Modellversuche zum Einfluß der Nährstofïversorgung auf die SO2-Empfindlichkeit von Pflanzen1

Studies on the influence of nutrition on the susceptibility of plants to SO₂ . The mineral nutrition of plants is of great importance for their susceptibility to air pollutants. Substrate media with ammonia as nitrogen source, deficiency of potassium and low pH-values reduce the buffer capacity and the cation contents. Buffer capacity and cation contents play important roles for the detoxification of SO₂-borne products. Low cation contents and a reduced buffer capacity produce a severe increase of the SO₂-effects. Decreased sulfur nutrition results in a considerable delay of the beginning of the SO₂-injuries.     

Der Einfluß einer praxisnahen SO2-Begasung auf das 14CO2-Fixierungsmuster von Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.)

The influence of a SO₂-fumigation on the ¹⁴CO₂-fixation pattern of beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) under field conditions. The influence of a fumigation with a low SO₂ concentration on the metabolism of beech leaves (Fagus sylvatica L.) was investigated. Changes due to SO₂ were observed in the sulfur content, the ¹⁴CO₂-uptake and the ¹⁴CO₂-fixation pattern. The use of these parameters for the indication of air pollution effects on plants is discussed.     

Histometrische Untersuchungen am Holz einer rauchgeschädigten Fichte

Histometrical investigations on the xylem of spruce after SO₂ pollution . The influence of SO₂ pollution on xylem differention in spruce was investigated. Besides such quantitative changes as reduced annual growth, qualitative changes also occur. With pollution, the percentage of latewood increases. Tracheids are shorter, possess more pits and are more frequent per unit area.     

Einfluß niedriger SO2-Konzentrationen auf die Aktivität einiger Glykosidasen der Assimilationsorgane verklonter Waldbäume

Effect of low SO₂-concentrations on the activities of some glycosidases in the foliage of clonal forest trees. The aim was to find an early indicator of latent SO₂ injuries in a beech and a spruce clone. After exposure to 0.0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ppm for several weeks in outdoor fumigation chambers, the activities of β-glucosidase in the beech and β-galactosidase in the spruce clone and β-l,3-glucanase in both species were significantly raised. As the beech clone was very sensitive to SO₂, an indication of latent injury could be ascertained only in the 0.05 ppm treatment where the rise of the β-glucosidase activity appeared some days before necroses. Contrary to beech, the spruce clone was tolerant to all SO₂-treatments and the enzymatical changes could be used as early indicators of latent injuries.     

Peroxidase- und Superoxiddismutase-Aktivität sowie Prolingehalte von Fichtennadeln nach Belastung mit O3, SO2 und NO2

In long-term experiments the influence of various combinations of O₃, SO₂ and NO₂ on peroxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity as well as on proline contents of spruce needles was studied. The reactions of these parameters varied depending on the type of pollution and the needle age. Peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were also influenced by Mg and Ca supply of the plants.     

The role of free proline in the sensitivity of poplar (Populus ‘Robusta’) plants to the action of SO11

The action of SO₂ caused an increase in the content of free proline in the leaves of Populus ‘Robusta’ plants. A protective role of proline pretreatment was demonstrated against injury, changes in water content and chlorophyll loss in the leaves of plants exposed to the gas.     

Physiologische Reaktionen der Fichte (Picea abies) auf komplexen SO2- und Trockenstreß

Physiological reactions of spruce (Picea abies) on complex SO₂- and drought-induced stress. Part 3. Responses of SO₂-stressed spruces to subsequent drought-induced stress. SO₂-stressed spruces under drought-stress showed less reduced water content, less increased osmotical potential and less restricted photosynthesis compared to spruces without preceding SO₂-stress and thus seemed to be in a better physiological situation. Their ability to retain water (in cut-off twigs) as well as their ability to withstand a quick and strong water-loss in the needle-tissue without cell-damage were reduced. Reasons for the temporarily favourable effect of a pre-going SO₂-stress in surviving a drought-stress are discussed.     

角倍蚜及其寄主植物盐肤木游离氨基酸研究

[目的]明确角倍蚜、角倍与寄主盐肤木协同生长过程中游离氨基酸变化的营养关系。[方法]用全自动氨基酸分析仪Biochrom30+检测角倍发育初、中、后期的角倍蚜、角倍、有倍叶、无倍叶及无角倍盐肤木叶片(CK)的游离氨基酸含量,分析不同时期各试样游离氨基酸总量(FAA)、昆虫必需氨基酸总量(EAA)、昆虫必需氨基酸总量与检出物质总量比值(EAA/TAA)及几种游离氨基酸含量的变化。[结果]表明:不同时期各试样均检出32种游离氨基酸(包括17种蛋白氨基酸和15种非蛋白氨基酸),2种其他组分(不含氨),其中,游离氨基酸含量从大到小依次为角倍蚜(5.569)角倍(2.122)有倍叶(0.560)无倍叶(0.537)CK(-0.114)。从角倍生长初期至后期,角倍蚜体内必需氨基酸总量呈递增变化,而其他材料EAA/TAA变化幅度从大到小依次为CK(1.73%)有倍叶(0.52%)=无倍叶(0.52%)角倍(0.43%)角倍蚜(0.02%),但角倍蚜EAA/TAA稳定为(27.91±0.01)%,角倍蚜对寄主盐肤木叶片EAA/TAA的变化幅度有显著减缓影响。在角倍生长发育期间,角倍蚜体内精氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量均增加2.93倍;而寄主植物组织中脯氨酸含量发生变化,增幅大小为角倍(0.028)有倍叶(0.003)无倍叶(-0.001)CK(-0.018)。[结论]角倍蚜取食盐肤木不会改变寄主盐肤木叶片中游离氨基酸组分,但可使其游离氨基酸含量增加;在角倍生长过程中,盐肤木植株游离氨基酸总量与角倍蚜个体数量和角倍体积的增加趋势基本一致,反映了角倍蚜取食与盐肤木防御之间的平衡。     

3个海拔梯度对高节竹笋品质的影响

[目的]比较分析了不同海拔梯度高节竹笋外观品质、营养品质和食味品质的差异,为高节竹高品质竹笋培育提供参考。[方法]试验采集3个海拔梯度(110、370、560 m)的高节竹林竹笋,对竹笋外观品质、营养品质和食味品质指标进行调查测定。[结果]表明:海拔高度对高节竹笋基径、长度、笋个体质量、可食率和可溶性糖、维生素C、胱氨酸、酪氨酸含量、人体必需氨基酸比例及单宁、草酸含量有显著的影响(P0.05),对高节竹笋蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、总黄酮、其它种类游离氨基酸、人体必需氨基酸含量和氨基酸总量及纤维素、木质素、苦味、鲜味、甜味氨基酸含量和甜味、鲜味氨基酸比例影响不显著(P0.05),对芳香味氨基酸含量和芳香味、苦味氨基酸比例有较显著的影响(P0.05)。[结论]海拔高度对高节竹笋外观品质有显著的影响,中、高海拔竹笋优于低海拔竹笋;海拔高度对竹笋营养品质、食味品质有较显著的影响,但对外观品质的影响更显著。     

Distribution of sulphur fractions in lysimeters previously treated with sulphuric acid,NPK fertilizer and a combination of acid and fertilizer

The retention of applied ³⁵S was studied in a lysimeter experiment, in which the lysimeters, consisting of soil columns with intact field and groundlayer vegetation, had previously been treated with either sulphuric acid, NPK or a combination of sulphuric acid and NPK.³⁵S was applied as Na₂³⁵SO₄ to all lysimeters in an amount corresponding to 2 kg S ha^?1, 3 months before the termination of the experiment. Of the applied ³⁵S, 4.7 ± 1.6% (the error term showing the standard error of the mean) was leached from the lysimeters; ³⁵SO₄^2?, was preferentially sorbed in the upper part of the B horizon, >61% being sorbed in the B horizon as a whole. The influence of previous treatments was seen in SO₄^2? content in the B horizon and also in the SO₄^2? concentrations in the leachates from the lysimeters. Sorption of ³⁵SO₄^2? was enhanced by the acid treatment in the A₀ and A₁/A₂ horizons. Ratios between water-extractable SO₄^2? and KCl-extractable SO₄^2? varied from 0.88 in the A₁/A₂ horizon to 0.46 in the lower part of the B horizon, indicating a preferential sorption of less available SO₄^2? fractions in that part of the soil.Significant positive correlations between soil organic carbon and various sulphur fractions, both labelled and unlabelled, indicated the importance of biological S transformations in the A₀ and A₁/A₂ horizons.Positive correlations between KCl-extractable Al and KCl-extractable SO₄^2? were found in the B horizon. Equilibrium calculations suggested that the SO₄^2? activity and Al³⁺ activity in leachates from control and acidified lysimeters were within the stability fields of basaluminite (Al₄(OH)₁₀SO₄), activities in leachates from the latter group of lysimeters, also being close to jurbanite (Al(OH)SO₄).     

Infektionsversuche mit Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii und Lophodermium piceae an unterschiedlich gestreßten Jungfichten (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)

Young spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] artificially inoculated with Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii B. and Lophodermium piceae (F.) v. H. were exposed to fumigations with O₃ and SO₂ and drought. These treatments showed no influence on the infection-rates of the fungi. R. kalkhoffii proved to be a saprophyte living for a long period as an epiphyte on the needle surfaces.     

Cystein und Glutathion in gesunden und SO2-geschädigten Fichtennadeln

Cysteine and glutathione in healthy and SO₂ damaged spruce needles. SO₂ damaged and healthy spruce needles were analysed for water soluble SH groups. Total SH content was mainly due to glutathione with some cysteine. Increased cysteine content was found only in old needles. Total content of SH groups fluctuates seasonally in the same way in both healthy and damaged needles. SO₂ damaged needles, however, always contain more SH-groups than healthy needles except immediately after flushing.     

Ein Schnelltest zur Ermittlung der individuellen SO2-Empfindlichkeit bei Kiefern

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Schnellmethode zur Rauchh?rteprüfung von Kiefernarten beschrieben, die vom Terminaltrieb abgetrennte, in Pillengl?ser gesteckte einj?hrige Kurztriebe verwendet. Die Nadeln reagieren auf akute SO₂-Immissionen kloneinheitlich und weitgehend in übereinstimmung mit der Mutterpflanze. Bei den Kurztrieben lassen sich endogene, vom Mutterbaum abh?ngige Differenzen in der Austrocknungsgeschwindigkeit nachweisen, die aber ohne wesentlichen Einflu? auf ihre Reaktion gegenüber SO₂ bleiben, sofern die Expositionsdauer kurzgehalten wird. Die entwickelte Methode ist schneller, wirtschaftlicher und auch zuverl?ssiger als Rauchh?rteprüfungen mit eingetopften Pflanzen. Sie testet lediglich die Reaktion auf akute Begasungen.

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Summary A short-time technique of testing pines for resistance against SO₂-emissions has been developed, using one-year-old needle fascicles, put into water-filled glass vials. Against actual SO₂-exposure, fascicles of the same tree react uniformly, and their reaction is very similiar to that of the parent tree. Besides, needle fascicles show endogenous clonal variation in the rate of drying out. This, however, does not influence the reaction against SO₂, provided the time of exposure is kept short. The new technique is quicker, accurate, and more economical than SO₂-tests with potted seedlings or graftings, but it only tests the reaction against short time-high doses exposure to SO₂.

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Durchgeführt mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Landesanstalt für Immissions- und Bodennutzungsschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen in Essen.     

MALDI-TOF, HPLC-ESI-TOF and 13C-NMR characterization of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell tannins for wood adhesives

MALDI-TOF, HPLC-ESI-TOF and 13C-NMR techniques were used to analyse the structure of non-purified aqueous chestnut shell tannin extracts. In addition, the influence of the extraction agent (water or aqueous solutions of Na₂SO₃ and/or NaOH) on tannin structure was analysed by MALDI-TOF in order to select the extract with the best properties for wood adhesives. Using HPLC-ESI-TOF, catechin/epicatechin, gallocatechin/epigallocatechin, dicatechin structures, dicatechin structures without a hydroxyl group, galloyl-glucoses and ellagic acid were identified as the main monomeric components in the aqueous extract. 13C-NMR and MALDI-TOF spectra revealed that extracts are mostly composed of procyanidin and prodelphinidin structures although prorobinetidins might be also present. MALDI-TOF spectrometry was used to identify the extract oligomeric components. Extractions with Na₂SO₃ and/or NaOH produced changes in the predominant structures in the extracts and on the amount of sugar units linked to the flavonoid structures, which decreased in the presence of Na₂SO₃. Extract obtained using low Na₂SO₃ and NaOH concentrations (1.5 and 0.75 %, respectively) was selected as more suitable for wood adhesive preparation.     

Photosynthese,Transpiration und Spaltöffnungsverhalten verschiedener Holzarten nach Begasung mit SO2

Photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal response of various species of woody plants exposed to sulfur dioxide. Photosynthesis of Fraxinus excelsior, Piceaabies, Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris declined after 6 and 12 h of fumigation at SO₂ concentrations of 5 and 9mg m^?3. Transpiration also declined, but the maximum depression was only 38%. Stomata began to close after fumigation with ～ 1 mg SO₂m^?3 for 6 h. The diffusion resistance of needles of Pices and Abies increased after fumigation with 9 mg SO₂ for 6h to a peak value of 35–40 scm^?1 and decreased rapidly (Picea) or remained stable (Abies) during the following 30h.     

Effects of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melia azedarach</Emphasis>

A germination experiment of pre-treated seeds of Melia azedarach was conducted in the nursery of Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh. Matured seeds of Melia azedarach were collected from healthy trees of National Botanical Garden, Bangladesh and were treated with five pre-sowing treatments (control, immersion in cold water, immersion in hot water, scarification with sand paper, and immersion in concentrated H₂SO₄) on seed germination. Results revealed that the germination rates of pre-sowing treated seeds were significantly increased compared to those in control, except for cold water treatment. The highest germination success (80%) was found in scarification with sand paper, followed by 74% and 69% in immersion in H₂SO₄ and hot water treatment, respectively. Germination started on 8–11 days and completed on 20–21 days of the germination period in all cases. Analysis of variance showed the significance difference in germination success among the treatments but no significance difference in germination period among the treatment. Hot water treatment may be recommended on seed germination of the species in rural Bangladesh.     

Injury to Eastern White Pine by Sulfurdioxide and Ozone Alone and in Mixtures

Clones of eastera white pine (Pinus strobus) selected for their sensitivity to sulfur dioxide (SO₂) were fumigated in a controlled environment chamber. Sulfur dioxide alone and in combination with ozone (O₃) at concentration 5 parts per hundred million (pphm) of air by volume of each gas for independent 2-hr exposures was toxic to new needles. Severest injury resulted from a discontinuous fumigation with 5 pphm O₃ and 5 pphm SO₂for 2 hr in separate fumigations, followed 24 hr later by a 2-hr exposure to a mixture of these gases, each at 5 pphm. The rapidity of lesion development and total injury to new needles were less following a single 2-hr fumigation with an O₃-SO₂mixture than when a single 2-hr fumigation with SO₂alone was used. Ozone and SO₂reacted to reduce injury. These plants were not injured by O₃used alone. New needles receiving only filtered air or new needles on resistant plants were not visibly affected by any treatment. Acute injury induced by the O₃-SO₂mixture developed differently from injury induced by SO₂alone.     

Studies on free amino acid contents in the aeciospores of Endocronartium pini and Cronartium flaccidum

Aeciospores of Endocronartium pini (Peridermium pini) and Cronartium flaccidum were analysed with regard to free amino acid content. As a rule the quantity in Endocronartium pini is greater than in Cronartium flaccidum. Twenty four amino acids were identified. Regarding thirteen amino acids, the quantity in Endocronartium was greater than in Cronartium; three amino acids were greater only in one year; two amino acids were about the same in the aeciospores of both species, and six occurred only in one analysis or as a trace. The beetle, Lagria hirta, has been observed to eat the acciospores of Endocronartium pini.     

Effects of SO2 on photosynthesis and peroxidase activity in Scots pine needles

Short-term exposure to high concentrations of SO₂ caused a temporary decrease in the photosynthetic rate, while both short-term and long-term exposure to low concentrations of SO₂ increased photo-synthesis after the exposure. Low SO₂ concentrations did not cause any change in peroxidase activity. Thus peroxidase activity does not seem a suitable method in monitoring latent injury caused by low SO₂ concentrations.     

Air pollution and ascorbic acid

Well-lighted plants may contain considerable amounts of ascorbic acid (AA) particularly in their chloroplasts. AA is known to be a strong reductant which fulfils several functions in photosynthesis. AA may also influence detoxification of polluted plants, e.g. by reducing SO₂. AA contents of forest tree species were distinctly decreased by shading, particularly in light demanding species. Continued SO₂ fumigation depressed AA contents long before visible symptoms of injury appeared. AA thus deserves more attention in physiological air pollution research.