分批添料半连续发酵制备纤维素酶

以淀粉水解液、纸浆为原料，分批添加底物制备纤维素酶，底物浓度为４０ｇ／Ｌ时，滤纸酶活力和纤维二糖酶活力分别达５１ＦＰＩＵ／ｍＬ和１５ＩＵ／ｍＬ，蛋白质浓度达２２９ｍｇ／ｍＬ；当底物浓度增加到７４ｇ／Ｌ时，滤纸酶活力几乎成正比例地提高到１４８ＦＰＩＵ／ｍＬ。以纸浆为原料分批添料产酶，添料速度以０３ｇ／ｄ较为适宜，底物浓度达７７ｇ／Ｌ时，滤纸酶活力达９９５ＦＰＩＵ／ｍＬ，酶产率和酶得率分别为３１８９ＦＰＩＵ／Ｌ·ｈ和１２９２ＦＰＩＵ／ｇ纤维素。通过分批添加底物，可实现在高浓度底物下制备纤维素酶而达到降低产酶成本的目的。     

响应面优化法在纤维素酶合成培养基设计上的应用

以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)RUTC30为产酶菌株,经酵母发酵除去葡萄糖后的脱葡萄糖淀粉水解液为碳源,采用Plackett-Burman(PB)设计法寻找培养基组成中对产酶影响最大的因素,并经响应面试验设计优化最佳产酶条件。试验得到对产酶影响最大的两个因素分别为脱葡萄糖淀粉水解液质量浓度和氯化钙质量浓度,经最陡爬坡和响应面试验建立了滤纸酶活与两者之间的模型。对此模型求解得到,当脱葡萄糖淀粉水解液质量浓度为28.85 g/L、氯化钙质量浓度为0.67 g/L时,产酶120 h理论酶活为7.52 FPIU/mL,156 h达到最大酶活为11.16 FPIU/mL,β-葡萄糖苷酶活最大为0.79 IU/mL。     

混菌固态发酵生产纤维素酶的研究

采用固态发酵试验,以羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)酶活力和滤纸酶(FPA)酶活力为指标,筛选组建二元混菌体系;并通过正交试验,对混菌体系纤维素酶固态发酵条件进行了研究。结果表明,二元混菌体系黑曲霉和绿色木霉混合发酵时纤维素酶活力较单菌发酵大幅度提高,最佳产酶条件:颗粒度为0.246,底物配比为1∶4,培养基起始pH为5,混合菌种配比为1∶1,FPA酶产酶高峰出现在5d,CMC酶产酶高峰在7d,较单菌绿色木霉发酵分别提高了48.9%和43.4%。     

分批和分批补料培养合成低纤维素酶酶活力的木聚糖酶

研究了里氏木霉RutC30在分批培养和分批补料培养模式下合成低纤维素酶酶活力的木聚糖酶及其在生物漂白上的应用。底物质量浓度为15g/L的木聚糖分批培养合成木聚糖酶,酶活力为152.09IU/mL、酶产率为2112.4IU/(L·h)、酶得率为10139.3IU(以每克木聚糖计,下同)。底物质量浓度为17g/L的木聚糖分批补料合成木聚糖酶,酶活力为252.14IU/mL、酶产率为3501.9IU/(L·h)、酶得率为14831.8IU,产酶效果远优于分批培养模式。该木聚糖酶用于草浆预漂白,在相同有效氯用量下,与对照浆相比可使白度提高2%~5%,SBD;在达到相同白度条件下,木聚糖酶预处理的纸浆后续漂白有效氯用量可降低43%。     

木质纤维同步糖化共发酵产燃料乙醇过程优化

经蒸汽爆破预处理的杨木为原料进行同步糖化共发酵(SSCF)法产乙醇。使用里氏木霉Rut C-30产纤维素酶,滤纸酶活(FPA)与纤维素酶产酶速率最大值分别为6.283 IU/mL、0.035 IU/mg.h。同步糖化共发酵中,重组大肠杆菌(KO11)与酿酒酵母的混合发酵乙醇产量高于单菌种发酵。乙醇含量随残糖量的降低而逐渐升高。底物浓度为5%和10%时,乙醇含量最高值分别为8.97 g/L和13.98 g/L,乙醇得率分别为53.8%和41.9%。     

氮源对里氏木霉木聚糖酶和纤维素酶生物合成的影响

研究了氮源种类和比例、碳氮比(C／N)等因素对里氏木霉木聚糖酶和纤维素酶生物合成的影响。在各种氮源中，蛋白胨是最好的氮源。复合氮源中当硫酸铵N和尿素N的比例为1：3时，木聚糖酶活力最高，达93．3IU／mL；当比例为1：1时，滤纸酶活力和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)酶活力达到最大值，分别为0．263FPIU／mL和0．026IU／mL。当控制培养基的C／N为8．0和6．0时，它们对木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的诱导作用最强，分别为95．1IU／mL和0．310FPIU／mL。     

黄绿木霉固定化生产纤维素酶及酶学特性的研究

利用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋法制备固定化细胞黄绿木霉,结果表明:海藻酸钠质量浓度50 g/L,培养基初始pH值4.0~4.5,以滤纸浆为培养基碳源培养的小球的稳定性好。发酵产酶培养时以滤纸浆为碳源,海藻酸钠质量浓度为50 g/L,CaC l2质量浓度控制在20 g/L,培养基初始pH值选择为4.5,产酶效果好、酶活力高、保持时间长。添加表面活性剂Tw in-80后,产酶能力可进一步提高。通过(NH4)2SO4分级沉淀、Sephadex G-100分子筛层析和DEAE Sephadex A-50离子交换层析等步骤,分离纯化出黄绿木霉纤维素酶系中达到电泳纯的3种内切葡聚糖酶(EGⅠ、EGⅡ、EGⅢ)和2种β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGⅠ、BGⅡ)。通过SDS-PAGE和IEF电泳测得5个酶组分的相对分子质量(Mr)分别为62 300、71 900、52 600、85 300和78 300,等电点分别为5.4、4.8、5.0、5.6和5.8。     

纤维素酶在玉米芯上的吸附及其水解作用

对纤维素酶在玉米芯纤维底物上的吸附特征及其水解作用进行了研究.纤维素酶组分中的外切型β-葡聚糖酶(C1酶) 、内切型β-葡聚糖酶(CMC酶)和纤维二糖酶(CB酶)在同一纤维素底物上具有不同的吸附性质,底物的粒度、预处理条件、pH值、温度等因素对纤维素酶的吸附具有不同的影响.在特定的酶解条件下(底物质量分数10 %,pH值4.8,50 ℃),C1酶、CMC酶组分主要吸附在玉米芯纤维底物上,而CB酶组分则大部分游离在液相中.利用纤维素酶的吸附特性,在玉米芯酶解工艺中实现了纤维素酶的回收复用.当玉米芯纤维底物质量分数为10 %,纤维素酶初始用量为每克底物15 FPIU ,酶解48 h后滤去水解液,保留纤维素残渣并加入新鲜底物,同时补加纤维二糖酶(每克底物4 IU)和少量纤维素酶(每克底物7.5 FPIU),继续酶解48 h,如此重复进行.连续重复7批的试验结果表明:这一酶解工艺简便易行,纤维素酶的用量可节约50 %, 同时纤维素的酶解得率平均可达80 %以上.这一研究结果在可再生纤维素资源酶法糖化利用方面具有重要意义.     

碱性纤维素酶发酵条件的研究

采用芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.AC-2作为碱性纤维素酶的生产菌株，对其发酵条件进行了研究。适宜的种子茵龄为24h；适于产酶的培养温度为37℃，培养基初始pH值10．5；在碳源和氮源分别为1％的淀粉和2％的豆饼粉时，碱性纤维素酶活力可达到76．04U／mL。该酶反应的最适温度为60℃；酶液在70℃以下、pH值6．0～10．0范围内稳定。该酶制剂在棉织物洗涤和纸浆脱墨方面具有良好的应用前景。     

以酶解渣为碳源制备木聚糖酶的研究

以里氏木霉（Tichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶菌，低聚木糖制备过程中酶解渣为碳源可透导产生含低纤维素酶活（0.106IU/mL)的木聚糖酶（154.67IU/mL)，两种酶活的比值达1459，与粗木聚糖为碳源产木聚糖酶相比，木聚糖酶活提高了1.67倍，而纤维素酶活没有增加。此酶在50℃条件下酶解粗木聚糖和酶解渣时，pH值5时酶解效率最高，酶解产物通过HPLC分析，主要是木糖。该酶系的组成主要是外切-β-木糖苷酶。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.