厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对山西省北部地区气候的影响

通过对山西省北部50a来气象资料的搜集和整理,研究了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(El Nino—SouthernOscillation,ENSO)事件对山西省北部地区气候的影响。结果表明,大同、朔州、忻州地区厄尔尼诺事件发生年降水减少,平均气温降低,与正常年份相比年降水量分别减少了46.86,46.44和80.96mm,年平均气温分别降低了0.03,0.17和0.22℃;拉尼娜年降水减少,平均气温降低,与正常年份相比年降水量分别减少了21.27,26.32和25.30mm,平均气温分别降低了0.03,0.18和0.04℃,厄尔尼诺事件年平均气温变化与黄土高原相反。ENSO暖事件对山西省北部地区气温的影响具有从大同向朔州和忻州依次逐渐增强的特点,表明随着纬度的降低厄尔尼诺事件对气温的影响增强,对降水也有类似的影响。ENSO暖事件年发生旱灾的可能性较大,通常会给山西省北部地区的工农业生产带来不利影响。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对陕西省榆林地区气候的影响

通过对陕西省榆林地区近56a来气象资料、历史资料的搜集和整理,研究了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(ElNino/Southern Oscillation,ENSO)事件对榆林地区气候与气象灾害的影响,分析了降水及气温变化的周期性。结果表明,1954年以来,榆林地区气候变暖变干趋势显著。1954年以来榆林地区年均温平均升高了0.025℃/a,年降水量递减率为1.740mm/a;厄尔尼诺年气温高出正常年份0.12℃,拉尼娜事件发生年年平均气温较正常年份平均气温没明显变化。厄尔尼诺事件年榆林地区降水呈现明显的减少趋势,比正常年份减少了8mm。拉尼娜事件年对榆林地区降水增加也有一定影响,平均增加3mm/a。榆林地区气温与降水量存在3a为主的短周期和20a为主的长周期。ENSO暖事件对榆林地区气候特别是气象灾害的影响比ENSO冷事件更为显著和强烈,厄尔尼诺年榆林地区易于发生高温干旱灾害。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对内蒙古自治区气候的影响

通过对内蒙古自治区近50a来气象资料的搜集和整理,分析了1961年以来内蒙古地区的气候变化特点,并对区内降水量、气温、自然灾害事件等因子与厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,厄尔尼诺事件发生年内蒙古地区年平均降水量比非ENSO事件年平均减少了31.45mm,拉尼娜事件发生年内蒙古地区年平均降水量比非ENSO事件年平均减少14.69mm,表明ENSO事件具有减少内蒙古地区降水量的明显作用;厄尔尼诺发生年的年平均气温比非ENSO事件年平均气温高出0.12℃,拉尼娜事件发生年的平均气温比非ENSO事件年高出0.22℃,表明ENSO事件具有使内蒙古地区气温升高的作用;ENSO事件的发生增加了内蒙古地区干旱灾害发生的可能性,且厄尔尼诺事件发生年比拉尼娜事件发生年更容易暴发干旱灾害,ENSO事件的发生通常给内蒙古地区农牧业生产带来不利影响。     

不同时间尺度下的贵州省修文县干旱特征分析

利用修文县气象站1963 — 2011年连续49 a的逐月降水资料,以降水距平百分率作为干旱等级评价指标,从年尺度、季尺度和月尺度分别对修文县的干旱特征进行了分析。结果表明,修文县的年度干旱存现长短周期交替出现的规律,且在长、短周期变换的年份出现严重干旱的概率较大;春、夏、秋和冬季出现干旱的概率分别是24.49%、20.41%、20.41%和18.37%,春旱出现概率最高。全年每个月都可能发生不同程度干旱,其中11月发生干旱的概率最大,为11.92%;年降水量越小的年份,季尺度和月尺度严重干旱概率越大。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对长江流域气候的影响研究

通过对长江流域近60 a来气象资料和自然灾害资料的搜集和整理,从金沙江/雅砻江水系、岷沱江水系、上游干流区间、嘉陵江水系、乌江水系、汉江水系、洞庭湖水系、鄱阳湖水系和中下游干流区间等9个不同的区域研究了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜（ElNio—Southern Oscillation,ENSO）事件对长江流域气候的影响。通过对降水量、气温、自然灾害事件等气候因子与ENSO事件的特征进行对比统计分析得出,ENSO事件对长江流域降水量和气温的影响十分显著。厄尔尼诺事件年大多表现为温度升高和降水减少,且发生干旱灾害的概率升高。拉尼娜事件年一般表现为降水增多,洪涝灾害发生率相对增加。建国60 a来长江两次全流域性特大洪涝灾害都发生在厄尔尼诺事件向强拉尼娜事件转换年。厄尔尼诺事件对长江流域气候的影响要强于拉尼娜事件。2009—2010年的ENSO事件气象条件与1998年发生大洪水时的气象条件状况极其相似,2010—2011年和以后强ENSO冷暖事件转换年长江发生全流域性大洪水的可能性大,一定要做好气象监测和气象灾害防治。     

基于综合气象干旱指数的干旱状况分析——以锡林河流域为例

降水量与气温是引起干旱的主要气象因子,利用1981—2016年的降水量与气温的逐月数据,绘制最值曲线并对其相关性进行了分析,利用数据计算得到综合气象干旱指数（CI）且用其对锡林河流域干旱状况进行了分析。结果表明:研究区内在1981—2016年中,逐月平均气温最值曲线的变化趋势比较微弱,最高温度与最低温度分别为24.94,-23.53℃。最大降水量的变化趋势呈现出减小的状态,而最小降水量基本无变化,降水量的最大值与最小值分别为178.1,0 mm。36年中,CI指数只有在春季、夏季和秋季3个季节中不为0,在月尺度上只发生轻旱事件共121次,其中春季发生的干旱事件最为频繁;秋季次之;夏季发生干旱事件的频次最少。干旱发生频次呈现出微弱的降低趋势。     

基于两种方法的四川水稻气候干旱风险评价对比

利用四川省159个站点1960-2010年逐日降水量、日平均气温资料和水稻生育期资料,分别将降水距平百分率、相对湿润度指数作为干旱指标,分析四川省水稻分蘖期、拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期不同气候干旱等级发生概率,构建水稻气候干旱灾害风险模型,评估四川省水稻分蘖期、拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期以及全生育期的气候干旱风险。结果表明,四川省水稻气候干旱风险较高的生育期主要是拔节-孕穗期和抽穗-扬花期,利用降水距平百分率和相对湿润度指数得到的风险区划结果存在一定差异,但其风险分布趋势相近。从水稻全生育期看,风险较高区域主要集中在四川盆地和四川西北部部分地区,川南地区发生干旱的概率较小。研究结果有利于降低干旱对水稻生产造成的损失,为水稻干旱评估和制定防灾减灾措施提供科学依据。     

科尔沁沙地奈曼地区降水变化特征分析

降水的分布特征和趋势分析对于研究区域水分动态和水资源合理评价具有重要的生态学意义。以奈曼旗气象局49a的降水数据分析了该区域降水的变化趋势与特征,结果表明:奈曼地区49a来平均降水量为351.7mm,春季降水呈现逐年增加的趋势,而夏季、秋季和冬季降水逐年减少,夏季降水最多,为年平均降水的68.6%;年降水中以7月的降水量最多,占年降水总量的30.4%;降水量介于300～350mm的年份最多,占28.6%,小于多年平均降水量的年份占63.3%。年降水300mm以上的概率为67.4%,而大于多年平均降水量的概率仅为38.8%;降水年际变率较大,变异系数为25.1%,总体趋势是降水逐年减少,有趋于更干旱化的特点。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对山西省南部地区气候的影响

根据1961年以来的气温和降水资料,结合小波分析和发生的厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件,分析了1961年以来山西省南部地区气温和降水的变化趋势、周期以及厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(El Nino/Southern Oscillation,ENSO)事件对山西省南部地区气温、降水量以及旱涝灾害的影响。研究结果表明,1961年以来山西省南部年平均气温总体呈波动式上升,上升速率为0.34℃/10a,而年平均降水量总体呈下降趋势,下降速率为23.4mm/10a。小波周期分析显示,山西省南部气温变化的周期约为3,8,20和25a,降水量变化的周期约为3和7a。厄尔尼诺年山西省南部年平均气温升高,降水量显著减少,而拉尼娜年气温下降,降水量略有增加。该区在厄尔尼诺年易发生旱灾,而拉尼娜年易发生涝灾,且旱涝灾害多分别发生在连续性的厄尔尼诺年和拉尼娜年。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对青海湖周边地区气候的影响

根据1961年来青海湖周边地区的气温和降水量资料,结合小波分析和ENSO事件的发生与变化,研究了1961年来青海湖周边气温与降水的变化趋势,以及厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对该区气温、降水量以及旱涝灾害的影响.结果表明,1961年来青海湖周边地区的年降水量呈波动上升趋势,西部最显著,年降水量以8.73 mm/10 a的速率增加.该地区的年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,平均气温增温率接近或明显高于全国平均水平.1988-2010年多年平均气温比1961-1987年增加更显著.小波分析显示,青海湖周边地区降水变化周期约为3,7和17a,气温变化的周期约为3,7和29 a.不同研究区域的降水量和气温变化与ENSO事件相关性不同.研究数据表明,青海湖周边地区厄尔尼诺年发生涝灾多于旱灾,而拉尼娜年多发生旱灾.1961-2009年青海湖水位总体趋势在下降,2005年后出现回升,流域降水量对湖水位的年变化有显著影响.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.