单行气吸式微型薯精密播种机设计与试验

针对我国丘陵山地小地块播种需求,及解决机械式微型薯播种机伤种严重、充种效果不佳等问题,设计了一种单行气吸式微型薯精密播种机,可一次完成开沟、播种、覆土作业。阐述了气吸式微型薯精密播种机的工作原理,确定了排种器、开沟覆土器和传动系统的主要结构参数,以"丽薯6号"微型薯为研究对象,采用单因素试验与二次回归旋转正交试验方法,选取振动频率、振动幅度、吸种负压、作业速度为试验因素,对播种机进行了播种性能试验,建立了合格指数、漏播指数、重播指数的数学模型,分析了各试验因素交互作用对合格指数的影响规律。经参数优化,确定最优参数为吸种负压10 k Pa、作业速度2. 5 km/h、振动频率5. 6~6. 8 Hz、振动幅度19. 6~20. 8 mm,并经田间试验验证,该条件下,播种机播种合格指数为93. 28%、漏播指数为3. 25%、重播指数为3. 47%,满足微型薯播种农艺要求。     

马铃薯机械化生产技术

一、马铃薯机械化种植技术马铃薯播种机械化技术是采用马铃薯专用播种机一次完成开沟、施肥、播种、喷药、起垄、铺膜、压膜等多道工序的机械化种植技术。春播马铃薯一般在2～4月,土壤10cm地温达到7℃以上时,即可适时开展机械化播种;夏播马铃薯在麦收后即可择时播种。播种要单薯或单块点播或穴播,种植过程中应避免漏播,种植密度根据当地栽培模式确定。播种深度8～15cm;覆土起垅高度15～25cm;垄高20～25cm,株距20～35cm,垄距60～65cm(一垄单行)、80～95cm(一垄双行)。播种合格率≥80%,种子破损率≤2.0%,种子破碎率:大型机不大于2%,小型机不大于1%;漏种指数≤13%,重种指数≤20%。目前,常见马铃薯播种机械为多为一垄单行和一垄双行作业机械,配套动力为5～25千瓦,作业幅宽70100cm,结构形式为悬挂式或牵引式,作业效率2～3亩/小时具有一次性完成开沟、施肥、施药、播种、覆土、覆膜作业,机     

2CM-SF型马铃薯播种机设计与试验

针对目前我国丘陵山区马铃薯种植机械化程度低、人工种植成本高和生产率低等问题,设计了2CM-SF型马铃薯播种机。该机由8.82kW的手扶式拖拉机提供动力,能够一次完成马铃薯的开沟、施肥、播种、起垄等作业。为此,主要对组合式施肥开沟装置、排种链装置、覆土起垄装置进行设计分析与优化。田间试验结果表明:2CM-SF型马铃薯播种机重种指数为5.4%、漏种指数为2.3%、种植深度合格率为92%、作业小时生产率约0.04hm^2/h,各项性能指标均达到国家设计标准,对提高西南地区的马铃薯机械化播种水平,增加农民收入具有重要意义。     

小型马铃薯播种施肥联合作业机的设计

针对现有马铃薯播种机械漏播和重播等问题,研究设计出一种马铃薯播种施肥联合作业机,可一次性完成开沟、施肥、播种、覆土、起垄、覆膜等作业。该机采用独特的手指状取种播种机构,使漏播率和重播率降低;使用了旋耕起垄装置,种沟均匀覆土的同时能够完成起垄作业,大大提高了作业效率和质量。该机具无论播种质量(包括株行距、漏重播率、起垄覆土、覆膜等),还是作业效率,均能达到行业相关标准要求。田间试验表明,该马铃薯联合作业机具的平均漏播率为0.91%,平均重播率为1.17%,平均株距偏移率为7.28%。     

全膜面覆土式马铃薯播种联合作业机设计与试验

为实现马铃薯大垄双行膜上覆土自然破膜出苗机械化栽培,设计了一种可实现施肥、播种、起垄、覆膜和全膜面覆土一体化作业的全膜面覆土式马铃薯播种联合作业机。对样机关键部件进行了设计,确定其排肥系统、链勺式排种系统工作参数,同时分析了提土-膜面覆土装置作业过程,得到满足膜顶覆土厚度的必要作业条件。田间试验结果表明,当作业速度为1.8~2.0 km/h时,重种指数为4.9%,漏种指数为6.6%,种植深度合格率为95.2%,种薯间距合格指数为90.1%,膜顶覆土厚度合格率为98.8%,各行排肥量一致性变异系数为6.5%,总排肥量稳定性变异系数为5.1%,试验指标均符合国家和行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计和实际作业要求。     

小型多功能马铃薯种植机的设计与试验

马铃薯种植作业环节多、劳动强度大,而我国马铃薯种植业机械化水平低、机械作业播种质量较差,多数需要人工辅助作业。针对以上问题,研究开发了一种小型多功能马铃薯种植机,可一次作业完成旋耕、施肥、开沟、播种、起垄、铺设滴灌带及覆膜覆土等多工艺联合作业。起垄装置采用液压驱动可调起垄宽度,实现起垄宽度可调,满足不同农艺要求。增设滴灌带铺设装置,可以实现播种同时在垄上膜下铺设滴灌带,有利于节水增产防旱保墒。田间试验检测表明:该机漏播率为1.072%,重播率为1.286%,作业效果良好,各项性能指标均符合《马铃薯种植机质量评价技术规范》标准要求。     

双行整秆喂入式木薯精密播种机设计与试验

为了提高木薯机械化种植水平,针对木薯种植机研究目前处于起步阶段,进展缓慢,国内还没有技术成熟、可推广的木薯种植机等问题,设计了一种整秆喂入式木薯精密播种机,主要由旋耕起垄机构、施肥机构、精密播种系统、覆土装置及传动装置等组成,可实现起垄、开沟、施肥、切种、薯种竖直播种及覆土等功能。通过经验设计和理论计算确定了精密播种系统中切割机构、调姿机构、扶立机构及夹持输送机构的作业参数,并对整机动力配备和稳定性进行分析。田间试验表明：当作业速度为5km/h时,重播指数为3.3%,漏播指数为5.3%,合格指数为91.4%,满足木薯播种机精密播种性能要求,为木薯播种机的研究和设计提供了技术参考。     

抛扬式膜际覆土马铃薯播种联合作业机设计与试验

针对传统马铃薯联合播种机播深合格率较低、膜际覆土质量差等问题,结合西北旱作区马铃薯机械化覆膜播种特点及甘肃省河西走廊马铃薯机械种植要求,设计了一种具有仿形播种能力的集旋耕、施肥、起垄、播种、覆膜和膜际覆土的马铃薯播种联合作业机。为降低地轮行走过程中对播种深度的影响,利用连杆原理分析确定了开沟器安装于仿形架的位置;为借助EDEM软件优化链勺结构参数,进行了二因素三水平的仿真试验,当链勺最大直径为77 mm,深度为25.5 mm时,取种性能较优;为提高抛扬式膜际覆土装置的覆土质量,通过土壤相对运动计算确定了覆土量;为提高抛扬叶轮的碎土性能,通过计算得叶轮半径为230 mm,起土铲后端高度为70 mm,叶轮回转角速度为4 rad/s。马铃薯联合播种机田间试验结果表明,当作业速度为0.69 m/s时,抛扬覆土式马铃薯联合播种机的合格指数为88.6%,漏种指数为5.3%,重播指数为6.1%,种植深度合格率为90.4%,种薯间距合格指数为89.4%,试验指标符合农业行业标准要求。膜际覆土倾角为65.3°,满足甘肃省河西走廊马铃薯种植覆膜要求。     

三角链半杯勺式丘陵山区马铃薯精密播种机设计与试验

针对中国丘陵山区地形复杂、马铃薯机械化水平偏低、种植规模较小等问题,设计了一种可实现施肥、播种、开沟起垄、整形镇压一体化作业的三角链半杯勺式马铃薯精密播种机。将传统的链勺式马铃薯播种机的"上下"2个链轮的传动改为3个链轮的"三角形排列"的传动模式,增加了水平清种区,依靠重力清种,减少种薯的损伤,以及实现单粒精播的要求;将勺式取种装置改为半杯状取种装置,有效增加了取种数量,提高了取种的可靠性;通过分析计算确定了排肥系统、靴式开沟器、排种系统的工作参数,对于丘陵山区土地粘性大造成的起垄高度低、起垄不平整等问题,设计了一套开沟起垄、整形镇压装置。田间试验结果表明,当作业速度1. 9～2. 0 km/h时,粒距合格指数83. 26%,重播指数8. 36%,漏播指数8. 38%,变异系数22. 31%,垄高、垄底宽、垄面宽和垄距的稳定系数均在97%以上,性能指标符合国家标准要求。     

马铃薯播种机两段式组合起垄装置设计与试验

起垄有利于增加土壤的透气性及保水能力,是马铃薯种植环节中重要的一环。针对目前马铃薯播种机起垄装置功能单一、效率低、作业效果差等问题,提出一种适用于山东地区的两段式组合起垄装置,通过覆土圆盘和翼面铲的配套作业,同时完成覆土、起垄和整形作业,有利于种薯扎根稳定、生长发达,提高马铃薯播种机的作业效率和质量。通过分析覆土圆盘、翼面铲的作业过程以及土壤的运动过程,对翼面铲的总体尺寸及铲尖、铲面、翼板等主要部件进行参数设计。利用EDEM仿真软件建立土壤与两段式组合起垄装置的联合仿真模型并进行试验,对两段式组合起垄装置的起垄量模拟曲线进行分析,得出装置的作业质量相比仅依靠覆土圆盘作业有显著提升。田间试验表明,当马铃薯播种机前进速度为0.25m/s时,两段式组合起垄装置所起土垄平均高度为251mm,平均垄底宽为698mm,平均垄距为902mm,平均垄体土壤紧实度可达到390.33kPa,作业效果良好,满足山东地区马铃薯起垄农艺要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。