侧耳及相关菌对线虫的作用

侧耳属真菌是一类通过专性产毒作用于线虫的食线虫真菌。本文测定了侧耳属等17个属27个种及一些未鉴定菌株对腐生线虫的毒性，并比较了它们在PDA、CMA、WA三种培养基上对线虫毒性的差异。结果表明，大部分菌株对线虫有毒性，且在营养丰富的培养基上毒性较高；其中，K14等菌株对线虫的毒性极强，在12小时内对线虫的致死率达90％以上，是一类有前景的线虫生防菌。所筛选的菌株中，侧耳属的长柄侧耳、裂皮侧耳、阿魏侧耳和Pleurotus memberancens4个种及日本亮耳菌等4个菌株对线虫的毒性是首次报道。     

草坪常用化学药剂对昆虫病原线虫存活和侵染率的影响

测定了草坪上常用的14种化学药剂对蝼蛄斯氏线、长尾斯氏线虫X-7品系和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All品系存活和侵染率的影响。杀虫剂乙酰甲胺磷在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫、长尾斯氏线虫和小卷蛾斯氏线虫的致死率分别为21％和9．5％，13％和5．5％，5．5％和2％；敌百虫在高浓度和推荐浓度下对蝼蛄斯氏线虫的致死率分别高达94．5％和92．5％，在高浓度下对长尾斯氏线虫的致死率为8％，对小卷蛾斯氏线虫没有明显致死作用；克蛾宝对3种线虫的致死作用均比乙酰甲胺磷和敌百虫低。杀菌剂对3种线虫的存活均无影响。除草剂2，4-D丁酯对3种线虫低浓度和高浓度下致死率分别为2％、6％、3．5％和5％、85．5％、6％。经化学药剂处理24h后的线虫侵染黄粉虫9-11龄幼虫，对线虫存活没有影响或者影响较小的化学药剂对线虫的侵染率都没有明显的影响，但剂型为10％可湿性粉剂的吡虫啉对长尾斯氏线虫，以及高浓度的2，4-D丁酯对小卷蛾斯氏线虫的侵染率有明显抑制作用。     

食线虫真菌蠕虫埃斯特菌对植物寄生线虫的侵染特性

为评价食线虫真菌蠕虫埃斯特菌Esteya vermicola菌株NKF 13222的生防应用价值,采用2%水琼脂培养基平板接种法测定了该菌株对7种植物寄生线虫的诱引、黏附和侵染能力,并比较了其对不同线虫的侵染特性.结果显示,该菌株的菌丝对松材线虫、拟松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫和水稻干尖线虫均有诱引作用,而对南方根结线虫、禾谷孢囊线虫和穿刺短体线虫无诱引作用;菌株的粘性分生孢子对有诱引现象的4种线虫都能黏附,接种24 h后的黏附率达到82%～99%,对无诱引现象的3种线虫不能黏附;粘性分生孢子黏附虫体后对不同线虫的侵染力存在差异,接种7 d后的松材线虫死亡率可达98%,而拟松材线虫、腐烂茎线虫和水稻干尖线虫死亡率分别为43%、35%和9%.表明蠕虫埃斯特菌不仅是松材线虫的强内寄生真菌,而且对其它重要植物寄生线虫也具有一定的应用潜力.     

七株黄瓜内生真菌对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫的不同作用

本文研究了7株黄瓜内生真菌对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的不同作用方式。结果表明,枝顶孢Acremonium sp.菌株Ac985、毛壳菌Chaetomium sp.菌株Ch1001和拟青霉Paecilomyces sp.菌株Pa972的PDB培养滤液对南方根结线虫J2具有致死作用,48h暴露后致死率分别达到100%、98.5%和100%;叶点霉Phyllosticta sp.菌株Ph511培养滤液对J2具有击倒作用,但击倒的虫体在清水中能恢复活性。木霉Trichoderma sp.菌株Tr882和菌株Ac985、Ch1001的培养滤液对J2的活动有趋避作用。镰刀菌Fusarium spp.菌株Fu234、Fu654和菌株Pa972、Ch1001、Ph511的菌丝可以穿透J2体壁并消化虫体。Ch1001、Fu654、Ph511三菌株孢子悬浮液处理黄瓜种子后,能诱导黄瓜萌发的主根对J2从其根尖伸长区穿透的抗性。     

耐多菌灵淡紫拟青霉对线虫的致病力及其在土壤中的存活

在室内条件下,测定了耐多菌灵淡紫拟青霉Paecilomyces lilacinusPL221菌株对拟松材线虫Bursaphelenchus mucronatus的致死率和对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita卵的寄生率,及其在土壤中的存活情况。结果表明：菌株PL221对拟松材线虫的致死率为75.6%,高于出发菌株36-1,两者有极显著差异;菌株PL221对根结线虫卵的寄生率为62.1%,也高于出发菌株36-1,但两者无显著差异。将菌株PL221以孢子液和固体发酵物的形式施入土壤,都可在土壤中存活至少60d,其中以固体发酵物的形式施入土壤中的存活量较高。菌株PL221在土壤中的存活量受降水量影响较大,二者关系呈负相关。     

水稻拟禾本科根结线虫生防细菌的分离鉴定与防治效果评价

为获得对水稻拟禾本科根结线虫具有较高杀线虫活性的生防细菌,初筛以马铃薯腐烂茎线虫、复筛以拟禾本科根结线虫2龄幼虫为靶标线虫,采用直接触杀法对土壤分离细菌进行筛选。获得8株具有较高杀线虫活性的菌株,其中D45菌株发酵液的杀虫活性最好。其发酵液上清5倍稀释液处理24、48 h后,马铃薯腐烂茎线虫和拟禾本科根结线虫2龄幼虫的死亡率分别为69.8%、72.1%和60.9%、70.4%。盆栽试验和田间试验表明,在拟禾本科根结线虫侵染前采用D45菌株发酵液进行土壤处理,可显著减少水稻根结数。D45高活性菌株产生的杀线虫物质对蛋白酶稳定,但不耐热和酸。经生理生化测定结合16S rRNA基因序列分析,D45菌株为巨大芽胞杆菌Bacillus megaterium。D45菌株对防治水稻拟禾本科根结线虫具有应用潜力。     

昆虫病原线虫共生细菌发酵液对棉铃虫和菜青虫的口服毒性

研究了昆虫病原线虫共生细菌4个种和1组未定名种28个菌株发酵液对棉铃虫、菜青虫幼虫的致死、抑制生长和拒食作用。嗜线虫致病杆菌对棉铃虫幼虫具有较高的口服毒性，含20％(V／W)嗜线虫致病杆菌CBl2、CB6、CB5、CB28菌株发酵液的人工饲料饲喂棉铃虫初孵幼虫6天后，幼虫校正死亡率分别为97．7％、88．7％、88．4％和88．4％，饲喂棉铃虫3龄幼虫5天后，相对生长抑制率分别为96.4％、95．1％、95．6％和93．8％，上述菌株发酵原液涂抹白菜叶片饲喂5龄棉铃虫幼虫24h后相对拒食率分别为87．6％、83．6％、91．4％和89．8％；光杆状菌CBl、cBl52菌株、嗜线虫致病杆菌CB19菌株和波氏致病杆菌CB32菌株发酵原液涂抹白菜叶片饲喂菜青虫24h后，相对拒食率分别为82．7％、77．2％、75．8％和75．0％。     

白僵菌及其伴生菌发酵液对线虫的毒力研究

采用发酵液浸没法,以4种线虫作为靶标,对6株白僵菌、7株伴生菌菌株进行了杀线虫活性筛选,以期获得新的、高效的杀线虫生防菌资源。其中:处理24 h对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita 2龄幼虫及大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera glycines 2龄幼虫校正死亡率均达80%以上的菌株仅有白僵菌Snef2598及伴生菌Snef5;供试菌株对水稻干尖线虫Aphelenchoides besseyi的毒力均较低,其中仅有1株白僵菌校正死亡率达到40%以上。处理48 h对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫校正死亡率达90%以上的菌株有白僵菌4株和伴生菌5株;对大豆胞囊线虫2龄幼虫校正死亡率超过90%的菌株有白僵菌3株和伴生菌1株;供试菌株对水稻干尖线虫毒力均较低,校正死亡率达60%以上的菌株有白僵菌3株和伴生菌2株;几乎所有供试菌株,对小杆线虫Caenorhabditis sp.的毒力均很高,处理24 h及48 h的校正死亡率均达97%以上,且被杀死的小杆线虫体壁以及虫体内部物质均被不同程度地消解。研究表明,球孢白僵菌菌株Snef2598及其伴生菌菌株Snef5对4种靶标线虫的毒力均较好,具有进一步研究的价值。     

淡紫拟青霉菌料防治大豆胞囊线虫的后效研究

淡紫拟青霉不同菌株的培养菌料，施２２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，对大豆胞囊线虫不但当年有４５％～６９％的较好防效，而且第２年和第３年仍然有２２．５％～３７．７％和７．３％～２２．９％的后效，即空胞囊和被寄生的胞囊数量增加。     

淡紫拟青霉对大豆胞囊线虫卵及2龄幼虫的影响

研究了淡紫拟青霉M-14、IPC菌株对大豆胞囊线虫卵孵化及2龄幼虫活性的影响。结果表明,M-14滤液及其菌丝内溶物、IPC滤液、ZnCl_2溶液等不同处理间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。代谢产物对卵生理活性的影响因试验菌株的不同而异,M-14菌株发酵滤液及其内容物对大豆胞囊线虫卵的孵化具有强烈的抑制作用,而IPC菌株的影响则较弱。大豆胞囊线虫2龄幼虫在M-14发酵滤液原液及1倍稀释液中均表现为麻痹僵直,线虫死亡率随时间的延长而增加,72h后幼虫死亡率分别达到96.8％和90.5％。将经M-14原液处理24h的幼虫置于清水中,仅有极少数能够恢复活性,证明M-14代谢产物具有很强的杀线虫活性。     

Characterisation of volatiles produced from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus megaterium</Emphasis> YFM3.25 and their nematicidal activity against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne incognita</Emphasis>

A member of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, Bacillus megaterium YMF3.25, was demonstrated to be an efficient biocontrol agent (BCA) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Results from three-compartmented Petri dish tests and a pot experiment indicated that the bacterial culture could significantly inhibit the hatch of eggs and reduce infection of the nematode through production of nematicidal volatiles. After analysis by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer and confirmation with commercial pure compounds, the nematicidal volatiles produced by the bacterium were characterised to include mainly the benzeneacetaldehyde, 2-nonanone, decanal, 2-undecanone and dimethyl disulphide, which were active against to both juveniles and eggs at the concentration of 0.5 mmol. Six compounds (phenyl ethanone, nonane, phenol, 3,5-dimethoxy-toluene, 2,3-dimethyl- butanedinitrile and 1-ethenyl-4-methoxy- benzene) with nematicidal activityies of 30%–63% also contributed to nematicidal efficacy of the bacterium.     

一株毒杀松材线虫的解淀粉芽孢杆菌活性物质的基本性质

从马尾松林中筛选出的解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JK-JS3菌株对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus具有较高杀线活性。本试验对JK-JS3菌株分泌的杀线活性物质的基本性质进行了研究。结果表明：该菌株产生的杀线组分是可随水分一同蒸发的非蛋白质类物质;其吸收峰在190nm到200nm之间;常温25℃和冷藏4℃下保存60d仍能保持杀线活性;不同温度和pH条件对其杀线组分的活性有影响,加热会降低其活性,碱性条件下具有较高的杀线活性;石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯等有机溶剂不能将其活性物质从粗提液中提取。     

茶皂素杀线虫活性测定分析

 茶皂素(Tea saponin, TS)是由各类茶籽(油茶Thea sinesis或茶Camellia sasauqua)饼粕中提取出来的五环三萜类化合物,具表面活性、生理活性和鱼毒活性以及溶血性等。近10年来,国内有关TS杀虫抑菌活性有较多的研究报道,但未见杀线虫活性方面的报道。     

和田鞘氨醇杆菌AMCC 100218菌株的筛选、鉴定及杀线虫特性

为筛选对南方根结线虫具有致死效果的生防细菌,从山东省10个县市蔬菜主产区番茄根际土壤中分离可培养细菌,采用离体杀线虫试验测定分离菌株对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的致死活性,结合生理生化特征及分子生物学方法对高效杀线虫菌株进行分类鉴定,同时对其杀线虫特性进行表征,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证其生防潜力。结果显示,从山东省蔬菜主产区番茄根际土中分离到1株高效杀线虫菌株AMCC 100218,结合生理生化试验与16S rRNA序列分析,鉴定此菌株为和田鞘氨醇杆菌Sphingobacterium hotanense;该菌株对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫的致死效果可达88.87%,其杀线虫活性物质具有较好的热稳定性和储存稳定性,且耐碱不耐酸;盆栽试验结果表明,该菌能够显著减少土壤中的虫口密度,降低番茄发病率。表明和田鞘氨醇杆菌AMCC 100218菌株是1株具有防治根结线虫病潜力的生防细菌。     

枯草芽孢杆菌挥发产物的杀线虫活性评价及成分鉴定

寄牛线虫Ditylenchus destructor是许多作物和蔬菜的重要病原物.本研究进行的密封皿内测定结果表明,由枯草芽孢杆菌BL02和G8产生的挥发物能够强烈地抑制D.destructor(24 h杀虫活件均达100%).经挥发物处理后,大部分线虫在1～12 h内活动逐渐减弱,24 h后完全停止活动.经固相微萃取并经气相色谱-质谱联脂技术进一步鉴定,挥发物包括烷烃、醇、酯、酮、酸、胺、肟、酚及杂环类.本研究为微生物活性挥发物的开发和利用提供了有价值的参考并预示了细菌挥发物在未来植物线虫病害生物防治方而的应用潜力.     

Nematicidal activity of Ochradenus baccatus against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica

Ochradenus baccatus is a widely distributed shrub in desert regions of the Middle East and North Africa. This plant's nematicidal activity against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was evaluated because it has been found to contain exceptionally high levels of glucosinolates. In in vitro assays with aqueous extracts of the plant, 100% of second‐stage juveniles were immobilized after exposure to 4% root‐core extract for 48 h; 8% root‐core extract suppressed their hatching by 87%, whereas stem, flower and root bark showed lower activity. Incorporation of root core or bark into the soil, as fresh or dry powder at 1 and 0·5% (w/w), respectively, reduced the number of nematodes recovered from the soil by 95–100%, whereas the flower and stem were much less effective. Results from further pot experiments indicated that only the root bark consistently contains nematicidal compounds which are effective in soil, whereas the nematicidal activity of the root core in soil was inconsistent. The presence of non‐volatile lipophilic and lipophobic nematicidal compounds in the root bark was suggested by extraction with different polar solvents, but these compounds do not seem to be isothiocyanates – glucosinolate‐hydrolysed compounds with nematicidal activity. Very poor host status of Ochradenus baccatus to M. javanica, M. incognita and M. hapla, but with root‐penetration rates of juveniles similar to those in tomato roots, suggest that this plant may be used as a cover plant or trap plant to reduce nematode populations in the soil.     

生防细菌YC-10的杀线虫活性及其鉴定

 从烟草中分离出1株对根结线虫和胞囊线虫有较高生物活性的内生细菌菌株-YC-10。将该细菌发酵滤液原液及5、10、20和40倍稀释液处理南方根结线虫,96 h后线虫死亡率均达到100%,处理大豆胞囊线虫96 h,致死率大于90%,在植物线虫生物防治上显示出巨大的应用前景。通过形态特点、理化特征以及16SrDNA序列同源性分析将菌株YC-10鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)。对发酵液活性成分理化性质研究表明,活性成分对热稳定,高温、蛋白酶K处理不影响其杀虫活性,而酸性条件下杀线虫活性比碱性中更强。为后续杀线虫活性成分的分离及杀线虫机理研究奠定基础。      

Nematicidal potential of materials from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago</Emphasis> spp.

The nematicidal effect of soil amendments with dry top and root material from Medicago sativa and/or Medicago arborea was evaluated on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in potting mixes. All amendments suppressed root and soil population densities of both nematode species compared to non-treated and chemical controls. The suppressiveness of M. sativa differed between top and root material and among the amendment rates. In field conditions soil amendments with 20 or 40 t ha⁻¹ of a pelleted M. sativa meal increased tomato crop yield and reduced soil population densities and root galling by M. incognita. It is suggested that saponins were at least partly responsible for the nematicidal activity.     

Nematicidal efficacy of MCW‐2, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group,against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica

BACKGROUND: The small number of available nematicides and restrictions on the use of non‐fumigant nematicides owing to high toxicity to human and non‐target organisms hinder effective nematode control. The nematicidal efficacy of MCW‐2, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, was evaluated against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) Chitwood. RESULTS: MCW‐2 showed irreversible nematicidal activity against second‐stage juveniles of M. javanica in vitro, following exposure for 48 h at concentrations as low as 0.5 mg L^?1, in contrast to fenamiphos or cadusafos. When exposed to MCW‐2 for shorter periods, motile juveniles became immobile with time after rinsing in water. MCW‐2 at 8 mg L^?1 inhibited nematode hatching, which, however, recovered after rinsing in water. In pot and plot experiments, 0.5 mg MCW‐2 L^?1 soil and 2 kg MCW‐2 ha^?1, respectively, controlled M. javanica similarly to or better than fenamiphos or cadusafos at the same concentrations or at their recommended doses. In the soil, the nematicidal activity of MCW‐2 was less persistent than that of fenamiphos. CONCLUSION: MCW‐2 has potential to be used as a new non‐fumigant nematicide that probably has a novel mode of action. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

淡紫紫孢菌微菌核发酵滤液生防活性及代谢组学分析

淡紫紫孢菌是一种重要的生防真菌,在特定培养条件下可产生抗逆结构-微菌核。本文通过室内生测和温室盆栽试验,研究了淡紫紫孢菌微菌核发酵滤液对植物病原菌和根结线虫的抑制作用。结果表明,微菌核发酵滤液具有较强的杀线抑菌活性,其中对核盘菌生长抑制率达到70.5%,并显著降低菌核数量,滤液稀释10倍后对根结线虫二龄幼虫的致死率达到50%以上。用量为10 mL/株时对根结线虫病防效达到44.9%,黄瓜株高和茎粗分别增加21.6%和38.4%。同时,基于LC-MS构建了淡紫紫孢菌微菌核培养代谢组。分析表明,微菌核形成过程中芥酸、胡椒酚和泛酸等抑菌物质以及丁酸、咪唑乙酸等杀线化合物相对含量显著增加。本研究为揭示淡紫紫孢菌生防机制奠定了基础,为微菌核制剂的研发提供了理论依据。