啤酒大麦垄畦沟灌节水栽培技术研究初报

根据 2 0 0 3年度啤酒大麦不同节水耕种技术试验结果 ,以产量和灌溉水生产效率为目标函数 ,分析比较了“垄畦沟灌”节水耕种方式的生产技术效果和其在不同耕作条件下的节水效果及灌溉水生产效率。初步确立了“垄畦沟灌”这一能够有效协调节水与增产矛盾 ,适宜啤酒大麦实现节水型生产的耕种新技术 ,平均增产 5 %以上 ,灌水生产效率 1 31～ 2 2 0kg/m3;免耕较施耕每公顷节水 330 0m3,节水率达 4 4 2 2 % ,灌水生产效率提高 0 87kg/m3。为啤酒大麦的生产应用和科学研究提供了新的技术和信息。     

谈甜菜的节水灌溉与技术

论述了甜菜的耐旱性与需水规律及节水灌溉的必要性;总结了我国甜菜节水灌溉的试验研究;介绍了节水灌溉的多项技术.     

蠡玉16玉米受旱减产规律及产量与水关系模型研究

以淮北平原地区常用玉米品种蠡玉16为试验材料,采用测坑法进行作物的受旱试验,研究主要农作物不同受旱条件下的减产规律,构建产量与水关系模型。结果表明,蠡玉16玉米关键期受旱对其产量的影响十分显著,轻旱、中旱、重旱的减产率分别为4.3%、36.8%、51.1%,且随着受旱程度的增大减产率剧增;蠡玉16玉米在抽雄灌浆期对水分亏缺最为敏感,敏感指数达0.925 1;其次是拔节期、分蘖期和乳熟期,敏感指数分别为0.126 2、0.066 2和0.003 2。水分亏缺对蠡玉16玉米产量影响最大阶段为抽雄灌浆期,同时也是需水强度最大期。     

基于PALSAR雷达数据与多时相TM/ETM+影像的海南岛土地利用分类研究

大面积范围内准确获取土地利用/覆盖变化信息对生产管理和生态环境评价都具有重要的意义。本研究联合2010年25 m分辨率的ALOS PALSAR L波段雷达和2009~2010年多时相Landsat TM/ETM+影像,利用决策树分类方法对海南岛土地利用类型进行分类。结果表明,PALSAR雷达对森林和水体均有较高的识别精度,生产者精度和用户精度均超过88％,但耕地与建筑分类精度最高仅为77％。通过结合森林、建筑与耕地的光谱信息及其年际变化特征,采用多时相TM/ETM+影像合成的NDVI最大值和最小值对PALSAR分类结果进行修正。修正后结果的精度均有显著提升,森林、水体和建筑的生产者和用户精度均超过了92％,相应耕地的精度也分别达到了91％和74％,总体分类精度达到94％,Kappa系数为0.92。本研究表明,联合PALSAR雷达和多时相Landsat系列光学遥感影像,在解决热带地区影像数据源匮乏的同时,能够显著提高土地利用分类精度,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于近地高光谱与TM遥感影像的冬小麦冠层含水量反演

为探讨利用近地高光谱和TM遥感影像数据评估作物冠层水分状况的可行性,以北京顺义通州为研究区域,以冬小麦为研究对象,首先基于Landsat TM5的光谱响应函数,利用地面实测的冬小麦全生育期冠层高光谱窄波段反射率数据来模拟TM5卫星宽波段反射率,然后利用模拟的TM5数据的NIR波段(第4波段)和2个SWIR波段(第5和7波段)反射率分别构建水分指数(WI)和归一化差异水分指数(NDWI),并利用地面实测数据建立冠层叶片含水量(LWC)和等效水厚度(EWT)的遥感估算模型,最后选取最优的水分估算模型,利用TM5卫星遥感影像数据对研究区域小麦冠层水分含量进行反演与应用。结果表明,利用TM5数据中SWIR第5波段比第7波段构建的水分指数更有优势;WI对估算LWC的效果较好,而NDWI在EWT估算方面效果较好,应用TM5宽波段模拟数据模型验证的冬小麦冠层含水量的r2和RMSE分别为0.57和0.51、3.89%和0.024。同时从TM遥感影像的反演结果来看,开花期的冬小麦冠层水分高于拔节期。     

汉沽农场农田灌溉现状与可持续发展

着重介绍了汉沽农场农田灌溉的现状,由于海水倒灌,河水含盐量高,农田不能使用。指出水资源严重不足及缺少节水措施是制约汉沽农场农业发展的主要因素。提出了改造现有水利设施、节水控灌、微咸水灌溉、地表水与地下水混灌等具体措施。     

An institutional case study of Japanese Water Users Association: towards successful participatory irrigation management

This paper examines irrigation management conduct within the Japanese Water Users Association (WUA), namely the Land Improvement District (LID). LID is regarded as a successful case of participatory irrigation management (PIM), in which there are few conflicts over water between farmers so that it attains high social cost performance. However, the management system of LID still remains obscure. We throw light on this system assuming the existence of "the rule of fairness". Farmers operate the irrigation facilities in a self-serving way and have their own rule of fairness, such as upstream superiority, based on the long-term experiences of irrigation systems. We defined this rule of fairness as made up of two components: one is "fairness of outcome" and the other is "fairness of procedure". Finally, we discovered that the approach of LID staff is the essential factor to satisfying the farmers' criteria of fairness and maintaining peace; LID staff place importance on farmers' customary rules, taking care to remain neutral in arbitrating quarrels between farmers and trying to ensure organizational transparency to farmers. This can be also a good lesson for future PIM projects.     

Nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerant ability of various sugarcane varieties under drought stress at early growth stage

ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerant ability of the five different sugarcane varieties (including NiF3, Ni9, Ni17, Ni21 and Ni22) under early growth stage from 60 to 120 days after transplanting. The results showed drought stress reduced the photosynthetic rate, growth parameters including plant height, leaf area; partial and total dry weights; and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits including photosynthetic NUE, nitrogen utilization efficiency and biomass NUE of measured sugarcane varieties. The significant differences were found among varieties in growth parameters, dry weights, NUE traits and drought tolerant index (DTI). The significant positive correlations among NUE traits and DTI suggested higher NUEs could support better a tolerant ability to drought stress at the early growth stage. Because of larger contributions, DTIs for aboveground and stalk dry weight could be used as the important DTIs to evaluate drought tolerant ability in sugarcane varieties.     

冠菌素诱导冬小麦幼苗抗旱性的初步研究

为研究不同冠菌素浓度对冬小麦抗旱性的诱导效应,以两个冬小麦品种为材料,研究了不同浓度冠菌素对20%PEG-6000模拟干旱条件下幼苗生长及其抗旱性指标的影响.结果表明,无论是抗旱性品种长武134还是水分敏感型品种陕253均表现相同的趋势,即:0.01 μmol·L-1和0.1 μmol·L-1的冠菌素预处理有利于幼苗叶片维持相对含水量,提高可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量;对增加幼苗干重和根系长度、提高根冠比、扩大根表面积、特剐是提高根系活力有显著效应.由此说明,冠菌素能诱导小麦幼苗提高抗旱能力.     

The mode of operation of a regulating reservoir for effective use of river flow

In the absence of a reservoir on the downstream side, a river flow that increases temporarily by rainfall cannot be stored and discharged apart from requirements in a command area. This unused water (excess water) occurs to some extent even in a drought year and making effective use of this supply is considered as one of the countermeasures for water shortage. Setting up a regulating reservoir on the upstream side of head works is regarded as one of the methods for making effective use of excess water. The inflow to the river and water delivery loss occurred from rainfall are stored in the regulating reservoir and supplied to the command area on the downstream side as agricultural water. An operational method for the regulating reservoir to effectively utilize the excess water was examined for a canal system by simulation. In an investigated area, there was excess water even in drought years, and making use of it through the regulating reservoir whose capacity is smaller compared to that of a dam can become one of the countermeasures for the drought period. The simulation in this study could estimate quantitatively the effect of the regulating reservoir to make the excess water effective.     

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality Under Supplementary Irrigation on Soil Chemical and Physical Properties in the “Southern Humid Pampas” of Argentina

Summary

Salinity and sodicity were quantified at five locations irrigated with central pivots and different water qualities in the southeast of Buenos Aires Province. Changes in electrical conductivity (EC_e) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR_e) of saturated soil extract were determined from soil cores collected to a depth of 0.6 m between 1996 and 1998. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was measured with disk in-filtrometers. Soil from one location, Balcarce, was treated with synthetic waters to obtain variable levels of SAR_e. Laboratory studies on optical transmission (OT), aggregate percentage (AP), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were performed.

Infiltration of rainfall caused a substantial dilution of salt concentration. Changes in sodicity were persistent, but tended to stabilize between SAR_e = 5 to SAR_e = 7. When irrigation was discontinued for a year and 1129 mm of rainfall leached the soil, the SAR_e value decreased from 5.3 to 1.8.

Ks showed a threshold at exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 5. The results from the Ks laboratory experiment were non-consistent with field estimation of Ks using disk infiltrometers.     

河西绿洲灌区制种玉米生长特征及产量对不同抗旱措施的响应

为探寻河西绿洲灌区制种玉米最佳抗旱措施,本研究以制种玉米 NC242为供试材料,分别于 2018和2019年开展 5个不同处理大田试验,包括施用保水剂(SA)、白色地膜覆盖(WF)、黑色地膜覆盖(BF)、秸秆覆盖(SM)和露地平种(CK),测定制种玉米不同生育阶段生长特性、收获后产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及品质等指标。结果表明,较露地平作(CK), BF和 WF处理年均产量和 WUE分别提高了 3 107.02、 2 693.12 kg/hm²和 0.88、 0.78 kg/m³,以黑色地膜覆盖方式增幅最显著。利用抗旱措施可显著改善制种玉米子粒品质,淀粉、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和可溶性糖含量分别较 CK提高 3.33%～10.32%、 8.06%～24.48%、 16.03%～43.04%、 11.59%～32.76%,其中 BF处理综合品质最高。综合制种玉米的产量、水分利用效率和品质,河西绿洲灌区制种玉米覆盖黑色地膜较其他抗旱措施更能促进产量和水分利用效率的提高,并显著改善子粒品质。     

稻田水分管理方式对水稻光合速率和水分利用效率的影响

以超级杂交稻两优培九和中优6号为材料, 设3个不同水分管理措施,在穗分化期、开花期和花后20 d分别测定叶片光合速率和水分利用率。结果表明:不同水分管理方式影响水稻地上部干物重、叶面积指数、光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。水分好气灌溉管理地上部干物重和水分利用效率明显增加;水分低水位管理蒸腾速率、地上部干物重和叶片水分利用效率下降。淹水灌溉地上部干物重、叶面积指数、叶片光合速率和水分利用率较低。因此,水稻好气灌溉有利于光合物质积累,显著增产和提高水分利用效率。试验还表明这3种水分管理对稻米蛋白质含量的影响不显著。     

干旱胁迫下氮肥对玉米叶片衰老影响及与碳氮平衡的关系

以玉米品种兴民18为研究材料,设置高氮和低氮两个氮水平,通过盆栽人工控水的方式进行干旱和复水处理,分析干旱胁迫下氮肥对玉米叶片衰老和叶片碳氮平衡的影响,研究碳氮平衡和叶片衰老及抗旱性的关系。研究结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,高氮处理下增加了玉米对干旱的敏感性,加快了干旱胁迫下玉米叶片的衰老进程;干旱胁迫下碳氮比显著升高,说明碳氮平衡可能参与了干旱诱导的叶片衰老调控。在干旱胁迫及复水条件下,干旱条件下高氮处理的碳氮比相较于低氮处理增加幅度更大,碳氮平衡受干旱破坏程度更严重,说明高氮并不能增加干旱胁迫后下部衰老叶片中的氮浓度,也不能缓解干旱胁迫引起的碳氮失衡。干旱胁迫下高氮导致碳氮失衡加剧,可能是高氮增加了玉米对干旱的敏感性和叶片加速衰老的原因之一。     

Mixed Planting with Legumes Modified the Water Source and Water Use of Pearl Millet

Abstract

In semi-arid areas, pearl millet is an important staple food crop that is traditionally intercropped with cowpea. This study evaluated the water competition between pearl millet and cowpea using deuterated water. At vegetative stage, pearl millet biomass production was lower in the pearl millet-cowpea (PM-CP) combination than in the pearl millet-pigeon pea (PM-PP) and pearl millet-bambara nut (PM-BN) combinations. PM-CP used more water than PM-PP and PM-BN under well-watered conditions; however, all combinations used similar amounts of water under dry conditions. The biomass production, photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and midday leaf water potential of pearl millet at early flowering stage were not significantly reduced by mixed planting with cowpea sown two weeks later as compared with single planted pearl millet. When pearl millet and cowpea were sown at the same time, mix planting significantly increased the recovery rates of recently irrigated heavy water in pearl millet, but not in cowpea in both vegetative and early flowering stages. Midday leaf water potential and transpiration rates in pearl millet were lowered by mixed planting but those in cowpea were not. These indicate that the water source of pearl millet is shifted to the recently irrigated and easily accessible water. By contrast, when cowpea was sown two weeks later than pearl millet, this trend was not observed. These results provide new evidence on water competition in the PM-CP intercropping system; cowpea has higher ability to acquire existing soil water than pearl millet when both crops are sown at the same time.     

干旱胁迫对不同肥水类型小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦抗旱育种和节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持,在防雨旱棚池栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对6个不同肥水类型小麦品种旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,小麦开花后旗叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率均呈下降趋势,而胞间CO₂浓度有所升高。其中,水浇地品种烟农21、烟农24和济麦22净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率较低且下降幅度大,而旱地品种青麦6号、济旱5034和鲁麦21的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率较高且下降较为缓慢,而胞间CO₂浓度较低。青麦6号具有较高的抗旱指数,在干旱胁迫条件下能够保持较好的叶片结构和功能状况,是其获得高产的重要原因。     

玉米浅埋滴灌节水种植模式产量与效益分析

在内蒙古通辽市科左中旗粮食生产基地,为了生态节水、科技高产、循环发展的生产目标,解决膜下滴灌造成的地膜污染和回收成本高的难题,浅埋滴灌高效节水种植模式被广泛开发和利用。通过开展种植对比试验,比较不用种植模式下的玉米产量及经济效益。研究结果表明,浅埋滴灌高效节水种植模式2015年和2016年玉米产量达到11 128.71、12 426.42 kg/hm2,两年推广种植面积分别0.27万hm2和1.44万hm2。浅埋滴灌种植模式从保苗效果、子粒品质、平均产量、成本投入、纯效益等方面的综合表现最好。