探出开孔式高速水稻膜上插秧机分插机构设计与试验

针对水稻覆膜栽培机械作业过程中存在分插机构直接插秧造成秧苗根系损伤或开孔装置结构复杂造成同步性差、漏插等问题,设计了一种切膜开孔、分秧栽植配合精准的一体式高速水稻膜上插秧机分插机构。通过分析其结构特点和工作原理,建立分插机构运动学模型,基于Visual Basic 6. 0软件编写了计算机辅助分析与优化软件,优化得到满足水稻覆膜栽培农艺要求的结构参数和秧针尖点和切膜开孔刀尖点轨迹,优化结果为:取秧角16. 01°、推秧角62. 43°、膜上开孔长度44. 31 mm、膜孔与穴口偏差5. 02 mm、栽植位置21. 63 mm;将三维建模仿真与高速摄像试验相结合,对比分析可知,仿真轨迹、试验轨迹与理论轨迹基本一致,验证了分插机构设计的正确性和合理性;土槽试验结果表明,在速比特征系数λ=1. 57时,分插机构能够依次完成切膜开孔与栽植动作,膜上穴口长度和栽植位置的实测值与理论值偏差均小于4 mm,符合水稻膜上探出开孔式分插机构设计要求。     

纤维基地膜侧开式滑切破膜播种单体设计与试验

针对秸秆纤维基地膜覆膜播种时膜孔尺寸大、形状不规则、播种质量差等问题,设计了一种侧开式滑切破膜精量播种单体,通过对其作业过程的理论分析确定了破膜成穴器、强开凸轮和播种单体的结构和作业参数,建立了膜孔长度数学模型,明晰了相关因素与膜孔尺寸互作规律,确定了影响装置工作性能的主要参数及其取值范围。采用四因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以作业速度、压膜弹簧刚度、破膜刀楔角、破膜刀开启相位角为试验因素,膜孔长度合格率、粒距合格指数、播种深度合格率为评价指标实施田间试验,应用Design-Expert 8.0.6.1软件进行试验数据处理,结果表明：各因素对膜孔长度合格率影响由大到小依次为破膜刀楔角、作业速度、破膜刀开启相位角、压膜弹簧刚度;各因素对粒距合格指数影响由大到小依次为作业速度、破膜刀开启相位角、破膜刀楔角、压膜弹簧刚度;各因素对播种深度合格率影响由大到小依次为作业速度、破膜刀开启相位角、破膜刀楔角、压膜弹簧刚度。当作业速度为1.6～3.4km/h,压膜弹簧刚度为2N/mm,破膜刀楔角为30°,破膜刀开启相位角为-2.4°～1.8°时,膜孔长度合格率大于90%,粒距合格指数大于90%,播种深度合格率大于85%。     

微垄式覆膜覆土联合作业机设计与试验

为实现微型垄全膜覆盖种床机械化高性能构建,通过融合旱地全膜覆盖微垄膜面种植农艺技术要求,设计了微垄式覆膜覆土联合作业机,该机可实现起垄、覆膜、覆土一体化作业。对样机传动系统、覆土系统及垄体整形镇压装置等关键作业部件进行设计,结合相关作业性能要求,完成了覆膜种床覆土量、刮板式提土装置线速度等工作参数分析,确定了试验因素及其取值范围。以联合作业机前进速度、刮板式提土装置线速度和覆土装置倾角为自变量,种床构建合格率为响应值,建立了各试验因素与种床构建合格率的数学模型,得到各因素对种床构建合格率影响的主次顺序,获得微垄式覆膜覆土联合作业机最优工作参数为:联合作业机前进速度0. 71 m/s、刮板式提土装置线速度0. 50 m/s、覆土装置倾角68°。田间验证试验表明,联合作业机种床构建合格率均值为95. 6%,较优化前有明显提升。应用离散单元法进行微垄式覆膜覆土联合作业机在最优工作参数下的"提土-输土-覆土"动态作业过程模拟,仿真结果与田间试验结果基本一致,说明联合作业机工作参数优化准确、可靠。     

基于久保田插秧机同步覆膜装置设计与试验

针对水稻覆膜插秧作业过程中存在覆膜质量不高、秧苗伤根现象严重及田间换行作业需人工断膜导致作业效率低等问题,研制了与久保田NSPU-68CM型覆膜插秧机相匹配的覆膜装置。根据农艺要求与原插秧机空间结构特点,提出相匹配的覆膜装置总方案,在不改变插秧机原有结构的基础上,增加了切膜装置、托膜装置和压边装置。田间试验结果表明:所敷设秸秆纤维基地膜采光面宽度合格率达95%以上,地膜贴合程度达98%,采光面机械破损程度小于5%,膜孔合格率达95%以上,压膜宽度5cm,压边深度4cm,膜孔总长度50mm,满足农艺要求。研究结果为应用秸秆纤维基地膜栽培有机(绿色)水稻奠定了基础。     

横腰带覆土式全膜双垄沟覆膜联合作业机设计与试验

为实现全膜双垄沟覆膜种床机械化构建,针对地膜全域覆盖膜上横腰带式覆土等要求,设计了横腰带覆土式全膜双垄沟覆膜联合作业机,可实现起垄、施肥、覆膜、覆土及横腰带铺设与渗水孔打孔的一体化作业。对样机关键部件进行设计,确定其旋耕刀组功耗和提土装置、镇压打孔装置的工作参数,同时解析了输土-种床覆土装置、横腰带覆土系统的作业过程,得到满足覆膜种床各部位覆土的必要条件。田间试验表明,当作业速度为0. 50 m/s时,采光面地膜机械破损程度为38. 6 mm/m~2、种床起垄高度合格率为89. 8%、种床垄沟中心距合格率为90. 7%、种床膜边覆土宽度合格率为95. 8%、横腰带覆土宽度合格率为95. 6%、种床覆土厚度合格率为95. 2%、横腰带覆土间距合格率为93. 5%、渗水孔间距合格率为97. 1%,试验指标均符合国家与行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计和实际作业要求。     

油菜铺膜打孔播种机滚动式割膜打孔装置设计与试验

针对现有油菜播种膜上成穴打孔装置实际作业过程中存在膜孔尺寸偏大、形状不规则及膜孔粘连等问题，基于滑切原理设计了一种滚动式割膜打孔装置，确定了打孔装置和仿形机构结构参数，建立了打孔装置运动学模型，分析确定了影响膜孔长度的主要因素及其取值范围。运用DEM-MFBD耦合仿真，采用三因素三水平回归正交试验，以整机前进速度、纵向刀片长度、纵向刀片高度为试验因素，膜孔长度和孔距差值为评价指标进行仿真试验，结果表明：各因素对膜孔长度的影响由大到小依次为纵向刀片长度、整机前进速度、纵向刀片高度，各因素对孔距差值的影响由大到小依次为纵向刀片高度、整机前进速度、纵向刀片长度。整机前进速度为3.3 km/h、纵向刀片长度为34 mm、纵向刀片高度为31 mm时，膜孔长度为44.78 mm、孔距差值为0.64 mm,打孔性能较优。以较优参数组合开展了滚动式割膜打孔装置田间试验，结果表明膜孔平均长度为43.15 mm,膜孔长度稳定性变异系数为3.86%,平均孔距差值为-1.32 mm,膜孔孔距误差为4.22%,满足油菜播种割膜打孔要求，该研究可为油菜铺膜播种机割膜打孔装置提供参考。     

油菜覆膜打孔穴播机打孔装置设计与试验

为实现油菜等小粒径作物覆膜种植中膜上均匀打孔的功能,针对传统膜上成穴装置结构庞大复杂、工作时易黏土挑种及撕挑地膜等问题,设计了一种法兰式滚轮与螺纹式圆锥型锥钉组合式结构的打孔装置,确定了其主要结构参数范围;构建了打孔装置运动学模型,分析了打孔锥钉关键点的运动轨迹,确定了膜上打孔过程,并基于轨迹方程分析了膜孔尺寸参数;运用ADAMS运动学仿真,采用四因素三水平正交试验方法,以打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度为试验因素,以膜孔长度、膜孔间距偏差为试验考核指标,进行了打孔装置结构和运动参数的仿真试验。仿真结果表明:影响膜孔长度的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、机组前进速度;影响膜孔间距偏差的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径;基于参数优化,获得较优参数组合为:打孔锥钉顶角53°、打孔锥钉直径16 mm、打孔滚轮半径65 mm、机组前进速度4 km/h。以打孔装置较优结构参数组合进行了田间验证试验,结果表明:打孔装置所打膜孔形状较规则,普遍呈类圆形状,膜孔长度均在18 mm以上,膜孔间距较为均匀,与仿真结果基本一致;各行膜孔长度一致性变异系数为4.98%,各行膜孔间距均匀性变异系数为3.44%。结果表明试验参数组合选取合理,打孔装置符合设计要求。     

玉米收获机割台砍劈式茎秆粉碎装置设计与试验

在保证玉米秸秆粉碎长度合格率的前提下,为了增加茎秆的破碎程度、加快秸秆还田后的分解速率,基于玉米茎秆的力学特性,设计了一种可以安装在玉米收获机割台下方的茎秆粉碎装置。通过理论分析得到影响粉碎效果的作业参数和结构参数,选取茎秆粉碎装置的刀轴转速、安装角、刀尖倾角为试验因素,以秸秆粉碎长度合格率和秸秆破碎率作为评价指标,进行了单因素及二次正交旋转组合试验。采用响应曲面法对试验结果进行分析,运用Design-Expert软件的多目标优化算法进行参数优化。结果表明:各因素对秸秆粉碎长度合格率的影响程度由大到小依次为:刀轴转速、刀尖倾角、安装角,各因素对秸秆破碎率的影响程度由大到小依次为:刀轴转速、安装角、刀尖倾角;该装置最优参数组合为:刀轴转速1 090 r/min、安装角41°、刀尖倾角83°。田间验证试验表明,秸秆粉碎长度合格率和秸秆破碎率分别达到90.21%和85.78%,远高于目前甩刀式茎秆粉碎装置的作业效果。     

全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机设计与试验

为进一步提升全膜双垄沟覆膜种床机械化耕整作业效果与作业效率,基于全膜双垄沟种床双幅覆膜覆土农艺技术栽培模式,设计全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机,实现了全膜双垄沟种床构建过程中的旋耕、起垄、施肥、双幅覆膜覆土及镇压的一体化作业。在设定联合作业机传动系统的前提下,对样机关键部件进行设计与选型,确定其旋耕刀组、排肥装置、提土-种床覆土装置的工作参数与功耗,同时解析了刮板式提土装置、水平双向螺旋输土装置作业过程,得到满足双幅覆膜种床各部位覆土的必要条件。应用离散单元法对提土-种床覆土装置"提土-输土-覆土"动态作业过程进行数值模拟,分析了各工作环节输土、覆土特性,对影响覆土作业效果的相关因素进行了探讨。田间试验结果表明,当全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机前进速度为1. 10 m/s时,采光面地膜机械破损程度为39. 8 mm/m~2、种床膜边覆土宽度合格率为94. 5%、大垄垄体中心覆土宽度合格率为91. 6%、种床覆土厚度合格率为97. 5%、种床起垄高度合格率为93. 2%,试验指标均符合国家与行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计和实际作业要求,田间试验工况与仿真结果基本一致。     

2ZMQ-6型高速覆膜插秧机的设计与试验

针对水稻高速覆膜插秧机作业后临界行需补充覆膜的问题，结合洋马(VP6D)高速插秧机研制了全覆盖型高速覆膜插秧机。根据农艺需求与机具结构特点，确立设计方案，研制2ZMQ-6型高速覆膜插秧机。机具在插秧机的行走部件与栽植部件之间安装梳齿形刮土机构、挂膜机构、镇压机构、封边机构及断膜机构等；覆膜幅宽1800mm,临界行地膜互相咬合，完成全覆盖覆膜插秧作业。田间试验结果表明：地膜覆盖率100%,地膜采光面宽度合格率达96%,采光面机械破损程度为37mm/m²,覆土宽度72.2mm,覆土厚度32.6mm,漂秧率2.7%,断膜成功率98%,各项指标均满足农艺要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。