氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响

在亚热带中山草地黄棕壤上研究了氮锌复合作用对单播和混播牧草氮素来源的影响 ,结果表明 :施氮降低了白三叶前期固氮百分数 ,但低水平施氮显著提高了白三叶后期固氮百分数。在各种施氮水平下 ,施锌 6mg kg之处理 %Ndfa最高。施氮显著降低了氮转移的数量 ,低量施锌促进了氮转移 ;施氮促进了牧草对肥料氮的吸收 ,所有施氮水平下 ,单播黑麦草 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较高。在施氮 3 0～ 90mg kg,混播黑麦草和混播白三叶 %Ndff以施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg较低 ;单播和混播黑麦草 %Ndfs随施氮水平增加显著下降 ,施锌对单播黑麦草的 %Ndfs影响不明显。在所有施氮水平下 ,施锌 6～ 2 0mg kg减少了混播白三叶和混播黑麦草对土壤氮的吸收     

氮锌硒肥配合施用对黑麦草锌营养的影响

本文研究在湖北省宜昌县山地黄棕壤上以磷肥为底肥单施锌、硒肥及氮锌硒肥配合施用对单播与混播黑麦草中锌营养状况的影响。试验结果表明 :单施锌肥明显增加混播黑麦草 (混播比例为白三叶∶黑麦草为 1∶4)中的锌含量 ,且随施锌量的增加 ,混播黑麦草中的锌含量也增加 ;单施磷肥的处理与不施肥的对照相比较 ,混播黑麦草中的锌含量降低 ,其主要原因是干物质量增加引起的稀释效应。单施硒肥情况下 ,混播黑麦草中的锌含量随着施硒量的增加呈降低趋势。氮锌硒肥配合施用的 9个处理中 ,混播黑麦草中锌含量最高的处理是N46Zn2 5Se1 ;单播黑麦草中锌含量最高的处理是N30Zn2 5Se5。     

单播和混播系统中禾本科牧草氮来源和苜蓿固氮的研究

用~(15)N同位素稀释法,在盆栽和草场小区条件下研究了新疆主要禾本科牧草和新疆大叶苜蓿在单播和混播系统中的氮行为。牛尾草、老芒麦、冰草和无芒雀麦植株在混播系统中,来自肥料和土壤氮的比例较单播时都有较大幅度的降低。在混播系统中发生了苜蓿固氮产物向禾本科牧草转移。新疆大叶苜蓿在混播中的固氮率比单播时显著提高。固氮产物转移可能是通过苜蓿植株根瘤和残根的脱落和腐解。     

混播草带控制水源区坡地土壤氮、磷流失效应

坡地土壤氮、磷流失是湖库型饮用水源区污染的主要来源。本文以云南最大的城市集中式饮用水源地为研究区域,在昆明云龙水库库区周边的坡耕地红壤上开展了混播草带防治土壤氮、磷流失效应的研究。研究结果表明:选择适宜草种进行混播,所形成的草带控制水土及氮、磷流失效果优于自然植被;对地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量的控制效果均为:混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿>混播黑麦草+白三叶>自然植被>无草带种植;草带对土壤侵蚀量的控制效果要好于地表径流量。其中处理混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿、混播黑麦草+白三叶径流量分别比无草带种植降低35.19%、46.26%;侵蚀量比无草带种植降低73.51%、78.13%;坡耕地地表径流中氮素流失形态主要以泥沙中氮流失为主,占到80%～85%左右,磷素流失以颗粒态磷流失为主,占到90%～95%左右;对地表径流中的氮、磷流失量控制效果均为:混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿>混播黑麦草+白三叶>自然植被>无草带种植,对总氮流失量的控制效果要好于总磷流失量;混播黑麦草+白三叶处理中径流中总氮、总磷流失量分别降低59.96%、48.57%;混播黑麦草+紫花苜蓿处理径流中总氮、总磷流失量分别降低63.31%、56.91%;自然植被处理中径流总氮、总磷流失量分别降低29.46%、26.03%。     

黄土高原沟壑区种植植物和施肥对土壤矿质氮的影响

[目的]筛选能快速提升黄土高原沟壑区矿山废弃地土壤肥力的适宜恢复植物种类和种植模式,为该区实现资源的优化配置和促进农业的可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]选取白三叶、草木樨、紫穗槐、柠条、黑麦草5种植物试材,在中国科学院长武农业生态试验站的模拟弃土场上做长期连续定位监测试验,监测不同速效氮处理下各植物小区0—10cm,10—20cm土层的养分含量变化。设3种施肥处理:A:设施有机肥(羊粪),施肥量为30 000kg/hm~2;B:施秸秆,施肥量为9 000kg/hm~2;C:不施肥,作为对照。[结果]与对照相比,单播模式土壤平均硝态氮含量为9.05mg/kg,比对照提高0.44mg/kg;混播模式土壤平均硝态氮含量为9.02mg/kg,比对照提高0.41mg/kg。单播模式土壤铵态氮平均含量为4.49mg/kg,比对照减少了2.06mg/kg;混播模式土壤铵态氮平均含量为7.06 mg/kg,比对照增加了0.51 mg/kg。[结论]不施肥和施秸秆条件下,单播模式对土壤改良效果优于混播模式;而在施有机肥条件下,混播模式对土壤改良效果优于单播模式。     

菌肥对混播牧草土壤酶活性及微生物的影响

为研究菌肥与混播对土壤酶活性及微生物生物量的影响,本试验以苜蓿和饲用高粱为研究对象,设8个处理,分别为苜蓿单播(N1)、饲用高粱单播(N2)、苜蓿与饲用高粱同行混播(N3)、苜蓿与饲用高粱间行混播(N4)以及分别施入微生物菌肥(T1、T2、T3与T4)。在饲草生长的苗期、旺盛期与收获期分别取0～20、20～40和40～60 cm土样并测定土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及微生物生物量碳、氮含量。结果表明:菌肥及混播各处理土壤酶活性及微生物生物量均显著高于未施菌肥及饲草单播各处理,且混播配施菌肥效果更优。土壤酶活性随土层深入逐渐降低,随生育期推进,过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性呈现先降低后升高趋势;土壤脲酶活性呈现先升后降趋势,微生物生物量碳、氮的规律与脲酶相同。混播配施菌肥有利于增加有益酶活性,提高土壤微生物生物量,增强土壤生产力的可持续性,从而达到保护和改善土壤环境的效果,为内蒙古地区马铃薯提供倒茬作物,提供充足饲草,对农业与畜牧业发展意义重大。     

~(15)N天然丰度法测量豆科牧草共生固氮的评估

无氮营养液砂培7个品种苜蓿茎叶的固氮分馏因数β值为1.0000～1.0015(δ~(15)N为-0.05～-1.47‰),白三叶、绿豆和银合欢的β值分别为0.9979、0.9983和1.0018(δ~(15)N分别为2.15、1.74及-1.81‰)。根据~(45)N天然丰度的变化,估测了田间生长苜蓿的固氮能力,表明6个品种的共生固氮能力不同。格洛里及润布勒苜蓿两品种最高,保定、阿尔贡奎因及明托苜蓿3个品种次之,秘鲁苜蓿最低。苜蓿不同时期的固氮活性有变化,6、7月间固氮活性达高峰。根据所测豆科牧草茎叶的δ~(15)N值,可以对豆科牧草进行定性或半定量水平上的固氮研究,以筛选高效固氮牧草和检测野生固氮资源。本文还对不固氮参照植物和不同方法对％Ndfa估计位的影响进行了讨论。     

晋西南褐土上小麦苜蓿套作对土壤氮素及植物吸氮的影响

研究冬小麦和苜蓿不同种植模式在不同生长期内土壤氮素的变化特征,以期为粮草混播种植模式提供参考依据。依托 2014年在晋西南开展的田间试验,于 2017和 2018年研究了小麦单播、苜蓿单播和小麦苜蓿混播的作物产量以及土壤剖面氮素特征。结果表明:(1)两个试验年份内小麦苜蓿混播增加了作物生物量且小麦植株茎叶和籽粒氮含量均高于小麦单播;相比任一单作,小麦苜蓿混播显著提高了作物植株氮积累总量。(2)种植方式影响表层(0～ 30 cm)土壤硝态氮含量,3月春季返青时苜蓿单播高于小麦单播和混播处理,6月麦收时小麦单播和混播均高于苜蓿单播;苜蓿单独生长期(10月)200 cm深土壤剖面硝态氮含量依次为小麦单播 >混播 >苜蓿单播。不同生长时期小麦单播硝态氮随土壤剖面垂直淋失并于土壤深层大量累积,而小麦苜蓿混播后缓解了硝态氮的垂直淋失现象。(3)小麦返青时 0～ 30 cm土层苜蓿单播土壤铵态氮含量略高于小麦单播和混播,小麦地休耕苜蓿单独生长期 200 cm深小麦单播铵态氮含量低于苜蓿单播和混播。(4)越冬期(前一年 10月～ 3月)小麦苜蓿混播土壤无机氮得到了累积,小麦苜蓿共生期(3～ 6月)土壤无机氮处于消耗阶段,麦收后苜蓿单独生长期(6～ 10月)无机氮又得到了补充。     

无芒雀麦与苜蓿混播草地生产力提升的水氮调控模式

针对西北干旱草原区天然草地退化、水土流失严重以及人工草地生产力低下等问题,研究种植模式和水氮调控对牧草产量、品质和水氮利用效率的影响,以期获得高产高效的草地管理模式。以3年生紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦(2018年播种)为试验材料,分析种植模式(无芒雀麦与苜蓿混播D1,无芒雀麦单播D2)、施氮(纯氮)量(N1:60 kg/hm²;N2:120 kg/hm²)和灌水量(以灌水下限占田间持水量θ_f的百分比计,轻度亏水 65%θ_f、中度亏水 55%θ_f、重度亏水 45%θ_f分别记为W1、W2、W3,灌水上限均为85%θ_f)3个因素对牧草产量、品质和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明:(1)增加灌水量和施氮量有利于牧草株高和茎粗的生长,与W3N1处理相比,W1N2处理混播苜蓿、混播无芒雀麦和单播无芒雀麦三茬平均株高分别增加27.41%,20.26%和26.55%,茎粗分别增加11.32%,4.11%和20.98%;混播对无芒雀麦株高有促进作用,对茎粗有抑制作用。(2)灌水量和施氮量的增加有利于提高牧草产量和品质,W1N2处理牧草年产量和粗蛋白(CP)含量最高,与W3N1处理相比,W1N2处理下混播牧草年产量、CP含量分别增加42.16%,27.00%,单播牧草年产量、CP含量分别增加38.59%,37.26%,混播牧草ADF和NDF分别降低19.56%和33.86%,单播牧草ADF和NDF分别降低21.29%和25.53%。(3)随着灌水量的增加,IWUE和WUE减小,PFP_N增大;增加施氮量,混播模式IWUE、WUE和PFP_N均减小,单播模式IWUE和PFP_N减少,WUE增大。(4)基于主成分分析得出,混播模式轻度亏水(灌水下限65%θ_f)高氮量(120 kg/hm²)处理综合得分最高,为适宜的水氮管理模式。研究结果可为西北干旱半干旱草原区牧草的种植管理提供理论依据。     

黄土塬区三种豆科牧草的土壤养分剖面分布特征与平衡

为了解豆科牧草短期种植对土壤养分环境影响的进程和规律,通过田间试验对沙打旺、苜蓿和胡枝子等3种豆科牧草以不同密度单播、混播对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷剖面分布和平衡输出的影响进行了定性和定量分析。所有处理土壤全氮和有机质含量在土壤剖面2m深度范围内均呈典型的“S”形分布,全磷呈抛物线形分布。单播牧草固氮能力与播种密度呈正相关;苜蓿固氮能力最强,高密度下表观生物固氮量达507．5kg·hm^-2。沙打旺生长1年可使土壤有机质平均净增3．51％。沙打旺和苜蓿全磷平均输出比率分别为43．14％和40．24％,显著高于胡枝子（23．74％）;胡枝子与沙打旺、苜蓿的两两混播处理和3种牧草混播处理平均全磷输出比率分别为20．73％、26．33％、25．83％。试验结果表明,3种豆科牧草均可显著提高土壤有机质累积,沙打旺和苜蓿对土壤全氮和全磷的消耗显著大于胡枝子,但前两者的固氮能力也强于后者。以适当密度进行的不同牧草混播处理由于种间良性竞争和共生协调作用可优化混播群体对土壤养分的消耗利用。     

冬小麦节水灌溉制度下不同施氮量的氮素平衡

用15N示踪技术研究了节水灌溉条件下冬小麦对不同施氮量的氮素吸收和氮素平衡 ,并比较了两种灌溉制度下小麦对节肥施氮量的吸收动态。结果表明 ,与常规施氮量处理相比 ,节水灌溉条件下节肥施氮量处理的氮肥损失率降低 ,氮肥当季利用率和土壤残留率提高 ;基施氮肥的利用率高于追施氮肥 ;土壤肥料氮的残留率在 2 9%～ 41 %之间 ,分布于 1m土层中 ,其中60 %以上集中在 0～ 2 0cm土层 ;在整个小麦生长季内 ,肥料氮并没有淋洗到 1 30m以下。节肥施氮量在常规灌溉下的当季利用率比在节水灌溉下降低 1 6 6%。     

氮肥水平对鲁梅克斯K-1杂交酸模氮素利用和氮素平衡的影响

鲁梅克斯K 1杂交酸模对氮素的吸收与施氮量的关系可用线性加平台模型描述。植株氮素来自肥料氮的比例Ndff随施氮线性增加 ,但利用率随施氮量先上升后下降 ,变化范围从 32 1 1 %～ 42 78% ,在推荐施氮N3(6 0 0Nkg·hm- 2 )水平下为42 78%。根对肥料氮的截留率与植株利用率的趋势相似 ,在 1 9 87%～ 2 4 37%范围变化 ,植株吸收率在 51 97%～ 6 7 1 5%范围变化。肥料氮的土壤残留率基本不变 ,平均为 2 1 89%。氮肥回收率开始时随施氮无显著变化 ,N3处理后迅速下降 ,损失率趋势与之相同 ,但方向相反 ,在 9 40 %～ 2 5 93%范围变化。在分茬施肥的模式下 ,不同施氮下的土壤全氮不随茬次显著变化 ,但施氮对土壤全氮水平有显著影响 ,土壤全氮的全年周转率随施氮在范围 4 6 7%～ 9 39%变化     

根际土壤微生物量氮周转率的研究

用15N示踪法研究了不同植物对根际及非根际微生物量氮周转率的影响。结果表明 ,不同植物对微生物量氮周转率的影响不同。栽种豆科植物三叶草由于其根系分泌物中的含氮有机物含量较高 ,所以土壤中微生物量氮的周转率快于栽种黑麦草。两种植物根际土壤的微生物量氮的周转率都快于非根际土壤 ,与土壤蛋白酶活性的研究结果一致     

BIOMASS ALLOCATION AND NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN RYEGRASS UNDER WATER AND NITROGEN SUPPLIES

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in grassland is known to sustain with water and nitrogen (N). This study investigates biomass and N partitioning in plant organs (roots, main and the youngest tillers) under water-nitrogen interactions. Nitrogen was applied at the rates of 50 and 100 mg N kg^?1 as N₁ (low N) and N₂ (high N) treatments, respectively, with uniform irrigation until 440 growing degree-days (GDD). Thereafter, the water supply was restricted to 50 mL on a weekly basis (W₁) against 50 mL on a daily basis (W₂) and concurrently, N enriched with 1 atom% ¹⁵N isotopes. Cumulative tillers’ biomass increased linearly from 1st to 8th order, but thereafter reached a plateau with further increases in number of negligible weights. Initially tiller mass and number per plan did not differ (P < 0.05) with water and/or N applications but changed at 788 GDD with clear differences at 911 GDD with the highest under N₂W₂ and lowest under N₁W₁. Nitrogen concentration sharply decreased from 530 to 700 GDD and then levelled off with age. The decline was more pronounced in tillers than roots. The high N treatment showed elevated N-concentration under both water treatments. Watering on a daily basis promoted vegetative growth. High water and N levels significantly (P < 0.05) influenced concentration of N absorbed during ¹⁵N labeling (N_L) in all organs with relatively pronounced N_L under N₂. The additive positive effect of W₂ and N₂ was obvious on N_L as compared to N_T, which showed that plants discriminate N-uptake on mass basis. Nitrogen (mobile) was higher in young and ¹⁵N (heavier) was low in young tillers and vice versa. Accumulation of N absorbed during ¹⁵N labeling (¹⁵N_A) was significant knowing that water is a strong determining factor of N concentration in ryegrass organs.     

Impact of top-pruning time on the fertilizer N use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco as assessed by 15N tracing technique

To evaluate the impact of top-pruning time on fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE) of flue-cured tobacco, we adopted ¹⁵N tracing technique and conducted a 2-year experiment from 2014 to 2015 in eastern China. The experiment included three top-pruning points of time: 5th, 25th and 45th day after flowering (DAF), abbreviated, respectively, as TP5, TP25 and TP45. The amounts of plant N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) and soil (Ndfs) were observed during 0–55th DAF. Results showed that top-pruning slowed down the increase of Ndff in tobacco organs, particularly in the leaf, but accelerated the increase of Ndfs dramatically. The proportion of Ndff (%) accounted for the total N reduced dramatically after top-pruning. This reduction might attribute to the selectivity of plant to different N sources as influenced by top-pruning while had little relationship with soil N supply, according to the analysis on the soil total mineral N and mineral ¹⁵N. The average NUE for the 2 years was 32%, 41% and 47%, respectively, for TP5, TP25 and TP45, showing significant (p < 0.05) differences. We concluded that the tobacco preferred to uptake soil N rather than fertilizer N after top-pruning; thus, optimizing the top-pruning time might be one of the approaches to improve the in-season NUE of flue-cured tobacco.     

灌溉条件下施氮水平对土壤 作物系统中肥料氮素去向的影响

本试验利用１５Ｎ示踪技术，研究３种施氮水平（适宜施氮量Ｎ１０∶１５０ｋｇＮ·ｈａ－１，低于适宜施氮量的５０％Ｎ０５∶７５ｋｇＮ·ｈａ－１，高于适宜施氮量的５０％Ｎ１５∶２２５ｋｇＮ·ｈａ－１）对灌溉冬小麦氮素利用、去向及作物产量的影响。结果表明：在灌溉条件下，３种施氮水平（Ｎ０５，Ｎ１０，Ｎ１５）的冬小麦氮素利用效率分别为３８５％、３２３％和２２４％，以Ｎ０５水平为最高。Ｎ１０施氮水平获得了最高的作物产量（６８０×１０３ｋｇ籽粒·ｈａ－１，１４７×１０３ｋｇ生物量·ｈａ－１），Ｎ０５水平同Ｎ１０水平相比，在产量上没有显著性差异；而Ｎ１５水平因施氮过量造成籽粒产量明显下降，与不施肥相比，差异不显著。在深层条施（５～８ｍｍ）条件下，仍有３０２％～３６７％的化学氮素通过各种途径而损失。在Ｎ１５水平中，施用氮素的４６％仍存在于０～５０ｃｍ土层中，远远高于其它两种施肥水平。土壤残留态的无机氮素含量以Ｎ１５施氮水平为最高     

Synthesis of 15N-labelled microbial biomass in soil in situ and extraction of biomass N

Summary A Pakistani soil (Hafizabad silt loam) was incubated at 30°C with varying levels of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium sulphate and glucose (C/N ratio of 30 at each addition rate) in order to generate different insitu levels of ¹⁵N-labelled microbial biomass. At a stage when all of the applied ¹⁵N was in organic forms, as biomass and products, the soil samples were analysed for biomass N by the chloroform (CHCl₃) fumigation-extraction method, which involves exposure of the soil to CHCl₃ vapour for 24 h followed by extraction with 500 mM K₂SO₄. A correction is made for inorganic and organic N in 500 mM K₂SO₄ extracts of the unfumigated soil. Results obtained using this approach were compared with the amounts of immobilized ¹⁵N extracted by 500 mM K₂SO₄ containing different amounts of CHCl₃. The extraction time varied from 0.5 to 4 h.The amount of N extracted ranged from 27 to 270 g g^–1, the minimum occurring at the lowest (67 g g^–1) and the maximum at the highest (333 g g^–1) N-addition rate. Extractability of biomass ¹⁵N ranged from 25% at the lowest N-addition rate to 65%a for the highest rate and increased consistently with an increase in the amount of ¹⁵N and glucose added. The amounts of both soil N and immobilized ¹⁵N extracted with 500 mM K₂SO₄ containing CHCl₃ increased with an increase in extraction time and in concentration of CHCl₃. The chloroform fumigation-extraction method gives low estimates for biomass N because some of the organic N in K₂SO₄ extracts of unfumigated soil is derived from biomass.     

氮磷复(混)合肥料的氮素肥效

研究复合肥料中氮素的利用率、残留率、损失率、肥效和残效表明:在作基肥施用的条件下,复(混)肥料对春小麦籽粒的增产效果相同。春麦对肥料氮素的吸收利用取决于氮素的形态,尿素磷铵中的铵态氮利用率为35.0％,硝酸磷铵普钙中的铵态氮为31.4％,尿素磷铵中的尿素氮为28.1％,硝酸磷铵普钙中的硝态氮为24.8％。硝酸磷铵普钙中的硝态氮具有最高的土壤残留率(48.9％),尿素磷铵中的铵氮损失率最低(22.7％)。不同复(混)合肥均有明显残效,水稻的籽粒产量都高于对照,不同复(混)合肥之间差异不明显。水稻对残留氮的利用率不同复(混)合肥之间的差异也不明显。     

有机、无机肥料施用后土壤生物量C、N、P的变化及N素转化

研究结果表明,有机、无机肥施用后,土壤微生物量C、N、P开始增加很快,随着时间的推移,土壤微生物量C又有所降低,但生物量N和P则基本保持稳定。硫铵施入土壤后,微生物对肥料¹⁵N的生物固持10天后达到最高峰,以后被固持在体内的¹⁵N有一部分被逐渐释放出来,但一个月后仍有17%左右的¹⁵N被固持在微生物体内。硫铵与有机肥配合施用时,微生物对硫铵¹⁵N固持比例有所增加。有机肥中的¹⁵N被微生物固持的比例也较大,在肥料施入20天左右达到最大值,一个月后仍有19-25%存在于微生物体内。硫铵施用一个月后¹⁵N损失高达18%,有机肥中的N也有少量被损失。     

Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen from continuous corn soils under contrasting tillage management

Tillage systems influence soil properties and may influence the availability of applied and mineralized soil N. This laboratory study (20°C) compared N cycling in two soils, a Wooster (fine, loamy Typic Fragiudalf) and a Hoytville (fine, illitic Mollic Epiaqualf) under continuous corn (Zea mays) production since at least 1963 with no-tillage (NT), minimum (CT) and plow tillage (PT) management. Fertilizer was added at the rate of 100 mg ¹⁵N kg^–1–1 soil as 99.9% ¹⁵N as NH₄Cl or Ca(NO₃)₂ and the soils were incubated in leaching columns for 1 week at 34 kPa before being leached periodically with 0.05 M CaCl₂ for 26 weeks. As expected, the majority of the ¹⁵NO₃^– additions were removed from both soils with the first leaching. The majority of applied ¹⁵NH₄⁺ additions were recovered as ¹⁵NO₃^– by week 5, with the NT soils demonstrating faster nitrification rates compared with soils under other tillage practices. For the remaining 22 weeks, only low levels of ¹⁵NO₃^– were leached from the soils regardless of tillage management. In the coarser textured Wooster soils (150 g clay kg^–1), mineralization of native soil N in the fertilized soils was related to the total N content (r² 0.99) and amino acid N (r² 0.99), but N mineralization in the finer textured Hoytville (400 g clay kg^–1) was constant across tillage treatments and not significantly related to soil total N or amino acid N content. The release of native soil N was enhanced by NH₄⁺ or NO₃^– addition compared to the values released by the unfertilized control and exceeded possible pool substitution. The results question the use of incubation N mineralization tests conducted with unfertilized soils as a means for predicting soil N availability for crop N needs.