Grain filling and yield of mung bean affected by salicylic acid and silicon under salt stress

Two experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014, to investigate changes in grain filling rate (GFR), grain filling duration (GFD) and yield of mung bean in response to salicylic acid (SA) and silicon (Si) under salt stress (0, 3, 6 and 9 dS m^?1). In experiment 1, four levels of SA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM), but in experiment 2, two levels of SA (0 and 1 mM) and Si (0 and 2 mM) were applied. In experiment 1, GFR, GFD, yield components, biological and grain yields and harvest index were decreased with increasing salt stress. Application of different levels of SA, especially 1 mM, increased GFR, but decreased GFD. In experiment 2, GFD under salinity was shorter than that under non-saline condition, resulting in comparatively smaller grains. Application of Si and particularly SA accelerated grain development under all salinity treatments. The superiority of SA treated plants in GFR, grain weight and grains per plant resulted in greater grain yield per plant under saline and non-saline conditions.     

Effect of Foliar Salicylic Acid Applications on Growth,Chlorophyll, and Mineral Content of Cucumber Grown Under Salt Stress

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of foliar salicylic acid (SA) applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. The study was conducted in pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Cucumber seedlings were treated with foliar SA applications at different concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mM). Salinity treatments were established by adding 0, 60, and 120 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) to a base complete nutrient solution. The SA was applied with spraying two times as before and after transplanting. Salt stress negatively affected the growth, chlorophyll content and mineral uptake of cucumber plants. However, foliar applications of SA resulted in greater shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight as well as higher plants under salt stress. Shoot diameter and leaf number per plant increased with SA treatments under salt stress. The greatest chlorophyll content was obtained with 1.00 mM SA treatment in both saline and non-saline conditions. Leaf water relative content (LWRC) reduced in response to salt stress while SA raised LWRC of salt stressed cucumber plants. Salinity treatments induced significant increases in electrolyte leakage. Plants treated with foliar SA had lower values of electrolyte leakage than non-treated ones. In regard to nutrient content, it can be interfered that foliar SA applications increased almost all nutrient content in leaves and roots of cucumber plants under salt stress. Generally, the greatest values were obtained from 1.00 mM SA application. Based on these findings, the SA treatments may help alleviate the negative effect of salinity on the growth of cucumber.     

Modulation of oxidative damage due to salt stress using salicylic acid in Hordeum vulgare

Oxidative status of salicylic acid (SA) treated barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants grown under saline conditions was examined in a two-year field study during 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. Salinity caused a marked oxidative stress which was manifested as increased concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and reduced grain yield of barley. Barley plants induced antioxidant system to tolerate salt stress, so that activities of four antioxidant enzymes: peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase were enhanced by 22%, 28%, 57% and 44% in the first and by 33%, 20%, 45% and 68% in the second year, respectively. Foliar application of SA in concentration over 0.5 mM enhanced the activities of all four antioxidant enzymes and reduced H₂O₂ content and so enhanced yield. However, higher concentrations of SA reduced grain yield in salt stressed plants in both years, which could be attributed to the negative interaction of antioxidant enzymes with higher concentrations of SA as a non-enzymatic antioxidant. Furthermore, SA is in benzoic acid group and at very higher concentrations can act as an herbicide. It was concluded that SA modulated the oxidative stress through enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the salt-induced adverse effect thereby improving grain yield.     

Growth responses of cereal crops to organic nitrogen in the field

Eleven rice varieties differing in grain size were grown under controlled environmental conditions during the grain-filling period. The grain weight of upper grains in a panicle was examined at successive stages of growth during the grain-filling period. The effect of temperature on the rate and the duration of the period of grain-filling was determined using Khao Lo, a large-grain variety, and Bom Dia, a small-grain variety. Both the grain-filling rate and duration of the period of grain-filling differed among rice varieties and were positively and significantly correlated with the grain size. The duration of the grain-filling period from flowering to the time when almost maximum grain weight was attained ranged from 12 days at 32/24°C in Bom Dia to 36 days at 20/12°C in Khao Lo. The grain-filling rate was low in small-grain varieties, and generally increased with increasing grain size.

By lowering the temperature, the grain-filling rate decreased, the duration of the grain-filling period increased but the grain weight was almost constant.

Weight per grain was closely correlated with hull size. No relationship was found between weight per grain and nitrogen percentage of brown rice.     

Effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid on the induction of multiple stress tolerance and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

It has been proposed that salicylic acid (SA) acts as an endogenous signal molecule responsible for inducing environmental stress tolerance in plants. In this study, the effects of seed soaked (1.0 mM for 24 h) and soil incorporated (0.1 mM and 0.5 mM) salicylic acid (SA) supply on growth and mineral concentrations of maize (Zea mays L., Hamidiye F₁) grown under either salt, boron toxicity or drought-stressed conditions were investigated. Exogenously applied SA either with seed soaked (SS) or soil incorporated (SI) increased plant growth significantly in all the stresses conditions. Salicylic acid inhibited Na and Cl accumulation in saline conditions, and 0.5 mM of soil incorporated SA decreased B significantly in boron toxicity treatment. Except in drought condition, SA treatments stimulated N accumulation in plants. And P, K, Mg and Mn concentrations of SA received plants were increased in the stress conditions. These results suggest that SA regulates the response of plants to the environmental stresses and could be used as a plant growth regulator to improve plant growth and stimulate mineral nutrient concentrations under stress conditions.     

花后渍水对不同耐渍型冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

江汉平原冬小麦中后期常遭受涝渍灾害,为明确花后渍水对冬小麦籽粒灌浆进程的影响,以郑麦9023（耐渍型）和扬麦20（敏感型）2个小麦品种为研究对象,利用灌排可控的测坑模拟冬小麦花后不同天数（5、9、13和17 d）的渍水胁迫,应用Richards模型对冬小麦籽粒灌浆进程进行了模拟,在此基础上分析各籽粒灌浆参数与渍水天数的关系。结果表明：花后渍水5、9、13和17 d,郑麦9023（耐渍型）分别减产10.84%、19.51%、25.93%和36.52%,扬麦20（敏感型）分别减产14.25%、25.84%、37.26%和47.84%。导致冬小麦减产的主要原因是千粒质量降低,花后渍水天数每增加1 d,冬小麦郑麦9023和扬麦20千粒质量分别降低0.961和0.996 g。Richards方程能极显著模拟花后渍水冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程,拟合方程决定系数均在0.99以上。对耐渍型冬小麦,花后渍水主要显著缩短活跃灌浆期,且主要是显著缩短籽粒灌浆快增期和缓增期的持续天数;对敏感型冬小麦,花后渍水主要显著降低籽粒灌浆三阶段的灌浆速率。花后渍水增加1 d,郑麦9023籽粒活跃灌浆期缩短0.827 d,籽粒灌浆快增期、缓增期灌浆持续天数分别缩短0.492、0.963 d,扬麦20单粒最大灌浆速率降低0.046 mg/d、单粒平均灌浆速率降低0.032 mg/d,籽粒灌浆渐增期、快增期和缓增期单粒灌浆速率分别降低0.011、0.040和0.010 mg/d。研究可揭示花后渍水致使冬小麦减产的影响过程,为冬小麦涝渍灾害防控提供理论支撑。     

高CO2浓度和剪叶疏花对水稻‘Y两优2号’ 产量形成的影响

利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2 Enrichment)平台,以创造世界高产纪录的超级稻组合‘Y两优2号’为试验材料,CO_2处理设环境CO_2浓度[(382.5±2.0)μmol·mol-1]和高CO_2浓度(增200μmol·mol-1)两个水平,齐穗期源库改变设对照、剪除剑叶(剪1叶)、剪除所有功能叶(剪3叶)以及相间剪除一次枝梗(疏花),研究开放条件下高CO_2浓度对不同源库处理水稻产量及其构成因子的影响。结果表明,对没有进行剪叶疏花处理的水稻(即对照)而言,高CO_2浓度使‘Y两优2号’籽粒产量平均增加12%,这主要与每穗颖花数和结实能力均略有增加有关。高CO_2浓度使剪1叶、剪3叶处理水稻的产量分别增加26%和57%,这主要与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重均大幅增加有关。对齐穗期疏花处理水稻而言,高CO_2浓度导致的产量增幅与对照水稻接近。与对照相比,齐穗期剪1叶、剪3叶处理使水稻籽粒产量分别降低17%和52%,均达极显著水平,这主要与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重均显著下降有关;尽管齐穗期疏花处理使水稻结实能力显著增加,但因每穗颖花数减半,产量大幅下降(-29%)。籽粒最终产量对高CO_2浓度的响应与饱粒率和所有籽粒平均粒重的响应呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,水稻齐穗期人为改变源库比例(特别是剪叶)可以改变籽粒结实能力和最终产量对高CO_2浓度的响应。     

咸水结冰灌溉下覆膜时间对滨海盐土水盐运移的影响

连续三年对滨海盐土进行咸水结冰灌溉和地膜覆盖基础上的水盐动态监测,并针对不同地膜覆盖时期,设置了结冰灌溉条件下融冰入渗后覆膜(MI)、播种覆膜(SI)和不覆膜(NI),以及灌前秋季覆膜(不结冰灌溉AN）和对照（不结冰灌溉不覆膜CK）五个处理,以研究咸水结冰灌溉条件下土壤水盐动态规律,以及覆膜时期对土壤水盐动态和棉花生长的影响。结果表明：咸水结冰灌溉后,随着咸水冰层的融化,地表冰层含盐量和SAR（钠吸附比）均逐渐降低,含盐量和SAR由最初的12.15g?L-1和18.7降低到入渗完成后时0.03g?L-1和1.07。三年咸水结冰灌溉和地膜覆盖的地块在相同时期和土壤深度（0-20cm）的土壤含盐量逐年降低,2006-2008年冬季灌前土壤表层盐分含量分别为19.8g?kg-1、15.4g?kg-1和12.4g?kg-1。融水入渗后土壤返盐迅速,在入渗后9天前进行地膜覆盖效果较好。咸水结冰灌溉下融冰入渗后进行地膜覆盖依然是效果最好,其棉花出苗率和籽棉产量也最高,为63.78%和3226.2kg?hm-2,其次为秋季覆膜、播种覆膜、不覆膜和对照。在三年进行结冰灌溉的基础上,尽管第四年没有进行结冰灌溉,秋季进行覆膜依然可获得较高的产量,其棉花出苗率和产量为59.63%和2695.65 kg?hm-2。即使连续进行了三年的结冰灌溉,如果没有覆膜措施或覆膜较晚的地块,依然不能获得理想的产量。     

Exogenous application of humic acid and salicylic acid to alleviate seedling drought stress in two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Efficacy of 1?mM humic (HA) and salicylic (SC) acids on SC 260 and SC 705 corn seedlings to alleviate drought stress via polyethylene glycol was studied via hydroponics at Shiraz University, Iran in a factorial, randomized design, with four replicates each. Under stress, SC 260 had higher electrolyte leakage compared to SC 705, and exogenous application of HA combined with SA decreased SC 705 electrolyte leakage. As a general trend, photosynthetic pigment content, relative water content, root and shoot length, mean number and diameter of central and peripheral root metaxylem, and K⁺ accumulation were higher in SC 705 treated with HA and SA compared to SC 260. Application of HA with SA could be an effective and low cost approach to ensure seedling establishment and plant growth in fields affected by soil drought in the early season, especially for the SC 705 corn hybrid in semi-arid regions.     

不同灌水量下尿素添加适宜氮肥增效剂促进夏玉米灌浆增产

为揭示不同灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型对夏玉米籽粒灌浆过程的影响规律，以郑单958品种为研究对象，采用裂区设计，主区设置2个灌水水平：40 mm（W1）、60 mm（W2）；副区在单施尿素（U）的基础上添加不同类型氮肥增效剂：脲酶抑制剂（NBPT）、硝化抑制剂（DCD）、双效抑制剂（NBPT+DCD），采用Richards方程模拟夏玉米籽粒灌浆过程，研究不同灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型对夏玉米各灌浆特征参数的调控效应，同时分析不同处理对夏玉米干物质转运和产量形成的影响。结果表明，3种氮肥增效剂下夏玉米的籽粒产量均显著高于U，DCD和NBPT+DCD的效果优于NBPT；增加灌水量至60 mm，可使氮肥增效剂的增产效果增强，NBPT、DCD和NBPT+DCD的产量分别提高了6.55%、5.36%和10.53%。NBPT、DCD和NBPT+DCD的转运率分别比U增大23.42%、19.58%和45.33%；两个灌水水平下的转运率无显著差异。Richards模型能较好地模拟夏玉米籽粒灌浆动态过程，拟合方程决定系数均在0.99以上。W2较W1水平显著延长了夏玉米总灌浆期持续时间，且延长了灌浆快增期和缓增期的灌浆时间，显著提高了缓增期的灌浆速率。3种氮肥增效剂均可提高夏玉米平均灌浆速率，且NBPT+DCD和DCD提高了灌浆快增期的灌浆速率。不同氮肥增效剂在不同灌水水平下效果不同。W2水平下，DCD能提高籽粒灌浆起始生长势，其总灌浆期持续时间延长至47.10 d，且优化了3个灌浆阶段的时长比例，平均灌浆速率较高，达0.828 g/d，是该研究中灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型的最佳组合，研究可为关中地区氮肥增效剂的合理施用提供理论依据。     

不同氮素水平对豫麦49-198籽粒灌浆及淀粉合成相关酶活性的调控效应

为了明确不同氮素水平下小麦干物质运转、 籽粒灌浆及有关淀粉酶活性的变化规律,以豫麦49 198为材料,在河南科技大学试验农场,通过设置120 kg/hm2（N1）、 180 kg/hm2（N2）、 240 kg/hm2（N3）和300 kg/hm2（N4）4个氮素水平,研究了小麦茎鞘物质运转、 籽粒灌浆和淀粉合成有关酶活性。结果表明,在一定范围内增施氮肥有利于提高茎鞘干物重以及抽穗后茎鞘物质输出量、 输出率、 转化率,各指标均以N3处理最高,N1处理最低。适量增施氮肥能提高籽粒生长潜势、 最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率,缩短籽粒生长活跃期,使品种达最大灌浆速率的时间提前,其中N3处理最佳,其最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率分别为0.55710-2 和0.37310-2 g/(grainsd),N4处理最差,其最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率分别为0.40610-2 和0.272 10-2 g/(grainsd)。适量增施氮肥能增强籽粒灌浆过程中可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、 Q酶和ADPG焦磷酸化酶3种酶活性,各处理中,酶活性均以N3处理最高,N4处理最低,N3和N4处理相比SSS、 Q和ADPG焦磷酸化酶最大酶活性分别提高了22.0%、 23.2%和9.5%。但过量施氮,降低了茎鞘干物重的积累、 运输和转化能力以及籽粒灌浆速率和3种淀粉合成有关酶活性。抽穗期茎鞘干物重、 抽穗后茎鞘干物质输出量和输出率均与籽粒产量呈显著正相关。试验表明,在适宜氮肥水平下小麦具有较高的茎鞘物质输出率和转化率、 籽粒灌浆速率及淀粉合成有关酶活性,是产量较高的生理基础。     

灌浆期高温胁迫对小麦灌浆的影响及 叶面喷剂的缓解作用

针对我国华北麦区灌浆期高温影响小麦灌浆和产量的问题,本研究在2013—2014年和2014—2015年两个小麦生长季,采用田间塑料棚自然升温的方式,在灌浆期设4个时段高温胁迫处理作为主处理,两年分别在花后12~25 d、12~16 d、15~20 d和20~25 d,花后8~21 d、8~12 d、14~20 d和16~21 d进行高温处理,以不罩棚自然温度作为对照(分别用A1、A2、A3、A4和A5表示,A5为对照);以0.2%磷酸二氢钾、0.05%硫酸锌、清水和不喷施4个喷剂作为副处理(分别用B1、B2、B3和B4表示),研究了灌浆期不同时段高温处理对小麦籽粒灌浆的影响及喷施不同叶面喷剂对高温胁迫的缓解作用,并对不同处理下的小麦灌浆特征进行了量化分析。研究结果表明:(1)小麦灌浆期不同时段高温与自然温度对比均造成小麦减产,减产幅度两个试验年度分别为12.64%~15.34%和2.04%~9.41%,并且高温胁迫时间长,处理时间早的A1减产幅度最大,且较对照A5达极显著水平;高温减产的直接原因是小麦穗粒数减少及千粒重降低,两个试验年度穗粒数分别减少0.71~5.45个和1.73~3.00个,千粒重分别降低1.28~3.41 g和0.84~4.27 g;从2013—2014年度模型模拟的灌浆特征看,不同时段高温处理使小麦提前到达第1和第2拐点,A1~A4第1拐点较对照提前0.29~0.75 d、第2拐点提前0.22~1.42 d,因此高温处理缩短了灌浆时间,且平均灌浆速率降低,最终造成千粒重降低。(2)叶面喷剂具有缓解高温胁迫的作用,两个试验年度叶面喷剂分别比不喷对照提高产量3.08%~7.05%和2.09%~3.52%,可一定程度缓解高温对穗粒数和千粒重的不良影响,两个试验年度叶面喷剂分别增加穗粒数1.04~2.30个和0.95~2.01个,提高千粒重1.10~1.42 g和0.60~0.89 g,且B1效果最好;从灌浆数值特征分析看,叶面喷剂推迟了到达第1和第2拐点的时间,不同喷剂推迟到达第1拐点时间为0.48~0.98 d,推迟到达第2拐点的时间为0.32~0.98 d,延长了灌浆的时间,平均灌浆速率提高0.01~0.04 mg·grain?1·d?1,以B1(磷酸二氢钾)的作用最好。因此叶面喷剂可延长小麦灌浆期,不同程度地增加了穗粒数和千粒重,是增产和减灾的有效措施之一。     

Interactive effects of salinity and two phosphorus fertilizers on growth and grain yield of Cicer arietinum L.

Chickpea is considered among the most sensitive grain legumes to salinity. The improvement of tolerance of lines in combination with tolerant rhizobial strains depends on various environmental and cultural conditions such as soil properties. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of phosphorus fertilization (0, 90 and 200 kg ha^?1 of P₂O₅) on biomass, nodular traits and grain yield (GY) of chickpea (cv. Flip 84-79C) growing under salinity (0 and 150 mM NaCl). The trial was laid out following a randomized block design with three replicates during 2010–2012, at the experimental farm of Oued Smar (Algiers). Salinity did not significantly decrease the dry biomass of the plants but the relative shoot growth was more affected than control, P and SP1 treatments. Besides, salinity significantly reduced GY (?20%) and nodulation traits compared to the control plants while an inversely proportional relationship was found between protein, leghemoglobin and MDA content, K/Na ratio and the increase in salt concentration. Application of two P levels to saline soil enhanced growing conditions of plants. Particularly, the (90?kg?ha^–1 of P ×?150?mM?NaCl) combination significantly increased leghemoglobin (92%), reduced proline content (?69%) and protected membranes against peroxydation compared to saline conditions. A significant increase was observed in the GY (about 30%) of plants at both P doses combined with salt stress compared to other cases. Statistically, the low P level combined with salinity induced similar responses of plants and sometimes better responses to control plants. Finally, our results support the roles of phosphorus fertilizer in the alleviation of salt stress and enhancing the soil quality for better symbiosis efficiency and yield of chickpea.     

Effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on salt-stressed sorghum growth and nutrient contents

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity and foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on sorghum biomass and nutrient contents. Treatments were comprised of salinity levels (0 and 100?mM NaCl) and SA concentrations (0.3, 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5?mM). Salinity increased sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) and copper (Cu) but decreased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) contents and the root and shoot dry matter. Fe and Zn were the most affected nutrients by salinity. However, SA reduced Na and Cl but increased plant dry matter and nutrient content. SA had greater positive effects on root than on shoot dry matter. Maximum increases through SA were achieved in N, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and shoot weight under salt stress but in Zn and root weight under non-saline condition. In most cases 1.1?mM was the most effective SA concentration in reducing the negative effects of salinity.     

Effects of Salinity and Drought Stress on Grain Quality of Durum Wheat

This work aimed to assess the influences of soil salinity and drought stresses on grain quality characteristics of selected salt-tolerant genotypes differing in salinity tolerance in durum wheat. This study was conducted under control, drought, and saline field conditions in separate experiments during 2 years. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used for each experiment. The results showed significant effects of genotype and environmental conditions on all grain-quality related traits. Salt and drought stress caused the significant increment of grain protein content, wet and dry gluten contents, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume. Thousand-grain weight, grain protein yield, and test weight reduced significantly under both salinity and drought stress conditions. Protein content showed positive correlation with wet gluten, dry gluten, SDS sedimentation, and volume and strong negative correlation with other traits. It is concluded that influence of salinity stress was greater than drought stress on grain protein yield and some other grain-quality-related traits.     

Evaluation of assimilate remobilization and yield of wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes in an arid climate

To investigate the effects of irrigation regimes on assimilate remobilization, water use efficiency (WUE), relative water content (RWC), photosynthesis and yield of five wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Shiraz University during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block and treatments were arranged as split-plot in three replicates. There were four levels of water regime including well-watered [irrigation based on 100% field capacity (FC)], excess watered (125% FC), mild drought (75% FC) and severe drought (50% FC) stress, and four bread wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Bahar, Pishtaz and Sistan) and a durum wheat (Yavaros). In all cultivars, progressed leaf senescence at 30 days after anthesis (DAA), was associated with a reduction in chlorophyll content. The reduction was more pronounced in Shiraz and Yavaros than Pishtaz and Sistan. With increasing temperature and remobilization of assimilate to grain, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were decreased significantly at 18 DAA compared with 8 DAA. Sistan and Pishtaz cultivars maintained higher RWC than sensitive cultivars of Shiraz and Yavaros under drought stress. The higher WUE in Pishtaz and Sistan was attributed to the effectiveness of a small amount of water in alleviating severe stress during the sensitive stages of growth. Under mild drought stress, controlled soil drying could enhance remobilization efficiency of assimilates in Pishtaz and Sistan and under severe drought, these cultivars had the highest grain yield compared with the other cultivars. Reduction of assimilates remobilization to the grain and 1000-grain weight, caused lower grain yield in Shiraz under severe drought. Overall, controlled soil drying in Sistan and Pishtaz might result in better mobilization of pre-stored assimilates to the grain in arid areas, where a rapid depletion of water resources is threatening crop production.     

氮肥运筹与栽植方式对杂交籼稻籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

以杂交籼稻‘Ⅱ优498’为材料,在光温条件差异较大的四川省汉源和温江两地研究氮肥运筹方式[(基蘖肥与穗肥配比分别为9∶1(N_1)、7∶3(N_2)和5∶5(N_3)]与栽植方式[宽窄行栽培(C_1)、三角形栽培(C_2)、扩行减株栽培(C_3)、抛秧栽培(C_4)]对水稻库容量、籽粒灌浆充实及产量的影响,探明光温特性、养分调控和栽植方式与水稻籽粒灌浆及产量形成的关系。结果表明:1)光温优越的汉源地区水稻籽粒库容量、充实度、结实率和千粒重均优于温江,籽粒的最初生长势较低,达到灌浆峰值的日期推迟,前、中期的灌浆强度较高,历时久,生长量占比亦较大,且灌浆活跃期较长,更易获得高产;2)随着氮肥后移程度的增加,水稻最大库容量呈减小趋势,但籽粒的充实率、充实指数、库有效充实度、结实率和千粒重等均呈增加趋势,籽粒最初生长势降低,最大灌浆速率(G_(max))和平均灌浆速率(G_(mean))提高,达到灌浆峰值的日期推迟、生长量占比增加,灌浆历时缩短,总体以氮肥适度后移(N_2)处理产量更高;3)不同栽植方式在结实率和千粒重上的差异较小,而在生物产量、最大库容量、灌浆特征参数和充实指标上存在较大差异,各栽植方式在获得高产时存在相似的灌浆特性,即库容量较大,籽粒最初生长势较低,达到灌浆峰值的日期延迟、生长量占比较大,G_(max)和G_(mean)较高,宽窄行栽培、三角形栽培、扩行减株栽培和抛秧栽培分别在N_1、N_1、N_2和N_3条件下获得高产,其中三角形栽培产量最优;4)相关分析表明,随着最大库容量的增大,籽粒的最初生长势降低,灌浆峰值期延后,前、中期的灌浆历时与灌浆强度增加,达灌浆峰值期的生长量比例亦增加,且在前、中期的灌浆强度和前期的灌浆贡献率优势显著时更易获得高产。因此,提高水稻产量应结合当地的生态条件并针对不同的栽植方式采取相应的氮肥运筹措施。     

RESPONSE OF SALT STRESSED STRAWBERRY PLANTS TO FOLIAR SALICYLIC ACID PRE-TREATMENTS

Salinity has deleterious effects on plant growth and development through membrane stability, photosynthetic activity, protein content, and ionic composition; however, salicylic acid (SA) could restore these properties in plants. The objective of this study was to determine the ameliorative effects of SA as foliar pre-treatments on membrane permeability, proline and protein contents, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll and ionic composition of strawberry cv. ‘Camarosa’ under saline conditions. Membrane permeability and proline content significantly increased and protein and chlorophyll contents significantly decreased by 6 mS cm^?1 application without SA treatment compared with the control (2 mS cm^?1) treatment. Membrane permeability decreased from 6.9 in 0 mM SA treatment to 5.2 by application of 1.0 mM SA under saline conditions and same to the control (5.2). Compared with 0 mM SA treatment, the average increases of proline and protein contents were 66.7% in 0.25 mM SA treatment and 62.2% in 0.1 mM SA treatment in 6 mS cm^?1 level, respectively. Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll significantly increased by 0.25 mM SA treatments under saline conditions. The lowest and the highest chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were obtained from 0 mM SA treatment (19.6 and 44.5 mg L^?1) and 0.25 mM SA treatment (28.6 and 52.9 mg L^?1) in 6 mS cm^?1 salinity level. Ionic compositions of leaves were significantly affected by salinity and SA treatments. Nitrogen in 1.0 mM SA treatment and P contents of leaves in 0.1 mM SA treatment significantly increased but Na and Cl contents of leaves significantly decreased by SA treatments in 6 mS cm^?1 salinity level. The results of this study were clearly indicated that the SA application on strawberry plants could ameliorate the deleterious effect of salt stress on membrane permeability, proline, protein, and chlorophyll contents. Therefore, SA treatment could offer an economic and simple application to salinity stress.     

Salicylic Acid–Induced Salinity Redressal in Hydroponically Grown Strawberry

The present study was conducted to evaluate shoot and root mineral composition of salt-stressed Selva strawberry under application timing of salicylic acid (SA). Treatments included plants sprayed with 0.5 or 1 mM SA, plants exposed to 40 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), and plants sprayed with 0.5 or 1 mM SA 1 week before, simultaneously, or after initiation of 40 mM salinity. Results indicated that under saline conditions, sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) contents increased along with decrease in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in shoot and root of plants. In plants treated with SA at 1 mM concentration, 1 week before salinity application, root Mg and shoot Ca were greater in comparison to salt-stressed plants treated with the same SA concentration 1 week after their exposure to salt stress. Thus, earlier SA application appears to be a better strategy for optimized protection against deleterious influence of salinity.     

植物多糖类复合制剂对冬小麦光合特性及籽粒灌浆进程的影响

为探明有效成分不同的植物多糖类复合制剂的增产作用和机理,在冬小麦始花期叶面喷施以植物多糖、5-氨基乙酰丙酸和缩节胺为有效成分复配的3种复合制剂P1、P2和P3(由中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所自主研发),以清水为对照,比较研究不同制剂对冬小麦叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、光合蒸腾特性、籽粒灌浆进程及产量等的影响。结果表明,喷施3种制剂20 d内,小麦旗叶和倒二叶的叶绿素SPAD值均较对照有不同程度增加,且随生育进程下降的趋势较对照有所延缓。旗叶净光合速率较对照增加了8.7%~17.4%,且P1和P2对SPAD值和光合速率增加的效应大于P3。此外,P1和P2还促使小麦硝酸还原酶活性增强,单叶水分利用效率增加10%以上。3种植物多糖类复合制剂均促使小麦达到最大灌浆速率的时间提前1.3~4.2 d,且P1和P2使籽粒平均灌浆速率提高6%以上。P3虽未引起籽粒灌浆速率的明显变化,但灌浆时间延长1.0 d。喷施3种复合制剂未引起小麦穗数的明显变化,但穗粒数和千粒重增加,并促使小麦增产8%以上。分析认为,3种植物多糖类复合制剂可促进小麦叶绿素合成、延缓叶片衰老、改善旗叶光合潜能和籽粒灌浆进程,进而实现增产。