池塘底泥生物组成的季节性变化对刺参食物来源的影响

为分析刺参养殖池塘底泥生物组成的季节变化及其对刺参食物来源的影响,本研究于2012年5—12月以16:1(n-7)/16:0及EPA作为硅藻的特征脂肪酸标志,20:4(n-6)作为褐藻的特征脂肪酸标志,DHA及DHA/EPA作为鞭毛藻或原生动物的特征脂肪酸标志,18:1(n-7)及奇数碳和支链脂肪酸(oddbr FAs)作为细菌的特征脂肪酸标志调查了荣成靖海湾刺参养殖池塘底泥和刺参脂肪酸组成的季节性变化特征。结果显示,硅藻、褐藻、多种异养细菌及鞭毛藻或原生动物为底泥的主要组成生物,且各类生物组成的季节变化显著,其中硅藻的特征脂肪酸16:1(n-7)/16:0及EPA最高值出现在冬季,褐藻的特征脂肪酸20:4(n-6)含量为秋季最高,细菌的特征脂肪酸18:1(n-7)及(oddbr FAs)最高值出现在夏季,鞭毛藻或原生动物的特征脂肪酸DHA含量为冬季最高。相关性分析显示,刺参食物中的硅藻、鞭毛藻或原生动物和细菌主要来源于底泥。研究表明,刺参养殖池塘底泥中主要生物组成季节性变化显著,进而引起刺参食物来源的季节性变化。     

脂肪酸标志法研究池塘悬浮颗粒物及附着基附着物生物组成的季节性变化对刺参食物来源的影响

分别以16∶1(n-7)/16∶0和EPA作为硅藻特征脂肪酸标志;20∶4(n-6)作为褐藻特征脂肪酸标志;DHA及DHA/EPA作为原生动物特征脂肪酸标志;18∶1(n-7)和oddbr FAs作为细菌特征脂肪酸标志,研究分析了悬浮颗粒物的生物组成的季节变化、附着基附着物的生物组成的季节变化以及二者对刺参食物来源组成的影响。分析结果表明,硅藻、鞭毛藻或原生动物及多种异养细菌均为悬浮颗粒物的主要生物组成,且各类生物组成比例的季节变化显著(P0.05);硅藻、褐藻、鞭毛藻或原生动物及多种异养细菌均为附着基附着物的重要生物组成,且各类生物组成比例的季节变化显著(P0.05)。对比悬浮颗粒物、附着基及刺参的食物组成可以发现,附着基附着物对刺参的食物组成有重要的贡献,悬浮颗粒物也是刺参的食物来源之一。     

不同食物组分对大红海参生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

为开发大红海参人工养殖技术,采用海带粉、鼠尾藻粉和仿刺参复合饲料3种常见饵料投饲大红海参,分析各组大红海参的生长及体壁脂肪酸组成的差异,从营养组成角度筛选适于大红海参人工养殖的饵料成分.试验结果显示,不同投饲组大红海参体壁脂肪酸组成具有显著差异(P<0.05),大红海参体壁n-6和n-3不饱和脂肪酸的比例与饵料中亚油酸...     

海带组织降解过程中定殖微型生物群落的特征

运用脂肪酸标志法分析了海带新鲜组织、降解组织及脱落碎屑中定殖微型生物群落的组成特征。研究结果显示,降解组织和脱落碎屑的总脂含量显著提高,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量降低。降解组织和脱落碎屑中细菌脂肪酸标志18∶1(n-7)和奇数碳及支链脂肪酸含量相比于新鲜叶片有大幅度的提高,表明碎屑中定殖了繁盛的细菌群落;海带碎屑的硅藻脂肪酸标志16∶1(n-7)/16∶0比值最高,降解组织中该比值也显著高于新鲜叶片,表明硅藻类也大量定殖于海带降解组织和碎屑中。鲜海带组织中不含原生动物脂肪酸标志——DHA,而在降解叶片和脱落碎屑中都检测到一定含量的该标志物(0.65%和1.57%),指示了原生动物在海带降解组织和碎屑中的定殖。各种微型生物的定殖与生物降解作用显著改变了降解海带叶片及海带碎屑的有机碳氮特征,新鲜海带叶片组织碳、氮比值高达17.32,而降解组织和海带碎屑有机氮含量有较大幅度的升高,碳、氮比值则分别下降为6.61和6.48。研究结果表明,海带脱落碎屑并非单一成分,而是以海带降解残片为主体,同时混杂有硅藻类、细菌和原生动物群落的混合体。海带碎屑通过各种微型生物的定殖与生物降解作用,其有机氮含量升高,碳、氮比...     

刺参增养殖技术

1生活习性与生理生态 刺参喜生活于岩礁底的浅海中,特别喜在海藻繁茂的地方.刺参也分布于大型藻类生活的沙泥底质.纯泥底很少有刺参分布. 摄食量最高值出现在2～3月份,最低为8月份.刺参主要摄取海底表层的细菌及底栖硅藻,还兼食海藻碎片、原生动物、螺类及双壳类的幼体,桡足类、虾蟹类的蜕皮壳等.     

应用稳定同位素分析辽东湾池塘仿刺参的食性

为分析辽东湾海水生态养殖池塘仿刺参的食性特征,分别于2016年3月、5月、7月、9月、12月采集池塘中的浮游植物、浮游动物、颗粒有机物、底栖硅藻、表层底泥和仿刺参,并检测所有样品的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值。运用IsoSource线性混合模型计算出浮游植物、浮游动物、颗粒有机物、底栖硅藻、表层底泥对仿刺参的饵料贡献率。试验结果显示,底栖硅藻对仿刺参的平均饵料贡献率周年变化为78.5%～85.7%,颗粒有机物、浮游植物、浮游动物和表层底泥对仿刺参的贡献率分别为2.1%～5.1%、2.2%～5.6%、2.3%～7.7%、3.6%～7.9%。底栖硅藻对消化管内含物δ¹³C值的贡献率为25.8%～74.5%、颗粒有机物、浮游植物、浮游动物和表层底泥对消化管内含物δ¹³C值的贡献率分别为3.9%～15.3%、4.0%～18.3%、4.2%～19.4%、5.6%～22.2%。试验结果表明,在不投饵、缺乏底栖大型藻类的生态养殖池塘中,底栖硅藻是仿刺参主要的食物来源,仿刺参也摄食表层底泥、沉降后颗粒有机物和浮游动植物。研究结果可为海水池塘仿刺参的生态健康养殖提供基础数据。     

大连紫海胆食性的初步探讨

大连紫海胆成体在自然海区摄食的饵料,包括多种大型海藻类、底栖硅藻类、某些小型贝类及有机碎屑等,其中以海带、石莼等海藻类为主。调查与试验结果还表明,成海胆摄食的饵料与其生活水域的饵料生物种类有关。当饵料生物丰富时,成海胆对饵料的摄食有一定的选择性。对绿藻,红藻、褐藻这三大类海藻,其选择率的大小依次为褐藻、红藻、绿藻。褐藻中以对裙带菜、海带等最为嗜食;红藻中嗜食角叉藻、石花菜;绿藻中嗜食石莼、浒苔等。对于某些动物性饵料,如鱼和贝类的碎肉等,成海胆也有良好的摄食习性。因而,成海胆的食性应属杂食性。     

明矾浓缩单胞藻饲喂刺参稚参的试验

刺参稚参营附着生活后,以附着基上的底栖硅藻和其他有机碎屑为饵料,这就需要在附着基上预先培养底栖硅藻。底栖硅藻的预先培养需在采苗前的15～20天进行,操作比较麻烦,并占用大量的空间,后期还需对底栖硅藻进行补充,生产上有较大的难度。在刺参人工育苗过程中,浮游单胞藻饵料需提前培养,往往出现生产过剩现象。特别是刺参幼体附着变态为稚参后,浮游单胞藻饵料的使用量明显减少,饵料室会剩余大量的单胞藻饵料,放弃不用则造成很大的浪费。     

獐子岛夏秋季野生仿刺参体壁营养成分的分析

对大连獐子岛海域8月和11月的野生仿刺参体壁中的水分、粗蛋白质、灰分、糖、粗脂肪含量以及脂肪酸和氨基酸组成进行了测定.试验结果表明,8月和11月仿刺参体壁中的水分粗蛋白、糖含量(质量分数)分别为89.01%、91.53%;4.65%%、3.25%;0.80%、0.15%,两月间差异极显著(P<0.01);灰分、粗脂肪含量分别为3.02%,2.79%;0.28%,0.33%,两月间无显著性差异.仿刺参体壁中的必需氨基酸含量分别占氨基酸总量的30.08%和20.02%,变异系数为20.18%,说明两月仿刺参体壁中的必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的变化较大;8月和11月仿刺参体壁中廿碳五烯酸(EPA)含量分别为9.94%和11.24%,廿二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量分别为5.83%和7.02%,变异系数分别为8.71%和13.01%,表明8月与11月仿刺参体壁中的EPA、DHA含量有较大变化,11月高于8月.     

莱州湾和桑沟湾养殖海区浮游植物的研究Ⅰ.

系统研究了中国北方两个典型养殖海湾浮游植物的周年变动。从莱州湾浮游植物全年分布来看,早春2～3月是细胞数量的高峰,此时的主要物种是中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum(Grev．)Cleve)和角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp)等硅藻,形成明显的暴发性增长。莱州湾浮游植物的群落演替明显,硅藻和鞭毛藻类交替占优势：有4个月是硅藻占绝对优势,其他藻类很难见到;有4个月是硅藻占优势,甲藻或绿藻为次优势种;有4个月是以单细胞的金藻、绿藻或甲藻占优势。在8月份之前,3个采样点之间浮游植物在数量上差异不大;9月到12月份差异比较大,说明筏式养殖的扇贝对浮游植物数量有一定影响。另外,浮游植物优势种的年际变化,说明包括营养盐在内的海区环境因子可能发生了变化。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.