桂东南花岗岩丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤大孔隙特征

根据水分穿透曲线和Poiseuille方程,定量研究桂东南花岗岩区6种(次生林、柑橘园、玉米地、杉木林、撂荒地和桉树林)不同土地利用方式土壤大孔隙半径范围、数量及分布情况,分析不同土地利用方式对土壤大孔隙特征的影响。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式土壤水分穿透速率存在差异,土壤水分出流速率短时间内可达到稳定状态,柑橘园不同土层之间稳定出流速率变化较大;(2)不同土地利用方式的土壤大孔隙半径为0.4~2.4 mm,主要集中分布在0.4~1.2 mm,均值为0.85 mm,<1.2 mm的小半径孔隙数量较多;(3)随着土层深度的增加和孔隙半径的减小,土壤大孔隙数量总体表现为随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少,大半径孔隙较少,小半径孔隙较多;(4)不同土地利用方式的土壤大孔隙仅占土壤体积的0.36%~6.38%,但其土壤大孔隙平均体积与稳定出流速率、土壤大孔隙平均半径与饱和导水率均呈极显著相关关系,分别决定了稳定出流速率79.92%和饱和导水率36.45%的变异。     

黄土丘陵区人工油松林地土壤大孔隙定量研究

根据水分穿透曲线和Poiseulle方程原理,定量研究了黄土丘陵区人工油松林地原状土大孔隙的半径范围、个数及分布情况。黄土丘陵区人工油松林地田间持水量至饱和含水量之间的大孔隙半径为0.2~3mm,孔径>1mm的特大孔隙仅占大孔隙总数的2.2%,表现出特大孔隙较少、小孔隙较多的特点。土壤剖面上部的大孔隙加权平均半径较大,随土层深度的增加,大孔隙半径逐渐减小。大孔隙所占过水断面面积在1.27%~18.13%之间,大部分样品大孔隙所占过水断面面积<5%。坡位、坡度、坡形、坡向对大孔隙形成起着重要作用。大孔隙虽然占土壤体积的很小一部分,但其平均半径与水流通量和饱和导水率之间有显著幂函数关系,分别决定了水流通量的77%和饱和导水率的75%变异。植物强化土壤渗透能力的主要原因之一是根层土壤大孔隙的优势流效应。     

岩溶山地植被恢复中碳酸盐岩红土入渗特征及其影响因素

退耕还林还草工程实施后岩溶山地林草植被结构明显改善,研究植被恢复中碳酸盐岩红土入渗特征对岩溶生态恢复有重要意义。采用盘式入渗法在不同植被覆盖(荒草、灌草丛和乔木)下分别测定不同负压水头(-0.5,-3,-6,-15 cm)的水分入渗特征,计算不同负压下非饱和导水率、土壤孔隙分布常数、各孔隙级别对水流的贡献率,明确不同植被覆盖碳酸盐岩红土入渗特性差异。结果表明:不同水头条件下荒草、灌草丛和乔木地的土壤稳渗率均随负水头增大而递增,且碳酸盐岩红土入渗达到稳渗状态所需时间较长(约120 min),在低水头下荒草地土壤稳渗率最大(0.17 mm/min),而在高水头下乔木地最大(9.17 mm/min);荒草、灌草丛和乔木地土壤饱和导水率K_s差异极显著(P0.01),乔木地土壤饱和导水率达到最大(4.62 mm/min),而K_3、K_6、K_(15)和Gardner α差异不显著,碳酸盐岩红土饱和导水率K_s仅受土壤有机质含量和土壤电导率控制;乔木地土壤大孔隙数量及其占比显著大于灌草丛与荒草地(P0.05),碳酸盐岩红土导水性能主要受土壤大孔隙对水流的作用控制(70%)。研究结果可为西南岩溶山地生态恢复和水资源承载力分析提供数据支撑和理论依据。     

华北土石山区森林土壤中石砾分布特征对土壤大孔隙及导水性质的影响

为了探究土壤中石砾对大孔隙形成的作用及对饱和导水率的影响,研究京郊密云水库水源涵养林内土壤石砾分布特征、大孔隙分布特征以及与饱和导水率之间的关系。结果表明:(1)林区0—30cm土壤层内石砾体积含量范围为7.10%~22.05%,质量含量范围为10.76%~38.20%,且石砾多集中分布于5~10mm粒径范围内;石砾含量随坡向呈现阳坡阴坡半阴半阳坡的规律;(2)石砾含量与当量孔径1.5mm的孔隙密度呈现极显著相关关系(p0.01),粒径5mm的石砾体积含量与大孔隙密度具有显著相关性(p0.05),说明砾石主要影响较大孔隙,特别是粒径5mm的石砾对大孔隙的形成影响较大;(3)当量孔径1.5mm的孔隙数量仅占总孔隙数量的1.41%,但对导水速率的贡献率为54.44%;饱和导水率与其呈线性关系。     

普洱茶种植对滇南红壤大孔隙的影响

为探讨滇南典型红壤下普洱茶种植对土壤大孔隙的影响,以灌草地和茶地为研究对象,采用染色示踪法观察土壤剖面,运用Photoshop CS 5、Image pro Plus 6.0软件进行图像处理,利用土壤水分穿透曲线和Poiseulle方程研究了该地区的大孔隙特征。结果表明:茶地在耕作层大面积染色中,染色深度可达土层40 cm深度,灌草地于土层2.8 cm深度开始出现大孔隙流,灌草地比茶地更易发生大孔隙流;样地大孔隙主要集中在当量孔径0.4～2.5mm,其中茶地和灌草地当量孔径0.4～1.0 mm大孔隙密度分别占95.2%和95.5%,当量孔径1 mm的大孔隙密度较低,且灌草地大于茶地;大孔隙密度分布为10～20 cm土层最高,随着土层深度增加依次递减,整体上土壤大孔隙密度关系为灌草地茶地;土壤大孔隙不同当量孔径密度和染色面积比与土壤饱和导水率呈现显著性相关关系,当量孔径1mm的大孔隙仅占4.61%,但控制了饱和导水率90.8%的变异。茶地相较于灌草地土壤结构遭到破坏,水分向下运移速率慢,渗透量减小,致使水土流失加重。     

重庆江津区柑橘地土壤大孔隙特征

以重庆市江津区不同柑橘地为研究对象,采用土壤坡面染色法标记大孔隙、利用土壤水分穿透曲线方法及Poiseulle方程分析其土壤大孔隙特征。结果表明:染色区较非染色区有更大的稳定出流速率,大孔隙使染色区的水分渗透速率较非染色区提高了1.48倍以上,随着土层深度增加,其提高程度有增大的趋势。虽然染色区较非染色区更利于水分或溶液传导,但相比非染色区,染色区水分渗透曲线的波动更大。柑橘地大孔隙孔径范围在0.3～1.7mm之间,0.3～0.7mm孔径数量虽然为104数量级,但对染色溶液优先迁移的作用较弱;实际影响染色溶液迁移的为半径大于0.7mm的土壤大孔隙;20年林龄柑橘地10-20cm土层有效大孔隙数量高于10年林龄柑橘地。半径大于1.0mm的大孔隙在水分输入初期起到迅速排导水分的作用。柑橘地土壤大孔隙率在1.5%～19.5%之间,与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关关系,决定了稳定出流速率71.9%的变异;半径大于0.7mm的大孔隙数量与稳定出流速率呈极显著正相关关系,决定了稳定出流速率90.9%的变异。     

北京昌平区农地土壤大孔隙特征

研究在利用染色示踪法对北京昌平区农地的优先流发生区进行判断的基础上,采用Photoshop软件和土壤水分穿透曲线对该农地的大孔隙数量与分布特征进行量化分析。结果表明:试验农地的土壤大孔隙半径主要集中在0.5～2.8mm之间,平均半径为0.695～0.711mm,大孔隙率为5.10%～22.06%。随着土壤深度的增加,染色区在土壤剖面上呈现出集中分布的特征,同时,染色面积比例逐渐减小。各土层染色区的稳定出流速率是未染色区的1.39～2.05倍,在大孔隙各孔径范围内,染色区的数量是未染色区的1.33～3.57倍。大孔隙的垂直分布表现出上层多、下层少的特点,其中半径小于1.5mm的孔隙占98%以上。染色区在大孔隙密度、大孔隙连通性上的优势能够使其更快地进行水分运输并更早达到稳定,因而也就更易成为优先流发生区。     

六盘山华北落叶松坡面土壤饱和导水率空间异质性及其影响因素

为深入理解森林坡面土壤饱和导水率的空间变异,利用经典统计学和地统计学的方法研究六盘山华北落叶松人工林坡面不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间异质性,并基于相关性分析揭示其空间变异的主要因素。结果表明:(1)随土层的加深,土壤饱和导水率逐渐增加,不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异程度存在差异,表现为40—60 cm土层土壤饱和导水率为强变异,其他土层均为中等变异。(2)不同土层土壤饱和导水率的空间结构也存在差异,20—40,40—60,60—80 cm土层土壤饱和导水率表现为强烈的空间自相关性,0—20,80—100 cm土层土壤饱和导水率表现为中等空间自相关性。(3)坡面土壤饱和导水率与石砾含量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间持水量和毛管孔隙度显著相关。综上,研究坡面土壤饱和导水率具有较强的空间变异,石砾含量和土壤物理性质是影响研究坡面土壤饱和导水率空间分布的主要因素。     

滨海盐渍土原土滴灌水盐调控对土壤水力性质的影响

为研究滨海盐渍土滴灌原土水盐调控不同处理对土壤导水率(K)、土壤孔隙大小分布常数(Gardnerα)、土壤孔隙对水流贡献率等水力性质的影响,在滨海盐渍土上进行滤层及基质势(-5、-10、-15、-20、-25kPa)处理的原土水盐调控试验。用圆盘入渗仪在-15、-6、-3、0cm4个连续增大的负压下进行入渗测定,并计算不同负压下导水率、土壤孔隙大小分布常数、孔隙级别对水流的贡献率。结果表明:经原土水盐调控后,各处理的饱和导水率、土壤孔隙大小分布常数较对照增大,在-6和-15cm水头下的导水率较对照减少,在-3cm水头下的导水率无明显变化规律。滤层处理下土壤的饱和导水率、-6cm水头下的导水率、土壤孔隙大小分布常数较无滤层处理有显著提高;各处理土壤大孔隙对水流的贡献率大于对照处理,中等孔隙2及小孔隙对水流的贡献率小于对照处理。滤层处理是不同级别土壤孔隙对水流贡献率大小的主要影响因素,其中滤层的土壤大孔隙、中等孔隙1对水流的贡献率显著高于无滤层。可见,经原土水盐调控后,土壤饱和导水率、-6cm水头下的导水率、土壤孔隙大小分布常数明显增加,土壤大孔隙增加,小孔隙减少,土壤结构得到改善。     

应用土壤质地预测干旱区葡萄园土壤饱和导水率空间分布

田间表层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性是影响灌溉水分入渗和土壤水分再分布的主要因素之一,研究土壤饱和导水率的空间变化规律,有助于定量估计土壤水分的空间分布和设计农田的精准灌溉管理制度。为了探究应用其他土壤性质如质地、容重、有机质预测土壤饱和导水率空间分布的可行性,试验在7.6 hm2的葡萄园内,采用均匀网格25 m×25 m与随机取样相结合的方式,测定了表层(0～10 cm)土壤饱和导水率、粘粒、粉粒、砂粒、容重和有机质含量,借助经典统计学和地统计学,分析了表层土壤饱和导水率的空间分布规律、与土壤属性的空间相关性,并对普通克里格法、回归法和回归克里格法预测土壤饱和导水率空间分布的结果进行了对比。结果表明:1)土壤饱和导水率具有较强的变异性,平均值为1.64 cm/d,变异系数为1.17;2)表层土壤饱和导水率60%的空间变化是由随机性或小于取样尺度的空间变异造成;3)土壤饱和导水率与粘粒、粉粒、砂粒和有机质含量具有一定空间相关性,而与土壤容重几乎没有空间相关性;4)在中值区以土壤属性辅助的回归克里格法对土壤饱和导水率的预测精度较好,在低值和高值区其与普通克里格法表现类似。研究结果将为更好地描述土壤饱和导水率空间变异结构及更准确地预测其空间分布提供参考。     

柑橘地土壤大孔隙与优先流的关系研究

以重庆市江津区10和20a林龄的柑橘地为研究对象,应用优先流染色法和室内图像提取技术,土壤水分穿透曲线及Poiseulle方程综合分析土壤大孔隙与优先流的关系。结果表明,大孔隙使染色区的水分渗透速率较非染色区提高了1.48倍以上。柑橘地大孔隙孔径范围在0.3～1.7mm,半径大于0.7mm的土壤大孔隙是形成优先流路径的主要孔径范围。     

Dynamics of soil hydraulic properties during fallow as affected by tillage

There is limited information on the effects of tillage practices on soil hydraulic properties, especially changes with time. The objective of this study was to evaluate on a long-term field experiment the influence of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) on the dynamics of soil hydraulic properties over 3 consecutive 16–18 month fallow periods. Surface measurements of soil dry bulk density (ρ_b), soil hydraulic conductivity (K(ψ)) at −14, −4, −1 and 0 cm pressure heads using a tension disc infiltrometer, and derived hydraulic parameters (pore size, number of pores per unit of area and water-transmission porosity) calculated using the Poiseuille's Law were taken on four different dates over the fallow period, namely, before and immediately after primary tillage, after post-tillage rains and at the end of fallow. Under consolidated structured soil conditions, NT plots presented the most compacted topsoil layer when compared with CT and RT. Soil hydraulic conductivity under NT was, for the entire range of pressure head applied, significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that measured for CT and RT. However, NT showed the largest mean macropore size (0.99, 0.95 and 2.08 mm for CT, RT and NT, respectively; P < 0.05) but the significantly lowest number of water-conducting pores per unit area (74.1, 118.5 and 1.4 macropores per m² for CT, RT and NT, respectively; P < 0.05). Overall, water flow was mainly regulated by macropores even though they represented a small fraction of total soil porosity. No significant differences in hydraulic properties were found between CT and RT. In the short term, tillage operations significantly increased K (P < 0.05) for the entire range of pressure head applied, which was likely a result of an increase in water-conducting mesopores despite a decrease in estimated mesopore diameter. Soil reconsolidation following post-tillage rains reduced K at a rate that increased with the intensity of the rainfall events.     

Estimating hydraulic conductivity values from ring infiltrometer measurements

Infiltration from ring infiltrometers of different radii was measured into four soil materials contained in laboratory tanks. The infiltration per unit area was larger the smaller the ring size, coming to a steady state at an earlier time. Scaling based on similar media theory was applied to the results using a microscopic characteristic length defined in terms of the hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil and a macroscopic characteristic length taken as the radius of the ring. The relationships between scaled cumulative infiltration and scaled time merged into a single relationship at small scaled times for all soil materials and for all sizes of ring, but were different for the different soils and for the various ring radii at large scaled times. The relationship at small times was used as a type curve to interpret in situ measurements with ring infiltrometers on three field soils in terms of the hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil. These estimates of hydraulic conductivity pertained to the small volume of soil near the surface which was wetted during the measurement. Large variations in hydraulic conductivity values were found from experiments with small sized rings, but little variation was found for large sized rings. The technique provides a simple method of investigating soil structural changes near the surface.     

MODELLING OF SOIL PORES AS TUBES USING GAS PERMEABILITIES, GAS DIFFUSIVITIES AND WATER RELEASE

Two models are presented describing the air-filled continuous pores in soil and how they change with soil water potential. In the first model (A), the pores are represented by tortuous tubes of uniform radius. The radius, length and number are calculated from air permeability, relative diffusivity and air-filled porosity measured at each soil water potential. In the second model (B), the pores are represented by tortuous tubes of three radii joined at random in series. The radii and total lengths of the tube sections are estimated by comparison of air permeability, diffusion coefficient and air-filled porosity at each water potential with values calculated for a large number of theoretical systems. The models were applied to the results from undisturbed cores of a silt loam taken from 30 to 80 mm depth. For both models, the sequences of continuous pores were estimated to be 2 to 7 times as long as the sample but shortened as the sample dried. From the second model the average pore radius in direct drilled soil, 0.3 mm, was half that in ploughed soil and the minimum radius, 0.1 mm, was one-quarter that in ploughed soil.     

入渗水水质对土壤导水特性影响的试验研究

为探究不同入渗水水质对土壤导水特性的影响,采用圆盘负压入渗法进行试验研究,选取两种水质(蒸馏水和自来水)对黄壤和红壤进行4个压力水头(0,-3,-6,-9cm)下的圆盘入渗试验。结果表明,随着入渗水电导率的增大,土壤入渗率、吸渗率及导水率均随之增大,且红壤在不同电导率的入渗水作用下土壤吸渗率的变化差异显著(P0.05)。在低水头压力下,两种水质入渗条件下测得的土壤导水率差异显著(P0.05);在高水头压力下,两种水质入渗下测得土壤导水率差异不显著,表明入渗水水质对土壤导水率的影响主要发生在低压力水头下即在细孔隙下的导水特性上。两种土壤的大孔隙与中等孔隙对水流贡献率随入渗水电导率的增大而增大,而小孔隙对水流贡献率随入渗水电导率的增大而减小,入渗水水质对红壤土不同级别孔隙水流贡献率的影响显著(P0.05)。研究分析相关参数的变化有利于探讨野外试验时入渗水水质对试验结果的影响,对于正确认识农田水文过程、开发利用劣质水资源、提高农业灌溉灌水质量和灌水效率等具有重要意义。     

Compaction effects on soil macropore geometry and related parameters for an arable field

Soil compaction decreases soil pores are important for root growth as well as infiltration of water and nutrients. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil compaction on macropore parameters measured using X-ray computed tomography (CT). Macropore parameters included number of pores, number of macropores (> 1000 μm diam.), number of coarse mesopores (200 to 1000 μm diam.), porosity, macroporosity, coarse mesoporosity, area of largest pore, pore circularity, and fractal dimension of macroporosity. A field experiment was conducted on Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Epiaqualfs) with field treatments including four replicates of uniformly Compacted (C) and Non-Compacted (NC) plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Soil cores (76.2 mm diam. by 76.2 mm long) were removed from three selected depths (0 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm, and 20 to 30 cm). Cores were scanned using a medical X-ray CT scanner with four scans taken in each sample at 15 mm spacing starting at 25 mm from the core surface. Images were analyzed using Image-J software. The C treatment was found to increase bulk density by 8% (1.34 to 1.45 g cm⁻³) and decrease saturated hydraulic conductivity by 69% (47.1 to 14.6 cm hr^− 1). CT-measured number of pores decreased by 71%, number of macropores by 69%, and coarse mesopores by 75% with the C treatment used in the study. Compaction was also found to significantly decrease CT-measured porosity and macroporosity by 64%. Differences between treatments for the parameters were most pronounced in the upper 10 cm; differences between treatments were not significant below 20 cm. A regression equation with CT-measured macroporosity, area of largest pore and porosity explained most of the variability in saturated hydraulic conductivity (R² = 0.79). Efforts should be made to minimize soil compaction due to its harmful effects on soil pores and subsequent challenges for plant root growth and enhanced runoff of water and nutrients.