银杏营养器官黄酮含量及变化规律的研究

通过对银杏营养器官测定指标综合分析发现，黄酮含量依次为：芽＞叶＞根＞枝；吸收根＞根皮部＞根木质部；实生苗顶芽＞侧芽，而嫁接苗则反之；一年生长枝上、中、下枝段黄酮分布呈现出高－低－高的变化规律；各枝段的皮部均大于木质部；长枝上的叶黄酮含量＞短枝上的叶，一年生枝上、中、下枝段上的叶黄酮含量呈明显的下降趋势；芽、叶、根和枝黄酮含量依次为：４７５％、４０４％、２１４％和１９４％。研究中还对银杏营养器官黄酮含量及变化规律进行了探讨。     

银杏叶数量性状的遗传分析

本文对银杏实生成龄优树叶子主要数量性状的遗传参数进行了研究.分析结果表明,30个性状指标的F检验均达显著或极显著水平.性状的遗传方差、变异系数及重复力(R)的枝龄有关.1年生枝段的ECV>GCV,而2、3年生枝段恰好相反.2、3年生枝段叶性状的R>1年生枝段.有10个指标的R大于80%.3个重量指标的相对遗传增益达70%以上.有9对性状的遗传相关达0.80以上.单叶面积与叶宽、单叶鲜重;单叶鲜重与干重;单叶干重与叶干重/m·长枝相关遗传力达70%以上.银杏叶个体间变异较大.本研究对银杏叶性状指标的直接和间接选择进行了探讨.     

银杏营养器官黄酮含量及变化规律的研究

通过对银杏营养器官测定指标综合分析发现，黄酮含量依次为：芽〉叶〉根〉枝；吸收根〉根皮部〉根木质部；实生苗顶芽〉侧芽，而嫁接苗则反之；一年生长枝上、中、下枝段黄酮分布呈现出高－低０高的变化规律；各枝段的皮部均大于木质部；长枝上的叶黄酮含量〉短枝上的叶，一年生枝上、中、下枝段上的叶黄酮含量呈明显的下降趋势；芽、叶、根和枝黄酮含量依次为：４．７５％、４．０４％、２．１４％和１．９４％。研究中还对银杏营养     

叶用银杏营养元素和叶绿素含量年周期变化研究

对叶用银杏营养元素、叶绿素含量年周期变化的研究结果表明，其叶的干、鲜质量５～６月增加最快；Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量的年周期变化与果用林存在明显差异；叶绿素含量在７～８月间达最高值；肥培管理较好的样株其单叶质量、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量和叶绿化含量明显高于管理粗放的样株。     

不同种源银杏同质园幼苗生长与叶片药用成分含量比较

开展不同种源银杏同质园试验，揭示环境对不同种源银杏的影响，为选育药用价值高的银杏种源和品种提供依据。收集了川内4个不同种源的银杏种子，经同质园栽培后，对其幼苗生长和叶片药用成分含量进行测定分析，并对各测定结果进行相关性分析。结果显示：（1）各种源间种子横径、纵径和百粒重均极显著差异（P<0.01），且均开江最大；（2）各种源间苗高、单株叶数、单叶重和单株叶重均极显著差异（P<0.01），冠幅显著差异（P=0.02）。其中苗高、单株叶数、单株叶重、冠幅均开江最大，单叶重泸定最大；（3）各种源间叶片萜类内酯、白果内酯含量呈极显著差异（P<0.01），黄酮、银杏内酯A和银杏内酯B含量均显著差异（P=0.02,P=0.03,P=0.01）。其中黄酮含量苍溪最高，萜类内酯、白果内酯、银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B含量均泸定最高；（4）苗高与单株叶重呈极显著正相关（r=0.912）；萜类内酯与白果内酯和银杏内酯B含量（r=0.928和0.962）均呈极显著正相关。不同种源的银杏同质园栽培结果表明，由于亲代长期受种源地环境的影响，子代幼苗的生长以及药用成分含量具有显著差异。     

银杏枝叶生长规律与两次采叶试验研究

本文对栽植后两年的银杏嫁接幼树的枝叶生长规律进行了观察，发现银杏新梢具有春梢和夏梢两种；新梢生长有４种方式；短枝亦分春季展叶生长和夏季展叶生长两种，其中春季展叶生长发生于所有短枝顶芽，而夏季展叶生长一般只发生在顶生短枝顶芽。试验证明，采用全采的方式能有效地刺激所有短枝顶芽全部进行夏季展叶生长；采用两次采收方式能使银杏采叶园的产叶量较传统采收方式（一次采收方式）的产叶量提高１倍。     

银杏引种“四忌”

一忌不分种类乱引种 银杏苗分实生苗和嫁接轩，实生苗可供采叶，１５～３０ ａ才结果，嫁接苗果叶两用，４～５ａ结果，７～８ａ进入盛产期。叶用银杏又有含黄酮高低之分，栽培叶用银杏树宜选择含黄酮量高的品种。 二忌不看季节引种 银杏在适宜的季节栽种才易成活，银杏以种子繁殖为主，也可扦插和嫁接繁殖。银杏播种育苗宜在每年１１月份至来年４月份；嫩枝扦插以６～７月份为主。 三忌忽视银杏种植的区域性 银杏喜温、好光、耐寒、耐旱、怕涝、不耐荫蔽，在地势高、干燥、光照充足、土层深厚肥沃、排水良好的微酸性砂质土壤中生长茂盛。土…     

银杏叶用品种的初步筛选研究

通过对收集的１６个银杏优良单株４年生嫁接苗的叶产量、黄酮含量进行初步比较研究，结果表明：不同单株间叶产量、黄酮含量存在显著差异；银杏植株各器官中黄酮合量以芽最高，叶次之，根枝较低。综合分析表明：ＷＬ１６８号表现最优，其次为桂林３号等，可在生产中推广应用。     

冬青科五种植物的小枝叶功能性状比较

以人工群落中冬青科5种常绿植物为实验对象,研究了它们的小枝叶功能性状特征及其关联性,实验结果为:冬青、华东冬青、全缘冬青和铁冬青的单叶面积没有明显差异,说明它们在单个面积上对光能的捕获具有一致性。铁冬青依赖小枝的"快速生长"(最长的小枝长)、最多的叶片数、最高的比叶面积和叶氮相对含量(SPAD)来截取更多的环境资源,以占取更优的生态位。大叶冬青则通过叶的富有耐性的"慢速生长"、积累更多的碳物质以获取竞争优势。叶重与枝重和叶厚间呈显著正相关,小枝上的叶数与叶重、叶厚和枝重间存在一定的负相关,说明这5种冬青科植物小枝上的叶数和叶片大小与枝重间存在一定的权衡关系。     

干寒地区苹果梨树生长结果规律的调查研究

士寒地区苹果梨树年周期枝、叶、果生长发育规律调查研究表明：４月初芽萌动，４月底开花，５月初亲梢开始生长，肖生长快、停长早；６月正旬叶幕形成。果实发育有两个高峰期，中后期横径增长快，果实近扁圆不规则型。果实的大小及品质与结果枝的长度关系不密切，与留果量有关，结果枝留１－２人果差异不显著，留３－４个果差异显著，适宜的花纹邓留果量为１－２个。     

Seasonal shoot and needle growth of loblolly pine responds to thinning, fertilization, and crown position

The impacts of thinning, fertilization and crown position on seasonal growth of current-year shoots and foliage were studied in a 13-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the sixth post-treatment year (1994). Length of new flushes, and their needle length, leaf area, and oven-dry weight were measured in the upper and lower crown from March through November. Total shoot length was the cumulative length of all flushes on a given shoot and total leaf area per shoot was the sum of leaf areas of the flushes.

By the end of June, first-flush foliage reached 70% of the November needle length (14.3 cm) and 65% of the final leaf area (15.0 cm²). Cumulative shoot length of first- and second-flush shoots achieved 95% of the annual length (30.3 cm), whereas total leaf area per shoot was 55% of the final value (75.3 dm²). Fertilization consistently stimulated fascicle needle length, dry weight, and leaf area in the upper crown. Mean leaf area of upper-crown shoots was increased by 64% six years after fertilization. A significant thinning effect was found to decrease mean leaf area per shoot in the crown. For most of the growing season, the thinned-fertilized trees produced substantially more leaf area per shoot throughout the crown than the thinned-nonfertilized trees. These thinned-fertilized trees also had greater needle length and dry weight, longer first flush shoots, and more leaf area per flush than trees in the thinned-nonfertilized plots. Needle length and leaf area of first flush shoots between April and July were linearly related to previous-month canopy air temperature (T_a). Total shoot length strongly depended on vertical light gradient (PPFD) within the canopy, whereas shoot leaf area was a function of both PPFD and T_a. Thus, trees produced larger and heavier fascicles, more and longer flush shoots, and more leaf area per shoot in the upper crown than the lower crown. We conclude that thinning, fertilization, and crown position regulate annual leaf area production of current-year shoots largely by affecting the expansion of first flush shoots and their foliage during the first half of the growing season.     

一品红植株生长指标与观赏性状的相关性

为了改善盆栽一品红栽培管理措施,控制植株高度,提高盆花观赏价值,提高经济效益,推动其产业化发展,以一品红栽培品种‘Sonora Red’为材料在温室内进行盆栽试验,2014年5月扦插,同年6月上盆,7月摘心,于盛花期测定各株株高、单枝质量、绿枝长、总枝长、总节数、绿叶片数等生长指标及红叶鲜质量、红叶片数、红叶面积、红叶枝长等观赏性状指标,对其生长指标与观赏性状指标进行相关性分析。结果表明:一品红栽培品种‘Sonora Red’的单枝鲜质量与其红叶鲜质量、红叶面积和红叶枝长仅在株高范围21~26 cm内存在正相关关系,其单枝鲜质量与其红叶片数仅在株高范围21~31 cm内存在正相关关系;单枝干质量与其红叶鲜质量、红叶片数仅在株高范围21~26 cm内存在正相关关系;绿枝长与其红叶鲜质量仅在株高范围26~31 cm内存在正相关关系;总枝长、总节数、绿叶片数均与其观赏性状,即红叶鲜质量、红叶片数、红叶面积和红叶枝长无显著的相关性。     

银杏叶黄酮含量变化规律及其干燥方式的研究

对不同部位,不同条件下的银杏叶黄酮含量,银杏叶的干燥变化等进行了比较分析,结果表明：不同品种及雌雄株的成年银杏叶黄酮含量无显著差异;实生苗叶比嫁接苗叶黄酮含量高;５年生以下幼树叶含量高;     

银杏生长中黄酮含量变化规律研究初报

对湖北省安陆市不同品种、树龄、采收季节、干燥方式、嫁接苗与实生苗的银杏叶黄酮含量进行测试和对比分析，结果表明：银杏古树品种间的黄酮含量无显著差异；实生苗比嫁接苗含量高；10a以下幼树含量较大树高；9月份为银杏叶的适宜采收季节；采收后的银杏叶宜阴干后密封保存，长时间日晒、发霉变黄等保管不善会引起黄酮含量显著下降。     

叶用银杏半同胞家系苗期性状生长动态及苗期选择

对银杏2年生苗苗高、地径生长过程运用Logistic方程进行模拟，相关系数均在0．97以上，银杏高生长在萌芽展叶后直接进入速生期，地径生长速生期开始与结束均要晚于苗高生长速生期，不同家系苗高、地径生长速生期的停止期差异较大。银杏苗期叶片的叶长、叶宽、单叶干重、单叶鲜重、平均单叶面积等形态指标的年生长节律呈S型曲线、内含物的年变化规律呈双峰型曲线。研究表明：苗高与地径生长的速生期终点、成熟健康叶片的叶面积、9月初的叶片总内酯含量、9月底的叶片总黄酮含量等性状可作为叶用银杏家系苗期选择的重要指标。     

锥栗叶片生长过程及其生理动态变化

从2000年3月22日至4月27日,每隔5d取正在生长的锥栗叶片,测定其形态和生理指标.测定结果如下叶长、叶宽和叶面积的生长曲线为S型曲线,叶片的整个生长过程中形态上有一个快速增长期,即生长初期叶片的生长较缓慢,生长中期叶片迅速增长,生长后期又变慢,最后趋于稳定.在快速生长期,叶长的增幅比叶宽的增幅大;叶片生物量的生长曲线也为S型曲线,叶片鲜重增长的幅度比干重大.叶片生长过程中,叶绿素含量迅速上升,最后趋于稳定.生长初期可溶性蛋白质含量迅速降低,而后在一定值附近波动.过氧化物酶活性在生长初期和中期都保持在较高的状态,在生长后期过氧化物酶活性降至另一较低的状态.叶片含水量初期迅速上升,达到最高峰开始下降并趋于稳定,其变化曲线为一单峰曲线.     

Effects of Culture Media and Light Intensity on in vitro Growth of Oncidium under CO2 Enrichment Condition

The effects of culture media and light intensity on in vitro growth of Oncidium ‘Aloha Iwanga‘ were investigated under CO2 enrichment condition. Height, fresh and dry weight of the Oncidium seedlings were measured, and the leaf number per plant, shoot number per plant, leaf width and leaf chlorophyll content were also investigated. The results were as follows: 1) The seedling height, fresh and dry weight, leaf number per plant, leaf width and leaf chlorophyll content of the shoots growing on MS complete culture medium were higher than those on 1/2MS, VW and 1/2VW media. The root number per plant and ratio of dry matter of the seedlings cultured on 1/2MS and 1/2VW media were higher than those on MS and VW; 2) The seedling height, flesh weight, dry weight, dry matter ratio and leaf chlorophyll content, leaf length, leaf width, root length, leaf number per plant, root number per plant of seedlings of Oncidium growing under 4 500 lx and 1 700 lx were higher than those under 750 lx. However, there was no significant difference in those growth parameters mentioned above while dealing with 4 500 lx and 1 700 lx except for the seedling height. Nevertheless, the leaf color of plants under 4 500 lx was lighter and the leaves of the lower parts became yellowish in comparison with those growing under 1 700 lx.     

叶林模式杜仲生物量的动态研究

通过对叶林模式杜仲6—10月的生物量动态变化的调查分析,结果表明:杜仲枝条长度和粗度前期增长较快,而到8、9月以后,增长缓慢,在10月份达到最大值,分别为115.57 cm和1.971 cm。6—8月为杜仲枝条皮干重的缓慢增长期,8—10月为杜仲枝条皮干重的快速增长期,在10月份最高,达到15.99 g;不同月份杜仲枝条皮含水率从高到低顺序为:6月>8月>9月>7月>10月,6月份最高可达74.7%,而10月份最低为68.88%。6—7月杜仲剥皮枝条干重增长不明显,7—10月为杜仲剥皮枝条干重的快速增长期,在10月份最高,达到111.63 g。不同月份杜仲剥皮枝条含水率从高到低顺序为:6月>7月>8月>9月>10月,6月份最高可达66.95%,而10月份最低为50.16%。6—9月为杜仲叶(单枝)总干重的增长期,9—10月为稳定期,9月份最高,达到48.96 g;不同月份杜仲叶(单枝)含水率从高到低顺序为:9月>8月>6月>10月>7月,9月份最高可达72.44%,而7月份最低为69.91%。不同月份杜仲叶片数量(单枝)从多到少顺序为:8月>9月>10月>7月>6月,8月份最多可达59片,而6月份最少为39.7片。建议以杜仲叶子为原料的加工产业,应在9月采摘叶子。     

Effects of current-year and previous-year PPFDs on shoot gross morphology and leaf properties in Fagus japonica

We investigated how shoot gross morphology and leaf properties are determined in Fagus japonica Maxim., a deciduous species with flush-type shoot phenology, in which all leaves are produced in a single flush at the start of each season. We examined relationships between current-year shoot properties and local light environment in a 14-m tall beech tree growing in a deciduous forest. Leaf number (LN), total leaf area (TLA), and total leaf length (SL) of the current-year shoot increased with increasing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Leaf thickness, dry mass per leaf area and nitrogen content on a leaf area basis increased, whereas the chlorophyll/N ratio decreased with increasing PPFD. To separate the effects of current-year PPFD from those of previous year(s), we artificially shaded a part of the uppermost leaf tier. Reciprocal transfers of beech seedlings between controlled PPFD regimes were also made. Characteristics of shoot gross morphology such as LN, TLA and SL were largely determined by the PPFD of the previous year. The exception was the length of the longest "long shoots" with many leaves, in which elongation appeared to be influenced by both previous-year and current-year PPFD. In contrast, leaf properties were determined by current-year PPFD. The ecological implications of our findings are discussed.     

Constraints on light interception efficiency due to shoot architecture in broad-leaved Nothofagus species

Shoot architecture may significantly alter mean quantum flux on foliage and thus, photosynthetic productivity. There is currently only limited information about plastic alterations in shoot structure caused by within-canopy variation in mean integrated irradiance (Q(int)) in broad-leaved trees. We studied leaf and shoot structure, and nitrogen and carbon content in late-successional, widely distributed, temperate, broad-leaved Nothofagus taxa to determine the architectural controls on light harvesting and photosynthetic performance. Nothofagus fusca (Hook. f.) Oersted has larger leaves and less densely leaved shoots than the N. solandri varieties. Nothofagus solandri var. solandri (Hook. f.) Oersted is characterized by rounder leaves that potentially have a larger overlap than the ovate-triangular leaves of N. solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole. Leaf dry mass (M(A)) and nitrogen content (N(A)) per unit area increased with increasing Q(int) in all species, demonstrating enhanced investment of photosynthetic biomass in high light. Although M(A) differed between species at a common irradiance, there was a uniform relationship between N(A) and Q(int) across species. Leaf carbon content per dry mass and leaf dry mass to fresh mass ratio also scaled positively with irradiance, suggesting greater structural investments in high light. In all species, shoots became more horizontal and flatter at lower Q(int), implying an enhanced use efficiency of direct irradiance in natural leaf positions. In contrast, irradiance effects on leaf aggregation varied among species. Across the data, leaf overlap or leaf area density was often greater at lower irradiances, possibly as a result of limited carbon availability for shoot axis extension growth. In N. fusca, leaves of which were more aggregated in high light, the shoot silhouette to total leaf area ratio (S(S)) declined strongly with increasing irradiance, demonstrating a lower light harvesting efficiency at high Q(int). This effect was only moderate in N. solandri var. cliffortioides and S(S) was independent of Q(int) in N. solandri var. solandri. Although the efficiency of light interception at high irradiances was lowest in N. fusca, this species had the greatest nitrogen content per unit shoot silhouette area (2N(A)/S(S)), indicating superior shoot-level photosynthetic potential. These data collectively demonstrate that shoot architecture significantly affects light interception and photosynthesis in broad-leaved trees, and that structural carbon limitations may constrain leaf light harvesting efficiency at low irradiance.