玉米播种单体下压力控制系统设计与试验

针对机械式仿形压力调节机构的不足,开展了基于力反馈的播种深度一致性控制方法研究,研制了播种单体下压力控制系统。本系统由安装在播种单体平行四连杆仿形机构上的下压液压缸、电液减压阀、下压力感知传感器,以及控制器、车载计算机组成。在播种作业过程中,控制器实时采集力传感器信息,与设定的下压力阈值相比较,计算并输出控制量到液压阀组驱动液压缸实时调整平行四连杆仿形机构,使限深轮与地表的压力值在设定的阈值区间内,从而保证播种深度的一致性。田间试验结果表明,在播种深度判定标准为(5.0±1.0)cm时,下压力机械调节方式和下压力电控调节方式下的播种深度合格率均值分别为77.04%和90.37%,下压力电控调节方式下的播种深度合格率均值比机械调节方式高13.33个百分点。将播种深度判定标准提高至(5.0±0.5)cm后,对应播种深度合格率分别为31.11%和56.30%,下压力控制装置的播种深度合格率比机械调节方式高25.19个百分点。可见,下压力电控系统能保持种子播种深度的稳定性,提高了种子深度一致性。     

基于压电薄膜的免耕播种机播种深度控制系统

为使免耕播种机在秸秆覆盖地作业时自动保证播种深度的一致性和稳定性,设计了一种主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统。采用聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidence fluoride,PVDF)压电薄膜传感器将免耕播种机限深轮的胎面形变量转换为电压信号,信号处理电路对传感器产生的信号放大滤波,提取信号峰值,系统根据峰值信号实时监测播种单体对地表的压力,控制信号形成电路在压力不足时发出控制信号,控制安装在播种机机架与播种单体四连杆间的空气弹簧产生推力,使播种单体能够产生对地表的压力,从而保证播种深度的一致性。试验结果表明,所设计的主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统能够精确控制开沟深度,仿形性能可靠,作业速度为5~8 km/h时,播深合格率达到90%,作业速度大于8 km/h时,播深合格率明显高于被动作用式播种深度控制装置。     

精密播种机下压力和播深CAN总线监控与评价系统研究

为实现精密播种作业中播种下压力和播深的实时监控和质量评价,设计了一种多行播种机下压力和播深CAN总线监控与评价系统。系统采用基于角度和轴销传感器的播深和下压力测量装置,优化设计了液压驱动和分区控制的气压驱动装置,开发了基于Co De Sys(Controlled development system)编程环境的智能终端交互界面和ECU(Electronic control unit)控制程序,实现了基于CAN总线通信的作业参数监测控制和质量评价。通过搭建的室内试验台完成了播深和下压力静态建模试验,建立了适应不同设定播深的下压力测量模型。分区控制系统响应测试试验表明,在调节范围(0. 2～0. 6 MPa)内,系统超调量低于5. 97%;响应时间与控制行数和设定气压正相关;在设定气压(0. 1～0. 6 MPa)范围内,6行播种机调节时间不超过2. 35 s。为测试系统工作性能,在25、50、75 mm 3种设定播深下,对左区控制(600 N)、右区控制(300 N)、机械调节和自重调节4种控制方式进行了田间性能试验。土壤压实和播种下压力控制效果试验表明,主动分区控制方式可实现更为稳定的土壤紧实度,且在浅旋地块环境下,右区控制方式可达到最优的下压力稳定性,其控制合格率不小于95. 78%;播深控制效果试验表明,随着设定播深的增大,播深质量显著降低,在设定播深25～75 mm范围内,左区控制、右区控制、机械调节和自重调节对应的最小播深合格率分别为91. 92%、92. 53%、70. 44%和58. 72%,对应的最大标准差分别为2. 22、3. 11、3. 69、7. 70 mm,对应的最大变异系数分别为3. 52%、4. 40%、4. 96%和14. 01%。相比机械调节和自重调节,分区控制系统提高了单体下压力和播深稳定性。     

玉米播种深度智能调控系统研究

针对目前玉米播种机播深控制装置多采用限深轮配合仿形机构,存在仿形精度差,播深一致性和稳定性难以保证等问题,从覆土、镇压确定种子上层土壤厚度(播种深度)的测控角度出发,设计了覆土-镇压联动监控装置,进而设计了该联动监控装置的智能控制系统,实现了播种深度的自动调控,保证了玉米播种深度一致性。该系统以MSP430单片机为控制中心,以试验所得镇压强度形成的专家系统为标准,以镇压系统上的压力传感器检测结果为手段,实现传感器检测结果与专家系统检测结果实时对比,不断调整作业过程覆土装置的覆土量,确保播种深度和镇压强度的稳定性和一致性。对该装置进行了响应时间检测试验,结果表明该控制系统的响应时间为0.58s,且实际工作时响应时间要小于试验值。继而进行田间试验,结果表明,当播种作业速度为3～8km/h时,播深合格率高于90%,且在高速作业时播种合格率明显优于机械仿形装置,有效提高了播种深度的一致性。     

免耕播种机液压式加载仿形深度控制系统设计

由于免耕播种地表有残茬、秸秆和杂草覆盖,土壤坚硬,免耕播种机的仿形量较大,普通的仿形机构已不能满足仿形的平稳性要求。为此,采用液压式加载仿形深度控制系统,实现玉米垄作免耕播种机下压力和仿形量的调节,保证了玉米垄作免耕播种的播种深度和机器稳定性,克服了目前免耕播种作业的缺点,满足了免耕播种作业质量要求。     

水田自走式喷雾机喷杆自动调平系统设计与试验

为提高水田自走式喷雾机喷施作业均匀性,设计了喷杆自动调平系统,包括自动调平机械结构、喷雾机车身倾角传感器和控制器,以及车身倾角传感器和控制器的硬件系统和软件系统,并研究了对加速度计和陀螺仪数据进行融合的卡尔曼滤波算法和喷杆自动调平PID控制算法。以井关JKB18C型喷雾机为平台,采用叉车调节喷雾机车身倾斜角度,用2台MTI-300高精度惯性传感器分别测量喷雾机车身和喷杆倾角,并进行了测试试验。结果表明:随着车身倾角变化速率的增加,喷杆倾斜角度的平均绝对误差、均方根误差和最大误差增大,平均绝对误差最大为0. 90°,均方根误差最大为1. 39°,最大误差为1. 70°,车身倾角变化速率对喷杆控制精度影响较大。为检测喷杆自动调平控制系统的田间作业性能,采用双天线RTK-GNSS导航定位系统测量喷雾机作业过程中喷杆水平倾角,并进行了田间试验。试验结果表明:喷杆相对于水平面的平均绝对误差最大为0.79°,均方根误差最大为0. 85°,最大误差为1. 70°,喷杆自动调平控制系统可以有效地控制喷杆的水平姿态。     

2BQM-6型免耕播种机设计及播种深度控制研究

根据北方地区免耕作业的农艺要求,设计了2BQM-6型气吸式免耕播种机,实现了破茬、开沟施肥、播种及覆土镇压等联合作业。在此基础上,针对免耕条件下作业地面平整度较差等因素所造成的播种深度变动大的问题,研究了播种深度调节机构和相应的参数。通过ADAMS软件对播种单体进行建模分析,研究其仿形机构不同参数对仿形效果的影响,寻求最佳仿形时的最优参数范围,以满足不同农作物种植深度不同的要求。该调节装置具有调节范围广、灵活及易于操作等特点。     

玉米播种机播深和压实度综合控制系统设计与试验

提高玉米播深合格率和一致性,并保持适宜的压实度,可以确保种子和土壤的良好接触,从而促进玉米苗期生长,有利于提高产量。本文对播深和压实度控制过程进行了分析,通过实时调节施加在四连杆仿形机构上的液压力调节下压力,实现播深的间接控制,通过实时调节镇压机构处的弹簧伸长量调节镇压力,从而间接控制压实度。从播深和压实度综合控制角度出发,设计了播深和压实度电液控制系统,主要包括测控系统、液压系统和机械部分等。控制系统的阶跃响应测试结果表明:下压力控制系统的调节时间均值为2.69 s,稳态误差均值为91.5 N,超调量均值为22.95%;镇压力控制系统的调节时间均值为1.44 s,稳态误差均值为30 N,超调量均值为1.83%。田间试验表明,当设定播深为50 mm、目标下压力为3 000 N、目标镇压力传感器测量值为400 N、播种机作业速度为6～10 km/h时,电液主动调节方式下的播深合格率均值为91.33%,播深变异系数均值为8.98%,机械调节方式下的播深合格率均值为82.67%,播深变异系数均值为16.73%。基于电液主动调节方式的播种机的试验指标优于基于机械调节方式的指标。     

免耕播种机自适应拨茬系统设计与试验

针对免耕播种机在秸秆覆盖地作业时,拨茬机构清秸率较低和工作幅宽稳定性较差,影响播种作业质量的问题,设计了一套可在全量秸秆覆盖地进行高效清秸作业的自适应拨茬系统。该系统在传统拨茬机构的基础上,增加了气压传动系统和压力传感器,利用压力传感器实时监测拨茬机构在地表起伏或秸秆覆盖不均时的对地压力变化,根据此变化调节气压传动系统给拨茬机构提供相应的下压力,从而确保拨茬机构工作幅宽的一致性。田间试验结果表明:在播种速度为6、7、8km/h时,自适应拨茬系统使拨茬机构的幅宽变异系数分别减小了7.0%、8.9%和9.7%,清秸率分别增大了12.0%、13.4%、14.8%,提高了普通拨茬机构的作业性能,满足播种作业农艺技术要求,可为播种单体清理出一条清洁且幅宽稳定的条带播种区域。     

免耕播种机播种深度实时监测系统

为了提高秸秆覆盖地免耕播种作业后的出苗一致性,应用聚偏二氟乙烯Polyvinylidence fluoride PVDF压电薄膜制作两种不同粘贴模式胎面形变传感器,实时监测限深轮的形变量,由此间接测量播种机播种深度,并对两种传感器进行对比试验。系统硬件电路对传感器产生的信号放大滤波,提取信号峰值,系统根据峰值信号实时监测播种深度。试验结果表明:两种传感器的输出电压均与限深轮承受的载荷成线性的正比关系;拱形传感器的灵敏度明显高于平铺形传感器,在作业速度为5~8km/h时,系统测量准确率达到85%。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。