捕食螨与杀螨剂防治草莓二斑叶螨及杀螨剂安全性研究

为筛选对草莓上二斑叶螨控制效果较好的捕食螨,以及对二斑叶螨毒力较强而对捕食螨安全性较高的杀螨剂,通过测定智利小植绥螨、巴氏新小绥螨、加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力,测定阿维菌素、联苯肼酯、丁氟螨酯、乙螨唑和螺螨酯对二斑叶螨的毒力以及对其雌成螨日均产卵量的影响,分析比较了供试的5种杀螨剂对3种捕食螨的毒力、选择性毒力和安全性。结果表明,3种捕食螨对二斑叶螨均有较强的捕食能力,智利小植绥螨表现最为突出,其对二斑叶螨螨卵、若螨和成螨的捕食能力值分别为23.69、25.92、9.14。在供试杀螨剂中,螺螨酯对二斑叶螨的毒力较高,联苯肼酯对其产卵量的影响较大;联苯肼酯、丁氟螨酯、螺螨酯对智利小植绥螨,联苯肼酯、螺螨酯对巴氏新小绥螨,螺螨酯对加州新小绥螨的毒力低于其对二斑叶螨的毒力。本研究得出智利小植绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力强、螺螨酯对二斑叶螨的毒力较高且对智利小植绥螨较安全的结果,可为防治实践提供参考。     

常用杀螨剂对二斑叶螨敏感种群毒力测定

采用FAO1980年推荐的玻片浸渍法和叶片残毒法,选用12种常用杀螨剂,对二斑叶螨的敏感种群进行了毒力测定。结果表明:杀卵活性依次为尼索朗>除尽>螨死净>螨即死>卡死克>扫螨净>齐螨素>螨克;对雌成螨的毒性依次为齐螨素>霸螨灵>三唑锡>除尽>三氯杀螨醇>螨即死>克螨特>扫螨净>螨克。     

智利小植绥螨防治大棚草莓二斑叶螨试验初报

二斑叶螨是上海地区温室大棚草莓上的重要害虫之一。研究了释放智利小植绥螨防治大棚草莓上二斑叶螨的效果。结果表明,释放智利小植绥螨对草莓二斑叶螨有显著抑制作用,防治效果十分明显。以300头/m2的释放量释放智利小植绥螨14 d后,防效可达99.66%,比5%噻螨酮EC 2 000倍液处理高33.45百分点,释放量为100头/m214 d后的防效也达到了60.24%。且智利小植绥螨具有较大的探索能力,在释放区将害螨捕食完毕后,能迅速扩散到邻近的有害螨的区域继续捕食。     

两种非化学药剂对草莓二斑叶螨的田间防效初探

以化学药剂40%联肼·螺螨酯悬浮剂为对照,初步探索了两种非化学药剂——99%矿物油乳油和49%生物肥皂对草莓二斑叶螨的田间防治效果。施药1 d后,99%矿物油乳油和49%生物肥皂处理防效分别为54.92%和43.85%,对照药剂处理防效为65.73%。药后10 d最后1次调查发现,99%矿物油乳油和49%生物肥皂处理防效分别升至85.31%和82.16%,对照药剂处理防效升至91.47%。两种非化学药剂对田间草莓二斑叶螨的防效表现良好,校正防效在总体上与对照化学药剂无显著性差异。     

9种常用杀螨剂对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力及毒力选择性研究

为使化学防治和保护利用捕食螨的生物防治措施相协调, 实现以螨治螨, 采用叶片残毒法分别测定了甘肃省保护地常用的9种杀螨剂对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨的LC50, 计算出各药剂的益害生物毒性选择指数(TSR)。供试药剂的毒性选择指数大小依次为：毒死蜱＞螺螨酯＞哒螨灵＞炔螨特＞唑螨酯＞阿维菌素＞三唑锡＞甲氰菊酯＞噻螨酮。其中, 毒死蜱和螺螨酯的毒性选择指数分别为10.864 1和9.361 3, 对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨均有较高的正向选择性, 毒死蜱和螺螨酯可优先用于生产中害虫(螨)的防治, 同时最大限度地保护了捕食螨, 实现对害虫(螨)化学防治和生物防治的相互协调。     

四个二斑叶螨地理种群卵对10种杀螨剂的敏感性差异

为了明确二斑叶螨卵对现有杀螨剂的敏感性现状,采用棉苗浸渍法测定了4个二斑叶螨地理种群卵对10种常用杀螨剂的敏感性。结果表明,昌乐和寿光蔬菜大棚内二斑叶螨卵的敏感性明显低于郑州和沂源种群。其中,4个抗性种群对哒螨灵的敏感性均较低,敏感系数从高到低依次为:昌乐(216.02倍)、郑州(112.45倍)、沂源(53.56倍)、寿光(12.74倍)。唑螨酯和螺螨酯对卵的毒力均较高,是防治二斑叶螨卵较好的药剂。     

二斑叶螨对常用杀螨剂的抗药性测定

采用玻片浸渍法 ,测定了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch山东寿光种群 (R1)和山东烟台种群 (R2 )对常用杀螨杀虫剂的抗性 ,与山东泰安相对敏感种群 (S)相比 ,对哒螨灵、高效氯氟氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯 3种药剂的抗性 ,R1分别达 6.67、6.33和 10.36倍 ,R2分别达 26.56、15.4 5和 31.30倍 ,R1和 R2对上述 3种药剂均产生了较高水平的抗药性。另外,R1、R2种群对其它药剂也均表现出了不同程度的抗性现象。     

新型生物源农药与化学农药对草莓叶螨的防效对比研究

草莓叶螨是影响北京地区草莓生产的重要害螨,本文对其进行了两种新型生物源农药(藜芦碱、多杀霉素)及化学农药(高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯)的防效对比研究。室内毒力测定结果表明:2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC和0.5%藜芦碱SL对朱砂叶螨毒力最高,其LC_(50)分别为2.54mg/L和4.18mg/L;其次是10%联苯菊酯EC和2.5%多杀霉素SC,其LC_(50)分别为13.16mg/L和84.51mg/L。田间试验结果表明:2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC和0.5%藜芦碱SL对草莓叶螨防控效果最好,施药7d后防治效果达80%以上,施药14d后防治效果达82%左右,施药28d后防治效果达84%左右,持效期较长。10%联苯菊酯EC和2.5%多杀霉SC素防控效果欠佳,施药7d后的防治效果为50%左右,具有一定的防治效果;但施药14、21及28d后害虫总数有增长趋势,未表现出持续的抑制效果。与对照区相比,各药剂均表现出对草莓叶螨具有一定的防控作用。高浓度2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC对草莓叶片有轻微药害,在生产中要严格控制其使用剂量;0.5%藜芦碱SL试验处理未对草莓及非靶标生物产生不良影响,安全无药害且防治效果好,在实际生产中具有良好的推广应用价值。     

新型杀螨剂乙唑螨腈对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果

柑橘全爪螨是中国柑桔产区危害最严重的害虫,其抗药性产生极为迅速,抗药性水平越来越高,新型杀螨剂推出使用3年～5年后,防效很快下降。乙唑螨腈是我国自主研发的一种新型高效杀螨剂,与现有杀螨剂之间没有交互抗性,抗性风险较低,是比较理想的轮换杀螨剂。为了更好地合理使用该杀螨剂,延长其使用寿命,经济、安全、有效地控制柑橘螨害,确保柑橘优质高产,阐述了乙唑螨腈杀螨剂的科学防治方法和使用过程中的注意事项。     

20种中草药对二斑叶螨的毒性研究

本文采用联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐方法研究了20种中草药提取物对二斑叶螨Tethranychus urticaeKoch雌成螨与卵的毒性。研究结果表明大部分中草药提取物对雌成螨和卵显示出程度不等的毒性作用。其中北细辛Asarum heterotropoides var.mandshuricum（Maxim.）Kitag、黄连Coptis chinensis Franch、苦楝子Meliatoosendan Sieb.et Zucc、槟榔Areca catechu L.与苦参Sophora flavescens Ait.对雌成螨和卵均表现出很强的毒性作用,在提取物浓度为10 mg mL1、作用72 h后,雌成螨死亡率为100%;在提取物浓度为10 mg mL1,作用5 d后,卵孵化率小于40%。北细辛表现最为突出,对成螨与卵的LD50分别为0.57 mg mL1（1 d）和0.88mg mL1（5 d）。结果显示,北细辛、黄连与槟榔等中草药具有研究开发为植物源杀螨剂的潜力。     

15种常用杀虫剂对二斑叶螨的室内药效对比试验

本文采用FAO推荐的玻片浸渍法,选用15种常用杀虫剂的最大登记剂量对二斑叶螨敏感型种群和抗性种群进行了药效对比试验研究。结果表明:施药后观察,哒螨·矿物油、阿维·哒螨灵、阿维菌素、阿维·灭幼脲、阿维·毒死蜱、啶虫脒对敏感型二斑叶螨的速效性防效较好;而炔螨特、桉油精和苦参碱对抗性二斑叶螨的防效较强。     

二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨种间竞争的研究

１９９７年４～６月对二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨的种间竞争进行了研究。结果表明,无论单种种群还是混合种群,二斑叶螨的活动虫态和雌成虫的ｒｍ均高于朱砂叶螨。二斑叶螨具有更强的种间竞争能力,在该螨发生地极有可能取代朱砂叶螨而成为农田中的优势种。     

二斑叶螨实验种群生命表的组建与分析

组建并分析了辣椒上二斑叶螨实验种群生命表。在 23℃恒温条件下 ,种群的内禀增长力r_m 为0.1510,周限增长率λ为1.1630/d ,净增殖率R_o为29.1497代 ,平均世代周期T为 22.3291d ,种群增长一倍需要的时间t为4.59d。在稳定种群年龄分布中 ,未成熟期占总量的88.9444% ,成熟期占11.0506%。     

增效剂与常规药剂混用对抗性二点叶螨增效作用的研究

供试二点叶螨为抗氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、螨死净和抗螨嗪菊酯混剂种群 ,用 4种增效剂分别与氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、螨死净、螨嗪菊酯混用研究其增效作用。结果表明 :增效磷 (SV₁)对甲氰菊酯、氧乐果、螨死净、螨嗪菊酯的增效作用最明显 ,增效倍数分别为23.33、17.26、7.09、9.42 ;其次是八氯二丙醚 (S₂)和增效醚 (Pb) ,全能增效剂 (ARS)对4种药剂增效作用最差。田间药效试验结果表明 :增效剂SV₁和S₂ 与氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、螨死净混用 ,对苹果和豇豆上的二点螨均有增效作用。     

Biochemical analysis of a chlorfenapyr-selected resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch

Tetranychus urticae Koch has recently developed resistance to chlorfenapyr in Australia and Japan, but no attempt has yet been made to describe the biochemical mechanisms involved in chlorfenapyr resistance. In this study a laboratory-selected chlorfenapyr-resistant strain was investigated. Resistance to chlorfenapyr was associated with a strong increase in esterase activity and P450 mono-oxygenase (MO) activity but a decrease in 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMBZ) peroxidation activity. Differences in esterase activities between susceptible and resistant strains increased with increasing carbon number of the aliphatic side-chain of the nitrophenol substrate. A 4.4-fold increase in the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin (7-EFC) mediated by P450 MOs was detected. Remarkably, the resistant strain showed only half of the total TMBZ peroxidation activity found in the susceptible strain. The activity of these enzymes was further determined on different crosses and back-crosses of both strains. Results indicated that activities correlated with chlorfenapyr susceptibility and could be considered as biochemical markers. Esterase isozymes of both strains and their crosses were separated with isoelectric focusing (IEF) and visualised after activity staining. It was clear that two distinct zones of enhanced esterase activity were present in the chlorfenapyr-resistant strain (EST 11, pI = 4.88 and EST 16, pI = 4.71). EST 11 was identified with inhibitors as a carboxylesterase. The relative presence and intensity of these esterase zones changed in the different crosses and could be seen as a marker for chlorfenapyr resistance. Glutathione-S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were not significantly different between strains. A twofold decrease in TMBZ peroxidase activity in the resistant strain could reflect decreased activation of chlorfenapyr. On the basis of these results the involvement of P450 MOs and esterases in the activation and detoxification of chlorfenapyr in T. urticae is challenged and discussed.     

Repellent and Oviposition-Deterring Effects of Hop Beta-Acids on the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae

Colupulone, the main component of the beta-acid fraction of hop extracts, was shown to repel the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch from the surface of plant leaves. The total beta-acid fraction was found more effective in repelling the mites and reducing the number of eggs laid than colupulone at equivalent concentrations, suggesting that other components of the extract have repellent and oviposition-deterring effects.     

Effect of imidacloprid on the reproduction of acaricide-resistant and susceptible strains of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Occasional reports linking neonicotinoid insecticide applications to field population outbreaks of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, have been a topic of concern for integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, particularly in apples. In order to shed light on the factors which may contribute to the occasional field population increase of T. urticae following the application of neonicotinoid insecticides, greenhouse experiments have been set up. Four different T. urticae strains, namely GSS (acaricide-susceptible), WI (organophosphate-selected), USA (a largely uncharacterised strain) and Akita (METI (mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor) acaricide-resistant and cross-resistant to dicofol), were compared for their fecundity without insecticide treatment and for their ovipositional response to foliar and drench applications of the field-relevant dose of imidacloprid (100 mg litre(-1)). Without insecticide treatment, strain GSS laid significantly more eggs (162.50 (+/- 5.43)) than the multiple resistant strain Akita (139.90 (+/- 5.54)) during a 16 day oviposition period. With imidacloprid treatment the highest effect was observed with GSS, with a significantly reduced number of eggs in drench (143.40 (+/- 4.22)) and foliar (144.60 (+/- 5.85)) applications. For strains Akita and USA, no significant differences were observed in oviposition between imidacloprid treatments and controls. The proportion of F1 female offspring decreased significantly with drench application for GSS and WI, while no differences were observed among strains in the survival of F1 immature stages, except for strain USA. The viability of eggs was relatively high (from 82.9 (+/- 4.5)% for USA to 95.2 (+/- 1.2)% for GSS) and not affected by imidacloprid treatments.     

伪钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

室内条件下研究了伪钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明：伪钝绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和雌成螨的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,搜寻效率a′与处理时间Th值分别为0.5902、1.0025、0.9697、0.3146和0.0150、0.0240、0.0520、0.1681。伪钝绥螨的雌成螨喜食二斑叶螨的卵、幼螨和若螨,而对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力较弱。伪钝绥螨捕食率随着自身密度的增加而下降。捕食者密度低时,捕食率下降较快;随着捕食者密度进一步增加,捕食率下降缓慢,干扰反应方程拟合为E=0.3101P~（-0.412）。