Evaluation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for yield and related traits under drought stress conditions

ABSTRACT

Drought is a major factor threatening crop production worldwide. Developing wheat varieties that are adapted to drought prone environments is a sustainable strategy to improve wheat production and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat genotypes for yield and yield components, and for stability under drought stress and non-stress conditions. One hundred and twenty genotypes were evaluated at five test sites in the 2018/19 cropping season using a 10 x 12 alpha lattice design with two replicates. The level of drought stress was imposed using different sowing dates (early planting representing non-stressed, while late planting as drought stressed conditions) following the onset of the main rain at each site. Grain yield and yield components were recorded, and drought indices were calculated for each genotype. Among the drought tolerance indices, GMP, MP, HM, STI and YI were found to be the most suitable for predicting drought tolerance because they had significant and positive correlations with yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Rank sum analysis identified the most drought tolerant genotypes as ‘YS-34', ‘YS-85' and ‘YS-82’. The selected wheat genotypes are useful genetic resources for future drought tolerance breeding programmes in Ethiopia or similar agro-ecologies.     

Evaluation of grain yield indices in hexaploid wheat genotypes in response to drought stress

Drought stress limits crop production in the world. Therefore, employing high-yielding cultivars tolerant to drought is an effective approach to reduce its detrimental effects. To identify drought-tolerant genotypes, 36 wheat genotypes were evaluated during the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 growth seasons. A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with two irrigation treatments (100% field capacity (FC) until harvest and no irrigation after anthesis) as main plots in three replications and genotypes as subplots. Grain yield, its components and drought tolerance indices were measured. Results showed a significant reduction in yield and its components under drought conditions. Grain yield had significant positive correlations with stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP) index and geometric mean productivity (GMP), while it was negatively correlated with stress susceptibility index (SSI) and tolerance index (TOL) under stress condition. These results indicated that superior genotypes could be selected based on high values of STI, MP and GMP and low value of SSI. The results were validated by principal component analysis (PCA) as it showed genotypes with high PC1 and low PC2 were more desirable. Based on the results, genotypes number 8, 11, 17, 30, 34 and 35 were recognized as suitable for both conditions.     

干旱胁迫与正常供水钾肥影响甘薯光合特性及块根产量的差异

【目的】干旱胁迫影响甘薯叶片光合特性及块根产量,研究通过施肥缓解干旱胁迫机理可为甘薯抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种“泰中6号”为材料,以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,水分处理设为土壤最大持水量的60%~70%(正常供水W1)和30%~40%(干旱处理W0); 钾肥设K0、 K1、 K2、 K3四个水平,K2O用量分别为0、 12.0、 24.0和36.0 g/m2。分析不同钾肥用量对不同生长时期甘薯叶片相对含水量、 叶绿素荧光参数、 光合特性及收获期块根产量的影响。【结果】在干旱胁迫和正常灌水条件下,施钾处理均显著增加了甘薯叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率(Pn),增加光合产物的生产和积累,提高块根产量和收获指数。两种水分条件下,块根产量均以K2处理最高, 干旱胁迫下K2与K3处理差异显著,正常灌水处理不显著。两种水分条件下,甘薯叶片光合参数对钾肥的响应存在显著差异,干旱胁迫下施钾使叶片水分利用效率(WUE)增大,气孔导度(Gs)降低,气孔阻力增大,蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,水分蒸腾量减少; 而正常灌水条件下上述指标对钾肥的响应趋势相反。两种水分条件下施钾均可以增大叶片相对含水量(RWC),提高实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),但是干旱胁迫下施钾增幅较大。【结论】干旱胁迫下适量施钾可以提高甘薯的抗旱性,增加甘薯产量,过量施钾使甘薯产量显著降低,而正常水分供应时,稍多钾肥对产量影响不显著。干旱胁迫与正常灌水条件下施钾对叶片光合参数的调控效应存在显著差异。施用钾肥可增大叶面积,提高叶绿素含量和光合性能,调节叶片气孔关闭,增大叶片气孔阻力,减少水分蒸腾损失,增加叶片相对含水量,提高水分利用效率和净光合速率; 施钾还能提高叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和实际光化学效率,减少过剩激发能对光合机构的破坏,提高甘薯叶片的光合能力。干旱条件下钾肥的调节功能优于正常水肥供应。     

Effects of drought stress on some agronomic and bio-physiological traits of Trititicum aestivum,Triticale, and Tritipyrum genotypes

ABSTRACT

Drought tolerance is a complex trait that involves different biochemical and physiological mechanisms in plants. It was the objective of the present study to evaluate the agronomic and biochemical responses of triticale, tritipyrum, and wheat to drought stress. For this purpose, twenty-seven genotypes were evaluated under two levels (non-stress and drought stress) of irrigation during 2015?2017. The metabolic traits studied included relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), carotenoids (Car), leaf proline content (Pro), leaf soluble carbohydrates (LSC), glycine betaine (GB), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), seeds per spike (SS), seed weight (SW), biological yield (BY) and seed yield (SY). Drought stress increased Pro, LSC, and GB contents as well as lipid peroxidation through increasing MDA and H₂O₂ activities. However, both RWC and MSI indices as well as SS, SW, SY and BY reduced as a result of drought treatment although the least decrease of SY was observed at triticale group. During the two years of study, the tritipyrum genotypes exhibited their drought tolerance by accumulation of more LSC and GB as well as lower decrease in SW while the triticale ones responded by maintaining higher levels of RWC but producing less MDA and H₂O₂. It may, therefore, be concluded that the three species studied exploit different mechanisms to maintain tolerance against drought stress. Finally, correlation analysis indicated the positive effects of LSC on SY under both drought and normal conditions, which is obviously a promising trait in wheat, triticale, and tritipyrum that can be beneficially exploited in drought tolerance improvement programs.     

Response of selected drought tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for agronomic traits and biochemical markers under drought-stressed and non-stressed conditions

ABSTRACT

Genetic improvement of wheat for drought tolerance can be achieved by developing suitable ideotypes with enhanced yield-response associated with agronomic traits and biochemical markers. The objective of this study was to determine drought response of elite drought tolerant wheat genotypes using agronomic and biochemical traits to select promising lines for breeding. Fourteen wheat genotypes selected from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center’s heat and drought tolerance nursery and one standard check variety were evaluated under drought-stressed (DS) and non-stressed (NS) conditions using a randomised complete block design in three replications. Significant (P?<?0.05) genotype, drought condition and genotype?×?drought condition interaction effect were detected for the tested traits suggesting differential response of genotype for selection. Grain yield positively correlated with sucrose (r?=?0.58; P?<?0.05), fructose (r?=?0.52; P?<?0.05) and total sugar (r?=?0.52; P?<?0.05) contents under NS condition and with sucrose (r?=?0.80; P?<?0.001), total sugar (r?=?0.84; P?<?0.001) content, proline content (r?=?0.74; P?<?0.001) and number of grains per spike (r?=?0.58; P?<?0.05) under DS condition. Genetically unrelated wheat genotypes such as SM04, SM19, SM29, SM32, SM45 and SM97 possessing key agronomic and biochemical traits were selected for cultivar development for drought-stressed environments.     

干旱条件下APSIM模型修正及华北冬小麦产量模拟效果

干旱是影响华北地区冬小麦产量的主要农业气象灾害之一,作物生长模型是评估干旱对作物产量影响主要方法之一,但作物生长模型对极端天气气候条件下（如干旱）作物产量模拟效果仍存在不确定性。为提高作物模型在干旱条件下对作物产量模拟的精准性,该研究利用调参验证后的农业生产系统模型（agricultural production systems simulator,APSIM）,通过查阅与华北地区冬小麦相关的186篇大田试验文献获得1 876对观测数据,以作物水分亏缺指数为干旱指标,评估APSIM模型在冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱对产量影响的模拟效果,提出APSIM在拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱对小麦产量影响的修正系数。基于历史气候条件、SSP245和SSP585未来气候情景资料,分析了冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱时空分布特征,并采用修正系数校正后的APSIM模型评估华北地区冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段不同等级干旱对其产量的影响。结果表明,APSIM模型低估了拔节-开花阶段干旱对冬小麦产量影响程度,轻旱、中旱和重旱校正系数分别为0.85、0.91和0.85;APSIM模型可准确模...     

干旱胁迫下甜橙叶片保护酶体系的变化研究

对2年生枳[Poncirus.trifoliate(L.)Raf.]砧无病毒奉节72-1脐橙[Citrus.sinensis(L.)Osbeck.cv.Fengjie.72-1.navel]嫁接苗进行持续性干旱胁迫处理,研究干旱胁迫期间甜橙叶片保护酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量随土壤和植株水分变化的生理适应性。结果表明,干旱胁迫明显导致了过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性上升,而MDA含量变化不明显。干旱胁迫初期或轻度胁迫期,保护酶活性已具有明显的适应性反应;当处于中度胁迫时,POD和SOD依然保持很高活性。在防止MDA产生中,CAT的作用不明显,POD和SOD起主要的协同作用。     

干旱胁迫下氮用量对烤烟养分积累与分配及烟叶产量和品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫下氮用量对烤烟(Nicotiana.Tabacum.L.)养分的积累与分配及烟叶产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下随氮用量增加,烟株体内N、P、K、Mn含量显著增加,Ca、Mg、Fe含量明显减少,烟株对各种养分的积累量都显著增大。氮用量还影响烟株体内养分的分配,随施氮量增大,伸根期干旱烟株体内大多数养分在根和茎中的分配比例增加,在叶中的分配比例减少;旺长期和成熟期干旱时则相反。在干旱条件下增加氮用量可以提高烟叶产量和总氮、烟碱含量,降低烟叶还原糖含量。     

气候变化下干旱对中国玉米产量的影响

了解干旱的时空变化特征及其对农业生产的影响对于维护农业可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究以中国五大主要玉米种植区中241个地级行政单元作为研究对象,采用AquaCrop作物模型分别对rcp2.6、rcp4.5、rcp8.5,3种代表性浓度路径情景中玉米在不同灌溉条件下的受到的水分胁迫及相应产量进行模拟,在此基础上通过建立回归模型评估干旱强度对玉米产量损失的影响。结果表明,1）未来中国的干旱强度分布及玉米产量损失在空间上均呈现由西北至东南递减的趋势;2）未来时期全国大部分地区干旱水平相比于历史时期有所上升;3）玉米干旱损失率随干旱指数的变化特征符合Logistic曲线,回归结果的R2为0.96。4）未来北方春播玉米区和黄淮海夏播玉米区的玉米产量对干旱强度反应最敏感,应当引起格外重视。     

氮肥运筹对四川丘陵区机播套作小麦群体质量及产量的影响

以四川大面积推广应用的中筋小麦品种川麦42为材料,采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了不同施氮量和施氮方式对带式机播套作小麦（播幅为净作的50%）群体质量和产量的影响。结果表明,套作小麦拔节后的叶面积指数（LAI）、干物质积累量均随施氮量的增加而提高,粒叶比则在中等偏高施氮量（N 180 kg /hm2）时最大;底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式有效地提高了花后LAI、干物质日积累速率及粒叶比。对产量影响方面,有效穗和穗粒数随施氮量的增加而提高,成穗率和千粒重则在N 180 kg /hm2时最高,底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式提高了成穗率。相关分析表明,孕穗后的LAI、孕穗期的干物质积累以及拔节至孕穗期的干物质日积累速率与产量呈显著或极显著正相关。本试验条件下,在施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2、施氮方式为底肥:拔节肥=7:3时,套作小麦产量构成因素协调好,产量最高,达4800.4 kg/hm2,与生产上大面积净作小麦产量相当。其群体质量指标为:基本苗184.5万株/hm2,成穗数225.3万穂/hm2,成穗率72.8%,孕穗期LAI 4.68,灌浆期LAI 2.11,花后干物质积累量1600.6 kg/hm2,结实粒数9652.5万粒/hm2,粒叶比11.501mg/cm2。     

Responses of cucumber (Cucumissativus L.) to ozonated water under varying drought stress intensities

This study explores the effect of drought stress and ozone on cucumber. A factorial experiment with complete randomized design was carried out in a greenhouse. Experimental treatments were drought stress, including three levels 100% (control), 80%, and 60% of the field capacity (FC) and three ozone concentrations of 0, 0.5, and 1 ppm. The drought stress (80% and 60% of the FC) significantly reduced fruit length, weight, and yield, leaf area, and number of fruits. Across the levels of drought stress, the statistical analysis showed significant increments in the fruit weight with the increasing in the ozone concentrations. An enhancement in the total suspended solids values was obtained with the increase in the drought stress level. The height, dry, and fresh weights of plant decreased with the increase in the drought stress level. The highest leaf area, dry, and fresh weights were observed in the 0.5 ppm ozone and 100% FC.     

北方地区不同等级干旱对春玉米产量影响

北方地区是中国主要的玉米种植区,在中国玉米总产和播种面积中占有较大比例,同时也是中国易发生干旱的地区,北方地区干旱常态化严重制约着该地区玉米的稳定发展。该文基于北方地区14个省(市、自治区)217个气象台站1961-2010年的逐日气象数据以及作物、土壤和田间管理资料,依据春玉米生长季内降水量并以100 mm为间隔将全区划分为6个区域(Ⅰ~Ⅵ),选取作物水分亏缺指数为农业干旱指标,基于验证后的农业生产系统模型(agricultural production systems simulator,APSIM),明确了各生育阶段不同等级干旱对春玉米产量的影响。研究结果表明,北方地区干旱造成春玉米减产率在空间上呈由西向东下降趋势,降水的空间分布直接导致了灾损程度在各区的差异,其中西部灌溉绿洲农业区雨养种植春玉米干旱风险非常大,需大力发展节水灌溉,而东部雨养农业区自然降水已基本满足春玉米生长发育需要,干旱对春玉米产量影响较小,在模拟过程中很难准确的反映出旱级对产量造成的差异影响。春玉米在拔节—抽雄阶段发生干旱会对产量造成比较严重的影响,该阶段4个等级干旱造成春玉米减产率的四分位区间分别为特旱(20.1%~33.6%)、重旱(12.0%~20.3%)、中旱(6.3%~15.2%)、轻旱(4.7%~11.6%)。     

镉胁迫对不同基因型小麦产量及构成因子的影响

盆栽试验以筛选出的6份子粒镉（Cd）高积累和5份子粒Cd低积累小麦为试材,研究不同基因型小麦在028 （对照CK）、5、10和 20 mg/kg 4个Cd浓度胁迫下小麦子粒产量及其构成因子的变化。结果表明,不同基因型小麦产量及其构成因子对土壤Cd浓度的变化响应差异很大。产量对Cd胁迫很敏感,随着Cd浓度的提高极显著降低; 小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重随Cd浓度的增加逐渐降低,响应显著的浓度分别为5、5和10 mg/kg; 而有效分蘖随着Cd浓度的提高先在5 mg/kg显著增加,然后极显著降低,响应强烈的浓度为10 mg/kg。相关性和通径分析表明,Cd浓度与小麦产量及构成因子呈负相关,影响程度为: 产量＞千粒重＞穗粒数＞有效分蘖＞小穗数。由此可知,产量随着Cd浓度的提高极显著降低的直接原因是瘪粒和空粒的增加; 同时还看出,Cd胁迫下子粒Cd高积累小麦的产量、小穗数和穗粒数显著低于Cd低积累品种,千粒重两者相差不大,有效分蘖是前者高于后者。     

限水灌溉下施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用及氮平衡的影响

2008~2009年通过大田试验,研究了限水灌溉条件下,不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用、土壤硝态氮动态变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加小麦穗数和穗粒数,对千粒重无显著影响。作物产量、吸氮量与施氮量均呈抛物线关系,施氮量超过N240 kg/hm2,产量和吸氮量随施氮量增加略有降低。小麦起身期后,0—100 cm土层都有硝态氮分布,且随土层深度增加而减少;相同土层则随施氮量的增加而增加。土壤硝态氮积累量随生育期推进而降低,N0和N120处理分别在拔节期和开花期后表现出氮素亏缺;成熟期,土壤表观盈余以残留为主,表观损失量占小部分。氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率随施氮量增加呈降低趋势,而氮素残留率随施氮量增加呈增加趋势。在本试验条件下,施氮量在N 180~220 kg/hm2水平可以达到产量、氮素表观利用率、氮素残留率的较好结合,是限水灌溉下兼顾经济效益与环境效益的适宜施氮量。     

Evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles effects with two application methods on wheat under drought stress

Chitosan and its components have beneficial effects on a wide variety of plant species. Yet, their effects on wheat plants under drought stress are not well known. So, a field experiment was laid out in order to evaluate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) on wheat. The wheat seeds were sown in plots. Then, the chitosan NPs were added to them through soil and foliar application at tillering, stem elongation, and heading stages. Results indicated that the drought stress significantly decreased majority of the studied traits compared to the normal irrigation. Application of the NPs especially 90?ppm increased leaf area (LA), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, yield, and biomass compared to the control. Finally, our results highlight that usage of the chitosan NPs especially 90?ppm can mitigate adverse effects of drought in the wheat under drought stress.     

盐胁迫下水稻部分生化性状的QTL定位

应用247个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系群体及其相应的含250个分子标记的高密度分子遗传图谱,对0.7%NaCl盐处理后的水稻苗期相关生化性状进行QTL定位。在第1染色体的RM237-RM246区间检测到1个控制蛋白质含量的QTL,贡献率为13.14%;在第12染色体的RG81-S13126和RM309-RG543区间分别检测到1个控制脯氨酸含量和抗坏血酸含量的QTL,贡献率为9.09%和7.97%。并将所定位区间与已报道的水稻盐胁迫反应基因/QTL的位置进行了比较。     

干旱胁迫下冬小麦产量结构与生长、生理、光谱指标的关系

通过控制生育期水分条件形成不同程度的干旱胁迫,对冬小麦生长、产量及生理指标和冠层高光谱反射率对干旱胁迫的反应进行监测,建立冬小麦减产率与生长、生理及冠层光谱反射率的相关模型。研究结果表明:不同生育期冬小麦干物质积累速度随水分胁迫程度的增大而减小;叶绿素含量与水分条件的关系不同于其他参数,表现为中等水分条件下叶绿素含量最大,严重水分胁迫下叶绿素含量最低;不同水分条件下光合速率呈两种不同日变化特征,且正常供水处理的光合速率明显高于严重干旱处理。光合速率和增强植被指数(EVI)同冬小麦减产率相关性较强,能够建立较好的关系模型用于小麦产量预测。     

华北平原不同等级干旱对冬小麦产量的影响

华北平原是中国重要的粮食生产基地,其中冬小麦播种面积和产量均居中国首位,在国家粮食安全中具有重要作用,干旱是影响该区域冬小麦产量的最主要农业气象灾害。该研究基于华北平原44个气象站点1981-2017年的逐日气象数据以及作物、土壤和田间管理资料,以作物水分亏缺指数为农业干旱指标,基于调参验证后的农业生产系统模型（Agricultural Production Systems Simulater,APSIM）,评估了冬小麦生长发育中后期各生育阶段不同等级干旱对冬小麦单产和总产的影响。结果表明,冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱造成冬小麦减产率空间上均呈北高南低的分布特征,且开花-成熟阶段干旱引起的减产率（26.8%）高于拔节-开花阶段干旱引起的减产率（19.1%）,区域间比较均表现为干旱对京津冀地区冬小麦单产影响最大,对河南省冬小麦单产影响最小;随着干旱等级的加重减产率增大,开花-成熟阶段轻旱、中旱和重旱的减产率分别为16.5%、32.8%和44.9%,拔节-开花阶段轻旱、中旱和重旱的减产率分别为10.3%、18.8%和28.6%。结合冬小麦实际播种面积得到各生育阶段干旱对总产的影响,区域间比较均表现为干旱对山东省冬小麦总产影响最大,对河南省冬小麦总产影响最小。     

Effect of rhizobacteria and cytokinins application on wheat growth and yield under normal vs drought conditions

ABSTRACT

Drought is a major constraint for agricultural productivity worldwide, and it is likely to further increase. Different strategies are required to mitigate drought stress in plants. In a two-year study that conducted at agronomic research area of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, we investigated the role of rhizobacteria (RB) and cytokinins (Ck) on drought tolerance, nutrient uptake, yield, and physiological parameters in wheat under drought stress at different developmental stages (tillering, anthesis, and grain filling). Thirteen treatments used were well-watered control plants without RB or Ck, drought at tillering, anthesis, or grain filling without or with RB alone, Ck alone, or combination of both (RB+Ck). In both years, and at the different stages, measured parameters were highest in the well-watered plants but lowest in drought-stressed plants. Application of RB and Ck to drought-stressed plants increased these parameters in the order RB+Ck > RB > Ck. In some cases, under drought stress, there was no difference between inoculation with RB and application of Ck. It was concluded that the combined application of RB and Ck could play a significant role in improving wheat yield and also alleviation of stress under drought condition.     

Ontogenetic-based sequential path analysis of grain yield and its related traits in several winter wheat cultivars

Studies that provide representative insights for determining yield through its related traits during the ontogeny of modern cultivars subjected to sources of environmental variation are limited for different crops, including wheat. Most of the empirical evidence on the relationships between the yield of small grain cereal crops and its contributing traits has been obtained under dry or semidry conditions. The aims of this paper were to (1) illustrate how an path analysis can be used to clarify and interpret the relationships between grain yield (GY), yield components, and other yield-related traits of 25 winter wheat cultivars subjected to sources of environmental variation and (2) determine how the yield-related traits contribute to the yield variation. The data used in this analysis were generated from multi-environment trials across wheat-growing areas in Poland. Using Ward’s clustering procedure was capable of identifying the most critical predictor traits of the yield components and their contributions to cultivar-focused GY variation. Our findings document, confirm, and improve the basic biological understanding of how to grow modern wheat cultivars for high GY through effectively stimulating the improvement of yield-related traits through the optimization of developmental stage-based agronomic strategies. Our results confirmed empirically that modern European wheat cultivars grown in a temperate climate require favorable conditions, the use of appropriate N fertilizer and growth regulators, and the application of fungicide to protect against leaf diseases and to provide conditions that effectively increase the time to anthesis, the Leaf Area Index per spike at anthesis, and the grain filling duration, and reduce plant height and flag leaf disease severity, thus leading to a high GY. A high yield level is obtained by the performance of preferred yield-related traits that can maintain the three yield components at relatively high levels.