基于响应面和遗传算法的尾座式无人机结构参数优化

设计了一种垂直起降尾座式无人机,利用中心组合试验(Central composite design,CCD)对无人机的翼展长、后掠角、小翼高和小翼厚4个结构参数进行设计,构建了25组样本点。利用ANSYS CFX进行升阻比和阻力数值模拟,通过Design-Expert软件建立无人机结构参数与升阻比、阻力的响应面模型,其中升阻比随着翼展长和小翼高的增加而增大,后掠角和小翼高对升阻比的影响较小,当攻角为4°～8°时,升阻比随小翼厚的增加而减小,当攻角为10°～12°时,升阻比随小翼厚的增加而增大;阻力随着翼展长和小翼厚的增加而增大,随小翼高的增加而减小,随后掠角的增加先增大后减小。以升阻比最大和阻力最小为优化目标,采用多目标遗传算法进行结构参数优化,得到最优结构参数为:翼展长1 123 mm、后掠角34°、小翼高39 mm、小翼厚3 mm,与原始样机相比升阻比提高了12. 4%,阻力降低了5. 3%。采用风洞试验对响应面模型进行了验证,其中升阻比和阻力的数值模拟相对误差小于8. 0%,响应面模型相对误差小于3%,表明响应面模型具有较高的精度和良好的通用性,可用于垂直起降尾座式无人机的优化设计。     

长航时轻型固定翼农用遥感无人机设计与仿真

针对电动无人机应用于农业遥感监测时受其续航时间限制的问题,从实际应用角度出发,设计了一种续航时间长、适用于农业遥感监测的翼身融合布局的轻型电动固定翼无人机.提出了翼身融合布局轻型固定翼无人机的总体设计方法,确定了轻型固定翼无人机的结构参数,建立了物理模型并对其参数进行了优化分析.通过计算流体力学(Computation...     

多旋翼农用无人机功率能耗模型构建与试验验证

续航时间是无人机的重要性能指标之一,在此构建多旋翼农用无人机功率能耗模型,进行续航时间的计算,并通过试验验证模型的准确性。构建了针对多旋翼农用无人机功率能耗计算的理论模型,搭建无人机测试平台,通过改变无人机质量与作业速度,对测试无人机进行试验。6组试验结果表明:悬停状态下,测试无人机续航时间为理论续航时间的89%～93%,作业飞行状态下测试无人机续航时间为理论续航时间的80%～83%。构建的理论模型可以用于多旋翼农用无人机续航时间的计算和预测,具有一定的应用价值。     

基于SWAT模型的松华坝水源区径流模拟研究

以昆明市松华坝水源区为研究对象,用昆明、中和、白邑站自建站至2009年间的日气象、径流资料,结合水源区土地利用、土壤空间分布图、90mDEM,建立松华坝水源区SWAT分布式水文模型。应用LH-OAT法分别对水源区内牧羊河和冷水河流域进行参数敏感性试验,最后应用SUFI2法和手动调参相结合的方法对模型参数进行率定和验证。结果表明,牧羊河流域在模型率定期和验证期,模拟与实测径流相对误差小于10%,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数大于0.75;在冷水河流域模型率定和验证期,模拟与实测径流相对误差小于15%,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数大于0.70;SWAT模型在牧羊河模拟效果好于冷水河。总的来说SWAT模型可适用于松华坝水源区的地表径流模拟,其应用值得推广。     

我国第一架纯燃料电池无人机在上海首飞成功

正由同济大学航空航天与力学学院、上海奥科赛飞机公司历时一年多共同研制的我国第一架纯燃料电池无人机"飞跃一号",近日在上海奉贤海边首次试飞成功。据介绍,"飞跃一号"翼展5m,起飞质量20kg,有效载荷1kg,巡航速度30km/h,飞行高度小于2km,续航时间2h。它使用一个1kW的质子交换膜燃料电池作为动力,非常适合用于环境监测、战场侦察等领域。     

植保无人机动力系统的改进及试验研究

农用无人机最重要的应用和作业项目是进行植保作业,但现在市场上的植保无人机动力系统已经远远满足不了基础农业生产的需要。本文在电动力和油动力无人机的基础上进行改进,设计出了油电混合动力无人机。经过现场试验,在空载情况下,油电混合动力无人机比电动力无人及油动力无人机的续航时间长约20～25min/L;在载重分别为6L、10L、16L、22L、25L情况下,油电混合动力无人机的续航时间比电动力无人机及油动力无人机长约30～40min/L。     

气动振动精密排种器试验研究及虚拟样机设计

通过对气动振动式精密排种器的分析,建立了试验模型,并进行试验;在简化振动模型的基础上,在Mat-lab中利用试验数据进行振动仿真,初选了系统振动刚度系数及阻尼系数等参数。将由Pro/E建立的排种器三维模型导入ADAMS中,建立了虚拟样机;针对虚拟样机仿真结果与试验数据的差异,在六自由度上对系统的刚度及阻尼进行了参数化设计,得到了不同方向上刚度、阻尼系数对系统振动位移的影响,并优选了虚拟样机的刚度和阻尼,使虚拟样机更加完善,为进一步利用虚拟样机进行工作参数的优选打下了重要基础。     

相对弯度对钝尾缘改型提升翼型气动性能的影响

研究不同弯度的风力机专用翼型修改前后的气动性能,揭示相对弯度对钝尾缘改型增升效果的影响规律。利用XFOIL软件,对低速翼型S809、S823和S830进行尾缘厚度对称分布的钝尾缘改型。采用S-A和k-ωSST湍流模型模拟翼型原型的气动性能,并用实验数据比较两模型的计算精度。进而基于精度较高的k-ωSST湍流模型,计算了修改后翼型的升、阻力系数、升阻比和三者增幅,以及翼型表面压力系数分布。结果表明:对低速翼型进行钝尾缘改型时,随相对弯度增大,升力系数增幅在一定攻角范围内先增大后减小,升阻比增幅在一定攻角之前呈递增趋势;相对弯度约为2.5%弦长的翼型增升效果最佳,且大弯度翼型不适合钝尾缘改型。     

实度对直叶片垂直轴风力机风轮气动性能的影响分析

实度是直叶片垂直轴风力机设计的关键参数,对风力机气动性能起主导作用.分析并建立了垂直轴风力机局部流场下的力学模型,研究实度与气动性能的关系;对风力机进行了数值模拟,分析了叶片的动态力学特性,并重点研究风轮半径、弦长及叶片数量对风能利用率的影响;进行了样机实验验证了数值模拟的精度与可靠性.研究发现:实度增加,风力机在低尖速比下的启动特性得到改善,但产生高风能利用率的有效尖速比范围变小;样机实度为0.628时,2叶片和4叶片风轮的输出功率相当,但4叶片风轮的输出功率比2叶片风轮更稳定;实度参数对风能利用率贡献不同,弦长变化可提高风能利用率的峰值,而叶片数量的增加会降低风能利用率的峰值.     

非完全对称气动柔性弯曲关节力学特性实验

为改进柔性机器人驱动器结构及数学模型,提出了一种非完全对称气动柔性弯曲关节及其数学模型。为了实现其实时闭环控制系统,进一步简化了原有数学模型,并对其力学特性进行了实验研究。搭建了力学特性实验平台,并对两种不同规格(长度分别为40、60 mm)的关节进行了测试。采用Matlab曲线及曲面工具箱对测试结果进行分析,得到了新型气动柔性弯曲关节的经验模型。该经验模型表明气动柔性弯曲关节的弯曲角度与初始长度、关节内外气压差、输出力之间存在非线性关系。与简化的数学模型比较,该经验模型具有更高的精度,其中输出角度模型相对误差平均值小于6.7%,输出力模型相对误差平均值小于2%。同时,该经验模型纠正了原有数学模型中,认为关节初始长度与弯曲角呈正比的错误结论。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。