茶饮料残渣的饲料调制和贮藏技术的开发

眼下，各种罐装和塑料瓶装茶饮料的消费量日渐增长，副产物茶叶残渣也随之增多。据分析，茶叶残渣能量高，蛋白质含量多，且还富含儿茶素(catechin)和维生素等各种生理活性物质。然而，茶叶残渣水分含量高，容易腐败，不易长期贮藏。本文旨在探讨茶叶残渣经乳酸菌和酶处理后，有效利用茶叶残渣作反刍家畜饲料的原料。     

米糖的植酸钙提取及其残渣的利用

本文介绍了用米糠作原料提取植酸钙的方法，分析了残渣的营养成分，并对残渣作为养猪饲料的效果进行评价。     

柠檬酸残渣饲喂肉仔鸡的试验

选取1500只1日龄AA肉仔鸡，随机分成5组，研究饲料中添加柠檬酸残渣对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明：日粮柠檬酸残渣含量为8％和16％时，肉仔鸡的生产性能不受影响（P＞0．05），说明柠檬酸残渣可部分替代豆饼提供肉仔鸡氮源以用于生长；但当日粮柠檬酸残渣含量为24％和32％时，肉仔鸡生长性能有所降低，说明日粮柠檬酸残渣过高，可能会引起营养失衡，影响肉仔鸡生长。     

鹿茸精残渣饲料添加剂

俄罗斯的一家国营农场的试验表明，以鹿茸为主要原料生产鹿茸精后的残渣，是一种良好的饲料添加剂。它含有丰富的营养成分，其中的氨基酸和微量元素对维持家畜的生命，起着重要作用，并能提高抗病能力和生长速度。这家国营农场在试验中，每隔一天在午间喂料时，在每头试验猪的饲料中，添加３～１０ｇ鹿茸精残渣，持续１个月。结果，这些添喂了鹿茸精残渣的猪，日增重比对照组猪提高了２０％～５０％，同时，小猪的成活率也有了明显的提高。鹿茸精残渣饲料添加剂@成训妍     

米皮糠提取植酸钙后的残渣饲喂不同猪种的效果

米皮糠提取植酸钙后的残渣饲喂不同猪种的效果安徽农业技术师范学院吕锦芳，宁康健近两年来，安徽皖北地区农民普遍利用米皮糠、麸皮、玉米皮等农副产品提取植酸钙，获得较好的经济效益。同时利用其残渣做为基础日粮养猪，显著降低了养猪成本，提高猪的生长速度，效益可观...     

超高温酵母在食品、发酵残渣资源化方面的应用

以食品工业的残渣为原料，添加适量N、P无机盐进行“堆肥式”的堆积培养，采用一种耐60-70℃高温酵母进行堆积发酵、间歇通风的处理，将残渣进行资源化的利用。     

超高温酵母在食品、发酵残渣资源化方面的应用

以食品工业的残渣为原料，添加适量N、P无机盐进行“堆肥式”的堆积培养，采用一种耐60－70℃高温酵母进行推积发酵、间歇通风的处理，将残渣进行资源化的利用。     

海关总署调整饲料进口环节增值税征免税范围

海关总署6月发的署税（1999）414号文通知对饲料进口环节增值税的免税范围进行调整，调整后对豆粕等11种商品恢复征税，对肉骨粉等15种商品则免征增值税，这15种商品是：肉骨粉，饲料用鱼粉，其他不适用供人食用的水产品残渣，玉米糠、麸及其他残渣，稻米糠、麸及其他残渣...     

对清解合剂薄层色谱法的商榷

为探讨清解合剂质量标准中，绿原酸、栀子苷薄层色谱鉴别方法的改进。将清解合剂质量标准中鉴别（1）项中，残渣加甲醇2m L使溶解改为残渣加乙醇2m L使溶解；对照品，加甲醇制成每1m L含1mg的溶液改为加乙醇制成每1m L含1mg的溶液。同时，将清解合剂质量标准中鉴别（2）项中，残渣加丙酮2m L使溶解改为残渣加乙醇2m L使溶解；对照品，加丙酮制成每1m L含1mg的溶液改为加乙醇制成每1m L含1mg的溶液。另外，喷以50%硫酸乙醇溶液改为喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液。结论：改进方法操作简便、重复性好、安全性高。     

超临界蜂胶残渣再利用的初步探讨

抗氧化作用是蜂胶的主要生理功能之一，也是判断蜂胶功效高低的依据。本试验采用HPLC法分析了蜂胶超临界残渣中的黄酮类化合物含量并用国标法测定了其在油脂体系中的抗氧化活性，并与传统方法进行比较。结果表明：醇提超临界残渣无论在8种黄酮含量上还是在抗氧化活性方面都与醇提蜂胶相当，有较好的开发利用前景。     

三聚氰胺在猪体内的药物残留研究

此研究通过采用养殖场饲料配方喂养猪,在不同时间通过反相高效液相色谱法测定三聚氰胺在猪的背肌、腿肌、肝脏、肺、肾脏、心脏、血尿中的残留量,用以研究三聚氰胺在猪体内的残留特征和代谢规律。结果表目月．三聚氰胺在猪体内为惰性代谢,大部分以原型从尿液排出,大剂量应用时主要对肾脏产生毒性,同时对心脏等肾脏以外的器官也产生毒性作用。三聚氰胺在猪体内消除缓慢,残留期较长,基本残存时间在15d左右。     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening the plasma residues of tetracycline antibiotics in pigs.

The recommended therapeutic doses of three kinds of tetracyclines, oxytetracycline (OTC, withdrawal period, 10 days), chlortetracycline (CTC, withdrawal period, 5 days) and tetracycline (TC, withdrawal period, 5 days), were each administered to a group of 15 pigs. Blood was sampled before drug administration and during the withdrawal period. The concentration of tetracyclines in plasma, determined by semi-quantitative ELISA, was compared with that of internal standard (10 ppb as oxytetracycline). The absorbance ratio of internal standard to sample (B/Bs) was employed as an index to determine the tissue residues in pigs. All 45 plasma samples from nontreated pigs showed negative in the residue of any of three tetracycline antibiotics. OTC was detected in plasma of pigs treated until the 8th day, CTC until the 4th day, and TC was detected until the 3rd day of its withdrawal period. The present study showed that the semi-quantitative ELISA easily be adopted in predicting tissue residues for tetracycline antibiotics in live pigs.     

不同剂量的猪瘟活疫苗单次免疫效果评价及疫苗存留试验

用1 200 RID、6 000 RID和24 000 RID 3种不同剂量的猪瘟活疫苗单次免疫9头30日龄的断奶仔猪,检测试验猪的抗体消长和疫苗毒核酸在猪体内的存留时间,并用6头猪进行攻毒保护试验.结果表明:不同免疫剂量的试验猪其抗体水平的动态变化没有显著差异,免疫后21 d试验猪的猪瘟抗体均成阳性,63 d后至578 d猪瘟抗体阻断率仍然高于85％,应用荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测,猪瘟疫苗毒核酸在猪血液和扁桃体中的检出时间分别达28 d和42 d;免疫后370 d进行猪瘟强毒攻击后,免疫猪没有出现明显的临床症状,存活且不带毒.本研究证实,没有其他疫病和母源抗体的仔猪单次接种合理剂量的猪瘟活疫苗就能产生坚强的保护力,提出加强种猪场各种病原监测,淘汰病原阳性种猪,净化种猪群对提高猪瘟疫苗免疫效果,最终控制猪瘟具有重要意义.     

猪脂肪沉积相关的生化特征研究

以遗传瘦肉型的斯格猪和长白猪以及遗传脂肪型的通城猪和太湖猪为动物样本，分析了血清中激素敏感脂酶，肌肉组织中氨基酸组成、含量和克分子比，分离纯化了肌细胞和脂肪细胞质和膜，并对其膜蛋白进行了SDS－PAGE比较分析。结果表明，脂肪型的通城猪血中激素敏感脂酶活性比瘦肉型的长白猪高近3倍，2猪种中雌雄差异不显著。脂肪型的通城猪与太湖猪肌细胞蛋白质中的氨工酸组成及含量十分相似，瘦肉型的斯格和长白猪的氨基酸含量却显著地高于脂肪型的通城和太湖猪。氨基酸组分中，瘦肉型猪的3种碱性氨基酸（Lys、Arg和His）、2种典型的疏水氨基酸（Ｌeu和lle)、易形成疏水核的苯丙氨酸以及形成二硫键的半胱氨酸均显著地高于脂肪型，这与瘦肉型猪蛋白质的溶解性能较差相关。蛋白质的SDS－PAGE分析发现，脂肪型猪肌细胞质中存在一种一约44．7kDa，与脂肪沉积相关的蛋白质。脂肪细胞膜中的94kDa蛋白也显示也脂肪沉积的遗传特征相关，另外，脂肪型的通城猪性成熟前后肌细胞膜上存在蛋白质组分差异。     

口服喹烯酮代谢动力学研究

依据本实验建立的高效液相色谱法，测定了口服大剂量喹烯酮的肉鸡、仔猪血液浓度。结果表明：喹烯酮口服后，作用于消化道，不易被机体吸收，主要以原药形式排出体外，所以喹烯酮在机体内的残留极少。     

EFFECT OF FEEDING REGIMEN ON GASTRIC ULCERATION OF THE PARS OESOPHAGEA OF INTENSIVELY RAISED PIGS

Three groups of pigs (total 23 pigs) were fed ad libitum from weaning until market weight and these were compared with three groups of pigs (total 26 pigs) fed ad libitum until 12 weeks of age, and then fed on a restricted regimen (twice per day) until marketed.
There was a significant difference in degree of ulceration between the two feeding regimens; those pigs fed ad libitum had the most severe gastric ulcers.
The pigs fed ad libitum , had significantly less agonistic interactions per minute than did the restricted fed pigs. Growth rates of the pigs from weaning to market weight did not differ significantly in the two regimens, although the average pig on ad libitum feeding consumed 182.9 kg, and the restricted fed pigs ate 148.2 kg per pig.     

Trace mineral status and toxic metal accumulation in extensive and intensive pigs in NW Spain

The aim of the present study was to determine trace element status and toxic metal accumulation in extensive and intensive pigs in NW Spain. Soil, feed and animal tissues (liver, kidney and muscle from 112 pigs) were collected from extensive and intensive pig farms across NW Spain and analysed for metals by ICP-MS and ICP-OES. Our results indicate that animals from both extensive and intensive systems showed an adequate mineral status and that toxic metal residues were generally low, no sample exceeding the maximum admissible levels in meat and meat products established by the EU. Trace element concentrations were generally higher in the intensive pigs possibly reflecting mineral supplementation in the concentrate feed. The statistically significantly higher As, Hg and Pb residues as well as the better Fe and Ni status in extensive pigs could be related at least in part with soil ingestion when rooting. On the contrary, the higher Cd accumulation in the intensive pigs can be explained considering Cu and Zn supplementation in the concentrate feed. Our results also seem to indicate that toxic metal accumulation as well as trace element status in different tissues could be related to metabolic aspects (i.e. related to breed and growth rate) as well as certain management practices (i.e. physical exercise when grazing).     

THE ISOLATION OF MYCOPLASMA HYOSYNOVIAE AND EXPOSURE OF PIGS TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION

Arginine-utilising mycoplasmas isolated from the pneumonic lungs of 4 pigs were identified as M. hyosynoviae by their growth characteristics, biochemical activity and serological similarity to each other and to 2 type strains of M. hyosynoviae in growth inhibition tests. A purified culture of one M. hyosynoviae isolate was inoculated intravenously into 3 pigs which were killed 9 days later. Although arthritis was not observed clinically, M. hyosynoviae was isolated from 8 of 9 joints cultured, the tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes of all 3 pigs and the lungs of 2 pigs. No histopathological changes were observed in synovial membranes of the joints cultured or lungs but severe depletion of lymphocytes in the cortex of lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes and tonsils was observed.     

ISOLATION OF MYCOPLASMA HYOPNEUMONIAE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PNEUMONIA OF PIGS IN AUSTRALIA

Nine strains of mycoplasmas were isolated from the lungs of 5 pigs with clinical signs of naturally acquired enzootic pneumonia. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was isolated from the lungs of 1 pig and M. hyorhinis from the lungs of 4. An unidentified mycoplasma, which utilized arginine, grew rapidly in broth culture and produced centred colonies on solid medium, was isolated from the lungs of 4 pigs. The pathogenicity of the isolated strain of M. hyopneumoniae was determined by inoculation of pigs from an enzootic pneumonia-free herd. Enzootic pneumonia was produced in the lungs of all 5 pigs inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with broth cultures of the organism isolatied by limit dilution techniques. Enzootic pneumonia was produced in 3 of 6 pigs inoculated intranasally and intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae purified by the passage of colonies on agar blocks. M. hyopneumoniae was isolated in pure culture from the lungs of all pigs with induced pneumonic lesions.     

二花脸和大约克猪的卵泡发育排卵数和妊娠子宫对胎儿数的影响

本文以二花脸和大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代为材料，研究其卵泡发育、排卵数和妊娠子宫对胎儿数的影响。结果显示：二花脸猪在卵巢体积和未成熟卵泡数方面低于大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代，而卵泡成熟率、排卵数和妊娠胎儿数都高于大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代。二花脸猪妊娠２８～３０天的孕角长度和体积比大约克猪及其Ｆ１、Ｆ２代的大，但每个胎儿所占的孕角长度和体积却小。表明二花脸猪不仅排卵多，而且胚胎活力强，胚胎与子宫间具有复杂的协同关系，以利于胎儿的生长发育