and in an adjacent unharvested 21-year-old stand (MAT), which had reached its bulk maturity. The regeneration of COP was rapid and 5 years after clear-cut, stem mass was 6.4?t?ha^?1. The nitrogen demand of the aboveground part of the 5-year-old COP trees was estimated to be roughly half of the corresponding value for MAT, depending mostly on leaf production. The annual N leaching flux in MAT was in the range of 16–29?kg?ha^?1, the corresponding values for COP were roughly half of that. Net nitrogen mineralization did not differ significantly between MAT (117?kg?ha^?1) and COP (129?kg?ha^?1). For the soil respiration study, a 32-year-old grey alder stand growing at a similar site was included; soil respiration was significantly higher in MAT compared to COP in all study years in both studied stands.     

Impact of slash removal,drag scarification,and mounding on lodgepole pine cone distribution and seedling regeneration after cut-to-length harvesting on high elevation sites

Excessive slash loading could pose a problem for the regeneration of the serotinous lodgpole pine especially in forests at higher elevation where soil temperature is limiting. In the past, these forests have commonly been harvested using full-tree harvesting where trees are processed at roadside; however, recently cut-to-length harvesting has become a more frequent harvesting method. In cut-to-length harvesting the harvested trees are processed in the block, as a result slash accumulation is much higher on these cutblocks. In an experimental field trial, the cone distribution, natural lodgepole pine regeneration, and the growth and establishment of planted lodgepole pine were evaluated in response to slash load, drag scarification, and mounding after cut-to-length harvesting of high elevation lodgepole pine stands in the Rocky Mountains. Twelve sites were established, each contained six plots which were randomly assigned to six treatment combinations of two slash removal (slash and slash removed) and three mechanical soil preparation treatments (no soil preparation, drag scarifying, and mounding). The slash removal reduced slash volume by more than 50% but also reduced the number of lodgepole pine cones available for regeneration by over 33%. However, soil mechanical treatments offset this effect as fewer cones were necessary to achieve high natural pine regeneration densities. Drag scarification of plots resulted in 12 times the number of pine seedlings compared to the non-prepared plots. Although slash removal did not have an effect on the number of naturally regenerated lodgepole pine seedlings, it had a positive effect on their growth performance. Conversely, planted pine seedlings had lower mortality and better growth in soils that had been mechanically prepared and had the slash removed; however, the growth effects became only apparent 4 years after planting. While slash removal and mechanical soil preparation did increase soil temperatures; the slash removal treatment had a more transient effect on soil temperatures than soil preparation. Differences in soil temperature decreased over time which appeared to be mostly driven by a warming of the soils in the plots with no soil preparation, likely a result of the decomposition of the finer slash and feathermosses. Overall, it appears that surface disturbance on these high elevation sites had a far greater effect on lodgepole pine regeneration and growth than the increased accumulation of slash as a result of cut-to-length harvesting.     

Manual soil preparation and piles of branches can support ground beetles (Coleoptera,carabidae) better than four different mechanical soil treatments in a clear-cut area of a closed-canopy pine forest in northern Poland

I studied ground beetles in clear-cuts that represent six treatments: (i) manual plowing, (ii) plowing with a FAO-FAR FV 4088 cutter, (iii) plowing with an active single-moldboard U-162, (iv) plowing with a double moldboard forest plow LPz, (v) active piling of logging slash and (vi) no plowing or slash piles. The four plowing techniques differed in the depth and extent of their impact. Manual scarification of soil had the least effect on the species diversity, abundance and ecological traits of carabids. The larger the area and the deeper the plowing, the greater was the transformation of carabid assemblages. Piles of branches proved to be beneficial for the preservation of forest species, large species, mesophilic species and those with low dispersal power in clear-cut areas. In general, deep plowing was conducive to an increase in the proportion of individuals representing early succession species, whereas shallow plowing and especially manual scarification favored late succession species. The results suggest that for effective support of carabid beetles in a clear-cut area, only shallow plowing should be used. Piles of branches can be retained in a clear-cut area to provide a shelter supporting for forest fauna.     

辽东山区天然次生林土壤呼吸研究

利用Li-COR-8100测定并分析了辽东山区天然次生林生长季土壤呼吸特征、土壤呼吸年C释放量以及与土壤水热因子的相关关系。结果表明：天然次生林土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线;土壤呼吸速率与地面10cm处土壤温度呈幂函数关系,关系式为y=0.3614e0.1219x（R2=0.702）,土壤温度可以解释土壤呼吸变化的70.20%;该地区天然次生林土壤呼吸年均速率约1.14μmol/（m2.s）,土壤向大气年释放C约为410.40～455.76 gC/m2。     

Carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil,trees and field vegetation in conifer plantations 10 years after deep soil cultivation and patch scarification

Abstract

Biomass, total nitrogen (N) and total carbon (C) stocks were determined in trees, roots, field vegetation and soil in plots given two different site preparation treatments, deep soil cultivation (DSC) approximately 50?cm deep and patch scarification (PS), at three locations in Sweden 10?years after treatment. One location was planted with Pinus contorta, one with Picea abies and one with a mixture of P. abies and Pinus sylvestris. No differences were found in total ecosystem (trees, roots, field vegetation and soil) C and N stocks between the DSC and PS plots. In the DSC plots the tree biomass, tree N and C contents and total biomass were higher than in the PS plots, but the opposite was found for stocks in field vegetation. Biomass and C stocks in the total vegetation (trees, roots and field vegetation) were higher in the DSC plots. However, vegetation N stocks did not differ between the soil treatments, probably because the combined amount of leaf tissue in the trees and field vegetation did not differ between them. The proportions of biomass allocated to roots, stems and needles did not differ between the two treatments. However, the rooting was deeper in DSC plots, possibly because nutrient availability was higher, and subsoil density lower, following DSC than following PS.     

中国南方喀斯特石漠化地区3种经济林土壤呼吸日动态特征

喀斯特石漠化作为一个脆弱生态系统,对全球气候变化和碳循环具有重要影响。为阐明中国南方喀斯特石漠化生态治理工程背景下土壤呼吸作用的时空动态变化特征及其影响因素,选取贵州省贞丰县北盘江镇查耳岩村的核桃林Julans regia、花椒林Zanthoxylum bungeamum和关岭县花江镇峡谷村的枇杷林Eriobotrya japonica3种特色经济林作为研究对象,采用英国ADC Bioscientific公司生产的Lcpro+便携式土壤呼吸仪对土壤呼吸进行了监测。结果表明:1)土壤温度能预测土壤呼吸速率变异83%～89%的信息,是影响土壤碳排放量变异的主要因素;2)3种经济林中土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10)有所差异,Q10为4.34～6.40;3)喀斯特石漠化地区冬季土壤的月平均碳排放量达到了63.46 g·m-2;4)土壤呼吸速率的偏离程度变化较大,在-56%～83%之间;5)花椒林在09:00、15:00、21:00,核桃林0:00、11:00,枇杷林在12:00土壤的呼吸速率与日平均值偏离程度较小(<10%),为最佳观测时间;6)各土壤特征因子中,全钾是影响土壤呼吸速率变异的主要因素。     

中亚热带天然林改造成人工林后土壤呼吸的变化特征

【目的】研究中亚热带常绿阔叶林(天然林)改造成人工林后土壤碳排放量的变化及主要影响因子,为评估森林类型转换对土壤碳排放的影响提供科学依据。【方法】在福建农林大学西芹教学林场的常绿阔叶林及由其改造而来的38年生闽楠人工林与35年生杉木人工林中分别设置4块20 m×20 m样地,利用Li-8100土壤碳通量观测系统于2014年9月—2016年9月进行定点观测,并同期观测土壤温度、含水量、有机碳含量(SOC)、微生物生物量碳含量(MBC)、可溶性有机碳含量(DOC)、0～20 cm土层细根生物量和年凋落物量及凋落物碳氮比(C/N)。【结果】常绿阔叶林改造成闽楠(38年后)和杉木人工林(35年后),年均土壤碳排放通量由16. 22显著降为12. 71和4. 83 tC·hm^-2a^-1,分别减少21. 60%和70. 20%;各林分类型的土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q¹⁰值表现为常绿阔叶林(1. 97)<闽楠人工林(2. 03)<杉木人工林(2. 91),转换为杉木人工林后,Q¹⁰值显著升高(P<0. 05);土壤温度能分别解释常绿阔叶林、闽楠人工林与杉木人工林土壤呼吸速率变化的89. 70%、88. 50%和87. 90%,土壤呼吸速率和土壤含水量相关不显著(P>0. 05);土壤呼吸速率和SOC、MBC、DOC、年凋落物量及0～20 cm土层细根生物量均极显著正相关(P<0. 01);土壤呼吸温度敏感性指数Q¹⁰值和凋落物C/N极显著正相关(P<0. 01),而与年均土壤呼吸速率及MBC极显著负相关(P<0. 01);进一步分析发现土壤MBC和SOC含量是影响土壤呼吸速率的2个最重要因子,而凋落物C/N在影响土壤呼吸温度敏感性中的贡献最大。【结论】中亚热带地区常绿阔叶林改造成闽楠(38年)或杉木(35年)人工林后,土壤碳排放通量显著降低。林分类型转换后树种组成和林分结构发生改变,凋落物数量、质量及细根生物量显著降低,土壤SOC和MBC含量显著下降可共同导致土壤呼吸通量的下降。土壤温度是3种林分类型土壤呼吸季节变化的主导因素,而土壤总有机碳库和土壤微生物量碳库的差异是不同林分之间土壤呼吸差异的主导因素,凋落物C/N对土壤呼吸的Q¹⁰影响最大。为提高模型预测森林类型转换影响土壤碳排放的精度,应综合考虑土壤有机碳库、易变性有机碳库及底物质量的变化。     

亚热带米老排和杉木人工林土壤呼吸季节动态及其影响因子

研究我国亚热带地区杉木人工林采伐迹地上营造的19年生米老排人工林和杉木人工林土壤呼吸及其影响因子。结果表明：米老排人工林土壤呼吸速率的年均值为2.95μmolCO2·m -2 s -1,显著高于杉木人工林的2.37μmolCO2·m -2 s -1;米老排人工林土壤呼吸的 Q10值为1.83,显著低于杉木人工林的1.99;2种林分土壤呼吸均呈现明显的季节动态,主要受土壤温度的驱动,土壤温度能分别解释米老排和杉木人工林土壤呼吸速率变化的77.0%和81.6%;回归分析显示,2种林分土壤呼吸速率与凋落物量、细根生物量、土壤有机碳含量、轻组有机碳含量、微生物生物量碳含量和可溶性有机碳含量均显著相关;逐步线性回归分析表明,土壤呼吸速率与凋落物量和土壤微生物生物量碳含量的关系最密切;树种间凋落物量和土壤微生物生物量的差异是导致米老排人工林土壤碳排放速率高于杉木人工林的重要原因。     

黄河三角洲不同林龄人工柽柳林生长季土壤微生物与土壤呼吸特征研究

为探讨人工柽柳林对滨海盐碱地的改善效果,以黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地区3种不同林龄(8 a、6 a、3 a)人工柽柳林为对象,采用多点混合采样法,对生长季土壤微生物量C、N及微生物数量变化进行了对比分析;同时利用LI-8100A土壤碳通量测量系统,原位监测了柽柳生长季内土壤呼吸速率的变化特征。结果表明:1)人工柽柳林土壤微生物微生物量C、N变化受林龄和季节影响明显,其中8 a林地含量最高,3 a林地最小,夏季较高,春季较低,且8 a与3 a差异显著,夏季与春季差异显著(P <0.05);不同林龄土壤微生物商生长季介于2.56～4.15%之间,其变化规律与微生物量一致。2)土壤3种微生物数量均随林龄的增大而增加,微生物数量关系为细菌>放线菌>真菌,而3种微生物数量季节变化规律不一致。3)3种林龄土壤呼吸速率的大小为8 a> 6 a> 3 a,土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化和日变化,其中季节变化表现为夏季>秋季>春季,日变化则呈现出低-高-低的单峰曲线,最大值则出现在12:00―14:00。4)相关分析表明,土壤含盐量与土壤微生物量C和呼吸速率呈显著负相关,与细菌、真菌呈极显著负相关,是主要限制因子;土壤微生物量C、N与微生物商、土壤呼吸、土壤微生物数量均呈正相关;除土壤湿度外,土壤温度与其它指标均呈正相关;而土壤湿度与各指标间均不显著。5)综上所述,不同林龄人工柽柳林土壤微生物量、微生物数量及呼吸速率均可反映土壤环境状况,可为滨海盐碱地土壤改良和土壤质量演变规律提供理论依据。     

海南清澜港红树林湿地土壤有机碳分布及其与pH的关系

基于野外实地调查,研究我国海南清澜港红树林湿地离文昌河河口和海洋的距离对红树林土壤有机碳分布的影响及土壤有机碳与 pH的关系。结果表明：在取样区域内,清澜港红树林土壤有机碳含量高、分布深;近河口各样地土壤 pH为4.9～6.2,远河口各样地土壤 pH为7.9～8.5;近河口红树林土壤厚度在85 cm 以上,取样区内土壤有机碳含量为(9.1±1.08)～(66.2 ± 5.17) g·kg －1,且随土壤深度增加先升高后降低,在60～70 cm 处有机碳含量达到最高;在水平方向上,近河口红树林土壤有机碳平均含量( 0～80 cm )随离海洋距离的增加而降低,近海、中间、近陆区域的土壤有机碳平均含量依次为(36.76±3.04),(35.12±3.78)和(17.20±1.56) g·kg －1;近河口红树林近海和近陆区域的土壤有机碳平均含量差异显著(P＜0.05);近河口红树林土壤有机碳含量的分布特征与密克罗尼西亚的雅浦和帕劳地区的红树林一致;远河口红树林湿地土壤平均厚度约60 cm,其土壤有机碳含量为(8.35±0.94)～(38.3 ± 2.53) g·kg －1,表层土壤有机碳含量最高,且有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加呈双峰递减型,在40 cm处有另一峰值;在水平方向上,远河口红树林土壤有机碳平均含量(0～60 cm)随离海洋距离的增加而降低;远河口红树林在近海、中间、近陆区域的土壤有机碳含量依次为22.12±2.57,14.83±1.01和13.18±1.20 g·kg －1,且近海和近陆区域的土壤有机碳含量差异显著( P ＜0.05);各样地土壤有机碳含量与其 pH均显著负相关(P＜0.05),其原因有待进一步研究。     

不同强度采伐5年后杉阔混交人工林土壤呼吸速率差异

【目的】比较不同采伐强度下闽北杉阔混交人工林土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率差异,揭示土壤总呼吸速率季节变化的主要影响因子,以期为区域森林采伐对土壤呼吸速率的影响研究提供科学依据。【方法】以闽北杉阔混交人工林为研究对象,2011年8月实施了不同蓄积量采伐强度(中度择伐34.6%、强度择伐48.6%、极强度择伐67.6%、皆伐)作业试验,并与未采伐对照;2016年7月—2017年7月运用Li-8100 A土壤碳通量自动测量系统,对土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率、土壤5 cm深处的温度和湿度开展了为期1年的定位观测。【结果】未采伐和各种强度择伐5年后,土壤总呼吸速率最大值都出现在7月份,最小值出现在1—3月份;皆伐5年后,土壤总呼吸速率最大值出现在6月份,最小值出现在11月份;各种强度采伐林地的矿质土壤呼吸速率与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05);各种强度择伐林地的凋落物和根系呼吸速率都与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐林地的凋落物和根系呼吸速率都显著低于未采伐林地( P <0.05),分别比未采伐林地(1.45和1.11 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1 )减少了0.93和0.53 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1;各种强度择伐林地的土壤总呼吸速率与未采伐林地无显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐林地的土壤总呼吸速率显著低于未采伐林地( P <0.05),比未采伐林地(4.39 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1 )减少了1.64 μmol ·m^-2 s^-1;中度、强度和极强度择伐林地5 cm深处的土壤温度与未采伐林地没有显著差异( P >0.05),而皆伐使林地土壤温度显著升高( P <0.05),比未采伐林地(18.52 ℃)增加了4.7 ℃;中度、强度择伐林地的5 cm深处土壤湿度与未采伐没有显著差异( P >0.05),而极强度择伐和皆伐使林地土壤湿度显著降低( P <0.05),分别比未采伐林地(30.67%)减少了2.17%和3.98%;土壤总呼吸速率的土壤温度指数模型拟合效果最优,能解释未采伐和各种强度择伐林地土壤总呼吸变化的77.8%~83.3%以及皆伐林地土壤呼吸变化的35.5%;未采伐、中度、强度和极强度择伐林地土壤总呼吸的温度敏感性参数Q 10 为1.77~2.72,皆伐林地的 Q 10 为1.49。【结论】不同强度采伐5年后,各种强度择伐林地土壤及其各组分的呼吸速率与未采伐林地没有显著差异;皆伐使凋落物呼吸速率、根系呼吸速率和土壤总呼吸速率都显著降低;各种强度择伐没有改变土壤总呼吸速率的季节变化规律,但皆伐使土壤总呼吸速率最大和最小出现时间有所提前;研究区土壤温度是土壤总呼吸速率季节变化的主要影响因子。     

小兴安岭天然针阔混交林择伐后土壤呼吸动态变化

采用LI-8100土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统,针对小兴安岭带岭林业局东方红林场不同择伐强度的针阔混交林样地,测定林地生长季土壤呼吸速率以及10cm土深处的温度和湿度,探讨生长季土壤呼吸的日变化、季节变化和年通量。结果表明：土壤呼吸日变化动态与土壤温度日变化动态基本一致,呈明显的单峰曲线。采伐强度不同间接影响着土壤呼吸速率。研究表明：针阔混交林土壤呼吸速率均值在0．6—8．2μml·m^-2·s^-1之间,高于同纬度其他地区;雨季（6月、7月、8月、9月）土壤呼吸明显大于旱季（5月、10月、11月）;针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸不同月份通量值在1．68～18．82mol·m^-2之间,最大值和最小值分别出现在7月和11月。与北半球温带森林生态系统土壤呼吸变化趋势基本一致。2006年针阔混交林生态系统土壤呼吸通量为84．37mol·m^-2,与朝鲜半岛硬阔混交林土壤呼吸相似,但比一些热带地区的结果偏大。     

不同年龄巨桉林土壤呼吸及其与土壤温度和细根生物量的关系

采用SRS-1000便携式土壤呼吸仪对四川省丹陵县集体林区巨桉短轮伐期1～6年生林分的土壤呼吸速率和5 cm土壤温度进行测量,并采用根钻法在不同季节测量所有年龄巨桉林活细根(＜2咖)生物量.结果表明:1)不同年龄巨桉林每月初期土壤呼吸速率在0.35~1.71 μmol·m~(-2) s~(-1)间波动,季节趋势为,夏季(1.35)＞秋季(1.16)＞春季(0.62)＞冬季(0.41 μmol·m~(-2) s~(-1))(P＜0.01).1-6年生的巨桉林土壤呼吸速率年均值表现出高-低-高的趋势(P＜0.01),6年生巨桉林土壤呼吸速率最高;2)土壤呼吸速率月变化与土壤温度存在显著相关性.用月初动态拟合的1-6年生林分土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q_(10)大小为:4年生(2.29)＞1年生(2.03)＞6年生(1.95)＞3年生(1.88)＞2年生(1.83)＞5年生(1.73)(P＜0.01);3)土壤温度和0～50 cm细根生物量与土壤呼吸速率具有二元线性回归关系(r=0.964 0),它们对土壤呼吸的季节变化贡献率基本相等.     

杉木林土壤有机碳含量与土壤理化性质的相关性分析

对湖南省平江县福寿林场3个龄组杉木林土壤有机碳含量变化特征及其与土壤理化性质的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:3个龄组杉木林的土壤有机碳含量都呈现出了随土层深度增加而减少的规律。0~15cm土层有机碳的含量分别是15~30cm,30~45cm,45~60cm土层有机碳含量的1.6~3.9倍,2.4~4.6倍,2.7~6.5倍。在0~45cm土层内,随着杉木林的生长发育,土壤有机碳含量呈现出了幼龄林较高,中龄林最低,成熟林最高的变化特征。土壤有机碳与全氮之间有极显著的正相关性,与土壤C/N和全磷存在显著的正相关性,与土壤容重存在显著的负相关性,与土壤全钾和p H值相关性不显著。     

不同林龄马尾松人工林土壤有机碳特征及其与养分的关系

选择5个不同林龄阶段的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林,研究土壤有机碳的含量、碳储量以及有机碳与氮、磷、钾及pH值之间的关系.结果表明:土壤各层含碳率、碳储量均随林龄的增加而增大,8、12、18、22、30年生林分的碳储量分别为151.62、177.64、201.19、216.19、331.60 t/hm2;同一林龄,不同土壤层含碳率与碳贮量,均随土层深度的增加而减少,表现为:0～20 cm＞ 20～ 40 cm＞40～60cm;有机碳与氮、磷、钾之间均呈现极显著相关,与土壤的pH值相关性不显著.     

Impacts of understory species removal and/or addition on soil respiration in a mixed forest plantation with native species in southern China

Although the removal or addition of understory vegetation has been an important forest management practice in forest plantations, the effects of this management practice on soil respiration are unclear. The overall objective of this study was to measure and model soil respiration and its components in a mixed forest plantation with native species in south China and to assess the effects of understory species management on soil respiration and on the contribution of root respiration (R_r) to total soil respiration (R_s). An experiment was conducted in a plantation containing a mixture of 30 native tree species and in which understory plants had been removed or replaced by Cassia alata Linn. The four treatments were the control (Control), C. alata addition (CA), understory removal (UR) and understory removal with C. alata addition (UR + CA). Trenched subplots were used to quantify R_r by comparing R_s outside the 1-m² trenched subplots (plants and roots present) and inside the trenched subplots (plants and roots absent) in each treatment. Annual soil respiration were modeled using the values measured for R_s, soil temperature and soil moisture. Our results indicate that understory removal reduced R_s rate and soil moisture but increased soil temperature. Regression models revealed that soil temperature was the main factor and soil moisture was secondary. Understory manipulations and trenching increased the temperature sensitivity of R_s. Annual R_s for the Control, CA, UR and UR + CA treatments averaged 594, 718, 557 and 608 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. UR decreased annual R_s by 6%, but CA increased R_s by about 21%. Our results also indicate that management of understory species increased the contribution of R_r to R_s.     

Dynamics of soil C,N and Ca in four Swedish forests after removal of tops,branches and stumps as predicted by the Q model

Abstract

We used the Q model to examine the dynamics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) in the litter/soil system in different scenarios of harvesting intensities, S (stems only), SSl (stems and slash, i.e. tops, and branches including needles) and SSlSt (stems, slash and stumps including coarse roots). Empirical data from long-term field experiments in Sweden, two sites with Norway spruce and two with Scots pine with different levels of productivity, were used to calibrate the model against the stem-only treatment. The highest initial reduction in soil C, N and Ca stores was predicted for SSlSt, and the reduction was more pronounced at low productive sites than at the high productive ones. Most of the decline in soil C and Ca stocks was offset by the litter production in the following forest stand. N showed an initial phase of immobilisation in stumps and coarse roots, while N was immediately released from tops and branches, which contained N-rich needles. Removal of stumps and coarse roots in combination with slash resulted in a similar load of inorganic soil N as for the S treatment, whereas the SSl treatment with stumps left in the soil initially reduced the inorganic soil N pool.     

不同海拔梯度川滇高山栎林土壤颗粒组成及养分含量

分析卧龙自然保护区皮条河上游巴郎山3个海拔梯度川滇高山栎林的土壤颗粒组成、总有机碳含量和全氮含量.结果表明:巴郎山川滇高山栎林土壤颗粒组成以粉粒为主,属中质地土壤;3个海拔梯度表层土(0～15cm)土壤总有机碳和全氮含量均高于亚层土(15～30cm);在表层土壤中总有机碳含量随海拔增加呈现由低到高,再变低的趋势,亚层土则随海拔升高呈增加趋势;表层和亚层土壤全氮含量均随海拔降低而减少;巴郎山高山栎林土壤碳氮比值较小,平均为12.77;在2个土层中,总有机碳含量与全氮含量的相关性随海拔梯度递减由极显著正相关(P＜0.01)到不相关;表层土壤中总有机碳和全氮含量在海拔3549m处与粗粉粒含量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与粘粒呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),3091m处与粗粉粒含量正相关性显著(P＜0.05),2551m处与细砂粒含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);亚层土壤全氮含量只在海拔2551m处与细粉粒含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).