小麦物质积累分配和穗粒数形成对施氮量的响应

为探究小麦物质积累分配和穗粒数形成对施氮量的响应,本试验以大穗型品种周麦16(V1)和多穗型品种豫麦49-198(V2)为供试材料,在大田条件下设置3个施氮量:0(N1)、180(N2)、360kg·hm~(-2)(N3),研究不同施氮量对小麦物质积累分配和小花发育及穗粒数形成的影响。结果表明,两穗型品种干物质积累量对氮肥的响应差异主要表现在开花-成熟期;适宜施氮量(180 kg·hm~(-2))有利于两品种增加干物质总量和氮素同化量,成熟期同化物和氮素营养向穗部分配比例均高于N1、N3水平,分别达到48.07%、79.81%和43.61%、76.51%,为可孕小花发育成粒提供了充足的物质保证。两品种小花数动态表现一致,随播后累积生长度日增加均呈先上升后速降再缓降的趋势,且大穗型品种周麦16小花分化总数较多,达到21.73×10~4个·m~(-2)。随着施氮量的增加,两品种完善小花数、花后5 d可结实小花数和成熟期穗粒数均有提高,但在施氮量增加至360 kg·hm~(-2)时则有所降低;施氮量为180kg·hm~(-2)条件下,周麦16和豫麦49-198的上述3个指标分别较N1和N3提高了34.04%、11.28%,38.16%、0.79%,38.79%、3.37%和21.56%、6.82%,21.49%、7.10%,14.38%、7.09%。在不同施氮量下两品种的产量表现均为N2N3N1,其中周麦16在180 kg·hm~(-2)下穗粒数达到39.78个·穗~(-1),产量达到8 788.14 kg·hm~(-2);豫麦49-198穗粒数达到32.12个·穗~(-1),产量达到8 434.49 kg·hm~(-2)。综上,180 kg·hm~(-2)有利于2种穗型小麦品种产量构成因素的均衡发展。本研究结果为不同穗型品种小麦适宜施氮量的确定提供了理论依据。     

播期、播量对旱作小麦‘小偃60’生长发育、 产量及水分利用的影响

在旱作条件下,探讨播期及播量对小麦新品系‘小偃60’群体性状、产量及水分利用的影响,可为小麦适雨栽培提供技术依据。试验于2014—2015年在中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行,自10月15日至11月14日,每6 d设置一个播期,共设6个播期(T1~T6),设播量不变(B1)和逐期增加播量(B2)两个处理:B1为300 kg·hm~(-2),T1到T6播量相同;B2为随播期推迟播量逐期增加,每推迟1 d增加7.5 kg×hm~(-2),各播期的播量分别为300 kg·hm~(-2)(T1)、345 kg·hm~(-2)(T2)、390 kg·hm~(-2)(T3)、435 kg·hm~(-2)(T4)、480 kg·hm~(-2)(T5)和525 kg·hm~(-2)(T6),研究了不同播期和播量下‘小偃60’群体性状、产量及水分利用的变化规律。试验结果表明:1)随播期推迟,出苗时间延长、生育期推迟,全生育缩短;播量对生育期无显著影响。2)随播期推迟,出苗率和单株成穗数逐渐降低;播量增加,基本苗及穗数提高。3)随播期推迟,株高和生物量降低;播量增加,生物量提高,株高无显著变化。4)随播期推迟,籽粒产量下降;逐期增加播量后,11月2日前籽粒产量可达6 600 kg×hm~(-2)以上且无显著差异。5)若随播期推迟增加播量,前4个播期产量、水分利用效率无显著变化,皆达29 kg×hm~(-2)×mm-1以上。研究结果表明,‘小偃60’是一个播期宽泛的品种,随播期推迟产量下降,但在一定播期范围内通过增加播量,提高群体(穗数),可以获得与适时播种相近的产量,播量与播期推迟天数的理论关系为y=0.368 2x2+1.193 9x+316.7(R~2=0.983 9)。     

不同施氮量及种植密度对小麦开花期氮素积累转运的影响

本文以小麦品种‘周麦22’为材料,研究了不同施氮量[0 kg(N)?hm~(-2)、120 kg(N)?hm~(-2)、240 kg(N)?hm~(-2)和360 kg(N)·hm~(-2),以N0、N1、N2和N3表示]和种植密度(225×104基本苗?hm~(-2)、375×10~4基本苗?hm~(-2)和525×104基本苗?hm~(-2),以M_1、M_2和M_3表示)处理下小麦植株地上部不同空间分布各器官的氮素含量及其转运特性。结果表明:施氮量、种植密度及二者互作对开花期、成熟期植株地上部各器官氮素含量的影响均达显著水平。不同施氮量及种植密度处理小麦开花期至成熟期各营养器官氮含量和积累量下降。开花期和成熟期,植株单茎氮积累量为7.27~59.65 mg?茎-1和8.48~60.83 mg?茎-1,以N_0M_3处理最低,以N_3M_2最高。从空间位置看,植株地上部各营养器官开花期氮含量、氮积累量及花后氮转运量和对籽粒氮的贡献率均随空间位置下移而降低。营养器官氮含量、积累量及转运量随施氮量增加而呈递增趋势,上部和中部营养器官氮转运率高于50%。营养器官对籽粒氮的总贡献率高于67%。增施氮肥配套合理的种植密度,可以促进植株地上各营养器官氮的积累和转运,对植株下部器官氮积累转运的作用尤为明显,高肥及中密度处理(N3M2)下倒四叶、倒四节及余叶和余节氮含量和积累量增加,缩小了与上部各器官的差异。植株地上部群体氮素转运量为28.56~549.49 kg·hm~(-2),亦随施氮量增加而增加,以穗部和茎节氮转运量较高。施氮量对籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量影响显著。施氮量与种植密度互作对籽粒蛋白质含量及产量影响显著,种植密度对籽粒蛋白质产量的影响亦达显著水平。从氮素转运和产量性状来看,施用氮肥240 kg·hm~(-2)配套225×10~4基本苗?hm-2的种植密度是黄淮小麦玉米两熟区小麦生产较为适宜的栽培模式。     

氮肥运筹对黄壤坡耕地作物产量和土壤无机氮累积量的影响

通过3年田间试验,探索贵州黄壤坡耕地玉米-小麦间套作体系作物增产、环境友好的适宜氮肥施用量。本研究设置6个小麦氮肥用量(N 0、90、120、150、180和240 kg/hm~2)和6个玉米氮肥用量(N 0、146、195、244、293和390 kg/hm~2),分别用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5表示。结果表明:玉米在0～146.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过146.25 kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量呈下降的趋势;玉米在0～243.25kg/hm~2的施氮量下,植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过243.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量,植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。小麦在0～150 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量和植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过150kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量和植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。玉米-小麦间套作在0～236.25 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,籽粒产量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过236.25 kg/hm~2施氮量,籽粒产量呈下降的趋势;玉米-小麦间套作在0～315 kg/hm~2的施氮量下,植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过315 kg/hm~2施氮量,植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。3年试验周期内氮素利用率较低,不超过25%;土壤中残留无机氮随着施肥量的增加而增加,并以NO3--N为主,100 cm土体累积的NO3--N与周年施氮量呈正相关(R2=0.746 3)。N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5处理的0～100 cm土体累积无机氮分别为275.5、301.5、292.1、366.5、431.2、616.9 kg/hm~2,N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5处理的耕层土壤无机氮占100 cm土体内土壤无机氮的比例分别为18.1%、19.0%、27.3%、26.2%、33.9%、22.1%。耕层无机氮表聚效应较弱,而土体累积无机氮含量较高。当每年施氮量为225.6～264.6 kg/hm~2时,籽粒产量为3 784.8～3 888.2 kg/hm~2,NO3--N积累量在217.5～228.9 kg/hm~2,增施氮肥,有利于籽粒增产,土壤NO3--N积累量平均增速为0.29 kg/kg,是贵州黄壤坡耕地麦-玉间套作体系氮肥适宜施用量,更有利于黄壤区农业的可持续发展。     

硫肥用量对玉米氮硫吸收分配和产量的影响

为明确硫肥用量在作物增产方面的效应,本研究采用单因素随机区组设计,通过大田试验,设置5个硫肥(硫磺)用量,分别为0 kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S0)、40 kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S1)、80 kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S2)、120 kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S3)和160kg(S)·hm~(-2)(S4),研究不同硫肥用量对玉米产量和氮硫素吸收、分配的影响。结果表明,施用硫肥可使玉米产量增加7.0%~18.1%,S2处理玉米产量最高,为12 978.30 kg·hm~(-2)。施用硫肥能显著提高玉米各生育时期(除大喇叭口期外)植株干物质积累量。成熟期,玉米叶片、叶鞘、籽粒干物质积累量均在S2处理下达最大值,玉米茎秆、苞叶、穗轴干物质积累量均在S1处理下达最大值。整个生育期内,玉米硫素积累量和硫素吸收强度均在S2处理下达最大值,且显著高于不施硫的S0处理。成熟期时,玉米叶片硫素积累量随施硫量的增加而增加,S4处理时达最大值;玉米茎秆、苞叶、穗轴硫素积累量均在S1处理下最大;玉米叶鞘和籽粒硫素积累量则S2处理下最大。从拔节期至抽雄吐丝期,S3处理促进玉米氮素积累效果最佳;灌浆期和成熟期分别以S1和S2处理更有助于玉米氮素积累。施硫量的增加会在一定程度上降低玉米硫肥偏生产力和硫肥利用率;玉米硫肥农学利用率在S2处理下最大。玉米植株的氮素和硫素吸收累积量具有极显著相关关系。因此,适量的硫肥在提高玉米产量和氮硫吸收、分配及利用效率方面发挥着重要作用,施硫量为80 kg(S)·hm~(-2)时,整体效果最佳。     

稻秸还田下减量化施氮对小麦产量、养分吸收及土壤理化性质的影响

为明确稻秸还田下减量化施氮对小麦产量、养分吸收及土壤理化性质的影响，以小麦品种“宁麦16”为试验材料开展了试验研究，设置了不施氮对照（CK）、施氮量（常量施氮225kg/hm2，N1；减量20%施氮180 kg/hm2，N2）和氮肥运筹（基肥与追肥的比例为5:5，M1；基肥与追肥的比例为7:3，M2）处理，测定并分析了不同施氮量和氮肥运筹下小麦产量与其构成因素、养分吸收与分配、氮肥利用效率及土壤理化性质。结果表明，稻秸还田下，施氮可使小麦产量显著增加，N2处理小麦产量较N1处理仅降低了80.72kg/hm2，提高基施氮肥比例可使小麦单位面积有效穗数增加。施氮显著促进了小麦籽粒、秸秆和地上部的氮素、磷素和钾素吸收，N2处理小麦氮素、磷素和钾素吸收量低于N1处理；N1和N2水平下，M2处理小麦氮素和磷素吸收量均高于M1处理，而钾素吸收量低于后者。N2处理小麦氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥表观利用率和氮素生理效率较N1处理提高，而100kg籽粒吸氮量降低。N1处理土壤碱解氮含量显著高于CK；N2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量低于N1处理，而土壤有效磷含量高于后者；N1和N2水平下，M1处理土壤有机质和碱解氮含量高于M2处理，而土壤有效磷和速效钾含量表现为M2处理高于M1处理。综合来看，稻秸还田下，常规施氮量基础上减量20%，适当提高基施氮肥比例，可增加单位面积有效穗数，实现小麦高产稳产，提高氮肥利用效率。     

花生补灌条件下施氮对土壤氮素吸收与转化的影响

为提高辽西地区花生产量和水氮利用率,本文以‘白沙1016’为对象,采取裂区试验,主区为雨养(W0)和测墒补灌(W1)两种灌溉模式,子区为0 kg·hm~(-2)(N0)、40 kg·hm~(-2)(N1)、60 kg·hm~(-2)(N2)和80 kg·hm~(-2)(N3)4个施氮水平,研究施氮对测墒补灌条件下花生干物质积累和氮素积累及分配的影响。试验结果表明:在雨养和测墒补灌条件下,花生成熟期的单株干物质量分别为64.66~74.92 g和71.65~92.81 g,以W1N3处理最高,W0N0最低,且随施氮量呈现二次曲线变化趋势。花生植株氮积累量随施氮量变化趋势与干物质量一致,W1N2较其他处理显著提高了氮素积累量、产量和水分利用效率。测墒补灌优化了花生植株中氮素的分配,延长了叶片氮素积累时长,同时提高了叶片氮素向荚果的转移量,继而相对雨养处理显著增加了花生荚果氮积累量所占植株氮积累总量的比重(氮收获系数)2.13%、氮肥农学利用率78.57%、氮肥表观回收率25.90%。花生收获后,土壤硝态氮主要分布在0~40 cm土层内,占0~60 cm土层的77.75%,且累积量随着施氮量的增高而增加,但补灌会使土壤硝态氮下移造成硝态氮淋失。因此,综合考虑水氮利用效率,在辽西半干旱地区推荐W1N2为适宜花生生产水氮管理,其产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率最高,分别为6 485.03 kg·hm~(-2)、2.02 kg·m~(-3)和10.21kg·m~(-3)。     

施氮量对江汉平原中低产田小麦产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究江汉平原地区中低产田小麦种植的最适施氮量,以适宜长江中下游流域种植的小麦品种郑麦9023与扬麦23为材料,设置0、135、180和225 kg·hm^-24个纯氮施用量,研究施氮量对小麦籽粒产量及产量构成、氮素利用效率以及部分农艺性状的影响。结果表明,当施氮量在0～225 kg·hm^-2范围内时,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐降低,而小麦的旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)值、有效穗数、穗粒数和生物量逐渐增加,同时籽粒产量在施氮量为225 kg·hm^-2时最高,但与180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理并无显著差异。在0～180 kg·hm^-2施氮量范围内,氮肥的增施可显著增加植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量和收获指数。在180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理的基础上继续增施氮肥至225 kg·hm^-2,并未显著增加小麦各生育时期植株干物质积累量。在不同施氮量处理下,扬麦23较郑麦9023平均增产19.8%,且有效穗粒数较多、穗...     

施用有机肥条件下氮肥不同底追比对冬小麦干物质运转和籽粒产量的影响

以冬小麦品种‘临Y7287’为供试材料,秸秆还田条件下,研究了在等化肥施用量,额外增施生物有机肥,氮肥不同底追比对小麦生长发育、干物质运转和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,化肥与生物有机肥配施可显著提高冬小麦叶面积,提高灌浆期干物质累积量,促进干物质向籽粒转移,显著提高了千粒重、穗粒数和成穗数,从而提高了小麦产量。在配施生物有机肥4 500 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,以氮肥底追比为1∶1(即50%氮肥底施,50%氮肥拔节期追施)增产效果最好,较单施化肥成穗数提高了12.71%,穗粒数提高了4.93%,千粒重提高了6.42%,产量增加了11.27%。因此,推荐山西临汾盆地冬小麦施肥方案:以生物有机肥4 500 kg·hm~(-2)配施N 225 kg·hm~(-2),50%氮肥底施,50%拔节期追施较宜。     

灌溉方式和施氮量对直播稻氮素和水分利用的影响

为研究不同灌溉方式和施氮量对直播稻的光合生产、干物质积累、氮素利用、水分利用和稻谷产量的影响,采用裂区试验设计,主区因素为品种:‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’,副区因素为3种灌溉方式:浅水灌溉、轻干湿交替灌溉和重干湿交替灌溉,副副区因素为4个施氮量:0 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、120 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)、240kg(N)·hm~(-2),分析测定直播稻的干物质积累量、氮素积累量和利用率、水分利用率和产量等指标。结果表明:灌溉方式和施氮量对直播稻氮素利用和产量形成的影响存在显著的互作效应。与浅水灌溉相比,轻干湿交替灌溉处理下‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’抽穗期剑叶净光合速率、拔节—抽穗期干物质积累量、结实期茎叶氮素转运量、成熟期籽粒中氮素积累量、氮素农艺效率和氮肥回收效率显著增加;抽穗期叶面积指数、拔节前干物质积累量、成熟期茎叶氮素积累量显著降低。施氮量对‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’氮素积累量、氮素利用效率、产量的影响存在差异。浅水灌溉处理中,与无氮相比,‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’施氮后产量分别提高31.79%~48.77%和29.72%~45.36%;施氮量超过180 kg·hm~(-2)后,‘德香4103’的产量显著下降,而‘金农丝苗’相应指标却无显著变化。轻干湿交替灌溉处理中,与无氮相比,‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’施氮后产量分别提高32.58%~61.10%和36.49%~48.45%;施氮量超过180 kg·hm~(-2)后‘德香4103’的产量无显著变化,氮肥回收效率、氮素农艺效率均显著下降,‘金农丝苗’的产量和干物质积累量无显著变化,成熟期氮素积累量显著提高。重干湿交替灌溉处理中,与无氮相比,‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’施氮后产量分别提高37.01%~42.88%和30.11%~42.63%;施氮量超过180 kg·hm~(-2)后,‘德香4103’和‘金农丝苗’的产量无显著变化;但‘德香4103’成熟期氮素积累量显著增加,‘金农丝苗’氮素积累量却无显著增加,两个品种氮素农艺效率均显著降低。综上所述,轻干湿交替灌溉更适合于直播稻高产、节水、高效栽培,其中‘德香4103’产量在轻干湿交替灌溉下施纯氮240 kg·hm~(-2)处理最高,‘金农丝苗’产量在轻干湿交替灌溉下施纯氮180 kg·hm~(-2)处理最高。     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of lysinoalanine, lanthionine, and histidinoalanine in food and other proteins

Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health.     

Grain Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Concentrations of Feed,Food, and Malt Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Detection, accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol residues in poultry muscle, liver, and gizzard

Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period.     

Occurrence, sensory impact, formation, and fate of damascenone in grapes, wines, and other foods and beverages

Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide.     

Concentrations of arsenic,cadmium, mercury,and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children,adolescents, adults,and seniors of Catalonia,Spain

This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain. The concentrations of these elements were determined in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia between June and August 2000. A total of 11 food groups were included in the study. As, Cd, Hg, and Pb levels were measured by ICP-MS and AAS. The dietary intake of these elements was determined by a total diet study. Calculations were carried out on the basis of recent data on the consumption of the selected food items. Trace element intake was estimated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male and female adults, and seniors. The highest dietary intakes of As (223.6 microg/day), Cd (15.7 microg/day), Hg (21.2 microg/day), and Pb (28.4 microg/day) corresponded to male adults. For all analyzed elements, fish and shellfish was the group showing the highest contribution to the respective intakes. In comparison with previous results, a general decrease in As, Cd, Hg, and Pb intake has occurred. The dietary intake of these elements was also compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Dietary intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb by the population of Catalonia are currently well below the respective PTWIs.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of identity, content, and content uniformity of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine

A liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay, content uniformity, and identification of single active ingredient formulations of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine. The drugs are extracted from formulations with methanol or dilute hydrochloric acid and quantitated against an internal standard (norephedrine). The drugs are identified by comparison of retention times with those of the reference standards.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Distribution of lutein,zeaxanthin, and related geometrical isomers in fruit,vegetables, wheat,and pasta products

Quantitative data with regard to dietary (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein, (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin, and their (E/Z)-geometrical isomers are scarce, and in most cases, only the combined concentrations of these two carotenoids in foods are reported. Lutein and zeaxanthin accumulate in the human macula and have been implicated in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The qualitative and quantitative distributions of lutein, zeaxanthin, and their (E/Z)-isomers in the extracts from some of the most commonly consumed fruits, vegetables, and pasta products were determined by HPLC employing a silica-based nitrile-bonded column. Green vegetables had the highest concentration of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), and the ratios of these carotenoids (L/Z) were in the range 12-63. The yellow-orange fruits and vegetables, with the exception of squash (butternut variety), had much lower levels of lutein in comparison to greens but contained a higher concentration of zeaxanthin. The ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin (L/Z) in two North American bread varieties of wheat (Pioneer, Catoctin) was 11 and 7.6, respectively, while in a green-harvested wheat (Freekeh) imported from Australia, the ratio was 2.5. Between the two pasta products examined, lasagne and egg noodles, the latter had a much higher concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin. The levels of the (E/Z)-geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin in these foods were also determined.