斜带石斑鱼幼鱼的饲料精氨酸需求量

通过配制7种含不同水平精氨酸(2.13%、2.42%、2.71%、2.95%、3.20%、3.48%、3.74%干物质)的等氮、等脂的实验饲料,研究精氨酸对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)幼鱼生长、饲料利用和血清一氧化氮合酶等的影响。每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼(7.52±0.02g),饲喂8周。结果显示,饲料精氨酸水平对各组存活率无显著影响(P0.05);精氨酸水平为2.95%的斜带石斑鱼获得最大增重率和特定生长率,显著高于其他各组(P0.05);2.95%组饲料系数显著低于2.13%、2.42%和2.71%组(P0.05);3.20%组体蛋白达到最大,显著高于2.13%组(P0.05)。随着饲料中精氨酸水平的增加,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血糖含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,2.13%与2.42%组显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。2.95%组血清总蛋白和血清总一氧化氮合酶显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。研究表明,日粮中适宜的精氨酸水平不仅能促进斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长和体蛋白的合成,还能提高机体免疫力。以特定生长率为判据,通过二次多项式回归分析表明,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼精氨酸的最适需要量是饲料干重的3.06%(饲料蛋白含量的6.07%)。     

饲料中不同蛋白质和淀粉水平对斜带石斑鱼生长性能和肝脏相关代谢酶活性的影响

为了探讨饲料蛋白质和碳水化合物对斜带石斑鱼的互作效应,实验采用3×3因子设计,配制蛋白质水平(P)为38%、45%和52%,淀粉水平(S)为10%、20%和30%的9种实验饲料,分别饲喂斜带石斑鱼56 d。结果显示,38%粗蛋白与10%淀粉饲料组(38P/10S饲料组)增重率显著低于其他各组,52P/10S组增重率最高,但与45P/20S、45P/30S、52P/20S组差异不显著。增加饲料蛋白质或淀粉水平显著增加饲料效率、鱼体蛋白质与脂肪含量及肝糖原肝脂含量,而降低摄食率和鱼体水分含量。增加饲料蛋白质水平降低蛋白质效率,但增加淀粉水平却增加蛋白质效率及肝体比与脏体比。饲料蛋白质水平和淀粉水平对鱼体灰分含量无明显影响。肝中肝酯酶、脂蛋白酯酶、脂肪酸合成酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性均随蛋白质或淀粉水平的升高呈显著上升趋势。增加饲料蛋白质水平显著降低肝中葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性,而增加肝中苹果酸酶活性,但对肝中葡萄糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、磷酸果糖激酶、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶活性没有明显影响。增加饲料淀粉水平显著增加肝中葡萄糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、磷酸果糖激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和苹果酸酶活性,但显著降低磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活性。上述结果显示,斜带石斑鱼的生长和肝脏代谢明显受饲料蛋白质和淀粉水平的影响,其中,糖代谢酶活性受淀粉水平的影响较大,而受饲料蛋白质水平的影响较小,斜带石斑鱼生长适宜的饲料蛋白质和淀粉水平分别为45%和20%。     

摄食不同蛋白质水平饲料的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长与血清激素和消化酶活性的相关性分析

为评估蛋白质水平与珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、血清激素和消化酶活性的相关性,探究珍珠龙胆石斑鱼饲料中蛋白质水平对其健康生长的影响,实验选取珍珠龙胆石斑鱼[初始体质量(6.50±0.00) g]随机分为6组,每组4个重复,分别投喂35%、40%、45%、50%、55%和60%蛋白质水平的饲料,通过8周的摄食生长实验。结果显示,50%组的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于其他组;55%和60%组血清总蛋白(TP)含量显著高于35%组;50%组血清生长激素(GH)和胰岛素(INS)含量显著低于其他组,45%组血清胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)含量显著高于其他组;50%组胃蛋白酶活性和肠胰蛋白酶活性显著高于其他组,肠淀粉酶活性随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈逐渐下降的趋势,并在55%和60%组达到最低值。WGR与血清GH之间呈极显著的负相关关系。研究表明,以WGR为评价指标,经折线模型拟合得出珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼对饲料中蛋白质的需求量为51.57%。     

饲料牛磺酸含量对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、TauT mRNA表达量及牛磺酸合成关键酶活性的影响

为探讨饲料牛磺酸含量对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、TauT mRNA表达量及牛磺酸合成关键酶(CSD和CDO)活性的影响,实验在以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源的基础饲料(0DT)中分别添加0.5%(0.5DT)、1.0%(1.0DT)、1.5%(1.5DT)的牛磺酸,配制成4种不同牛磺酸含量的饲料。将平均体质量为(13.85±0.25) g的320尾斜带石斑鱼幼鱼随机分为4组,每组4个循环水族箱,每箱放养20尾鱼,每组分别投喂一种相同实验饲料,每天定时投喂实验饲料至表观饱食状态,实验为期84 d。结果显示,在0DT饲料中补充外源牛磺酸能显著提高饲料效率、摄食率、增重率和全鱼粗蛋白含量,而显著降低肝体比和全鱼粗脂肪含量。组织中肝脏、肌肉、肠道TauT mRNA表达量在1.0DT组时达到最大值,且显著高于其他各组,当饲料牛磺酸含量继续增加至1.5DT组时明显降低,但仍显著高于0DT和1.0DT组。斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血浆、肝脏、肠道和肌肉中牛磺酸含量与饲料牛磺酸含量之间呈正相关。饲料中补充外源牛磺酸能够显著降低肝脏、肌肉中CSD活性,同时降低血浆、肝脏、肠道和肌肉中CDO活性,但对血浆CSD活性无显著影响。研究表明,饲料中补充外源牛磺酸能够明显促进斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长,增加鱼体蛋白沉积,同时降低鱼体脂肪沉积,上调组织中TauT mRNA表达水平及提高牛磺酸蓄积,降低牛磺酸合成关键酶活性。研究表明,以增重率为目标,通过二次多项式回归分析,饲料中牛磺酸的适宜含量为0.92%。     

斜带石斑鱼对实用饲料中维生素D_3的需求量

实验设计了6个不同维生素D_3水平(0,1 000 IU·kg~(-1),2 000 IU·kg~(-1),4 000 IU·kg~(-1),8 000 IU·kg~(-1),100 000 IU·kg~(-1))的等氮等能饲料(组1、组2、组3、组4、组5和组6)来研究斜带石斑鱼对维生素D_3的需求量。结果显示,摄食组3饲料的斜带石斑鱼增重率、特定生长率以及饲料效率显著高于其他组(P0.05)。不同水平的维生素D_3不影响石斑鱼的肥满度和肝体比,添加量大于2 000 IU·kg~(-1)时,石斑鱼肠系膜脂肪和脏体比随着维生素D_3水平的升高而降低(P0.05)。鱼体肌肉和全鱼中蛋白含量随着维生素D_3水平的升高而降低,粗脂肪含量各组之间没有显著性差异。维生素D_3添加量低于2 000 IU·kg~(-1)时,石斑鱼骨骼中钙(Ca)、磷(P)含量与维生素D_3的添加量呈正相关。以增重率以及骨骼Ca、P含量为指标,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼实用饲料中维生素D_3的适宜添加量为2 000 IU·kg~(-1)。     

斜带石斑鱼牛磺酸转运蛋白基因的克隆及饲料牛磺酸含量对其表达的影响

牛磺酸转运蛋白(Taurine transporter,TauT)是牛磺酸跨膜转运的重要载体,在鱼类的生长、代谢及性成熟过程中发挥重要作用。本文采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆体质量(12.85±0.46)g的斜带石斑鱼Epinephelus coioides TauT cDNA蛋白质编码区序列。结果表明:斜带石斑鱼TauT cDNA蛋白质编码区为1 881bp,编码626个氨基酸,分子量为70 126.80Da,与已克隆的其他鱼类的同源性很高,而与鸟类和哺乳动物的同源性较低。在水温(27±2)℃下,给斜带石斑鱼投喂含牛磺酸0%、0.5%、1%和1.5%的饲料28d后,用Realtime PCR法检测不同组织中TauT mRNA的相对表达量,结果表明:TauT mRNA在所测的各组织中均有表达,但肝脏、心脏、脑表达水平最高,肾脏、鳃、脾脏次之,肠道、肌肉、脂肪组织最低。牛磺酸添加组中组织TauT mRNA的表达量均高于对照组,1.0%和1.5%两组间差异不明显,但均高于0.5%组。饲料中添加牛磺酸能促进斜带石斑鱼组织中TauT mRNA的表达。     

饲料蛋白水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血浆生化指标的影响

以鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个不同蛋白质水平(34.85%,40.48%,46.54%,51.54%,56.69%)的等能饲料.以初始体质量为(54.52±0.23)g的星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)为实验对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行54 d的摄食生长实验,研究饲料蛋白水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血浆生化指标的影响.结果显示:(1)增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)随着饲料蛋白水平的增加而上升,51.54%和56.69%饲料组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),其余各组差异显著(P<0.05);51.54%饲料组的蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);51.54%饲料组的蛋白质沉积率(PRE)也显著高于34.85%、46.54%和56.69%组(P<0.05),但与40.48%饲料组差异不显著(P>0.05).以增重率为参考指标,折线回归分析结果表明,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳增重时对饲料中蛋白质的需要量为53.56%.(2)饲料不同蛋白水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼鱼体灰分含量没有显著影响,但显著影响了鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪和水分的含量(P<0.05).51.54%饲料组鱼体粗蛋白含量最高,显著高于34.85%组(P<0.05),而与40.48%、46.54%和56.69%组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);鱼体粗脂肪含量随着饲料蛋白水平的升高而下降,水分含量表现出与粗脂肪含量相反的趋势.(3)饲料蛋白含量对星斑川鲽幼鱼部分血浆生化指标也产生了显著性的影响.血浆总蛋白(TP)以51.54%组最高,与56.69%组差异不显著(P>0.05),,但显著高于34.85%、40.48%和46.54%组(P<0.05);40.48%、51.54%和56.69%组间血浆尿素氮(BUN)含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著低于34.85%和46.54%组(P<0.05).综合以上结果,星斑川鲽饲料中蛋白质适宜添加量为51.54%～53.56%.     

不同动植物蛋白比配合饲料对点带石斑鱼生长的影响

在等蛋白的条件下,设计四种不同动植物蛋白比（3.8∶1,3.0∶1,2.2∶1, 1.4∶1）的饲料,制成软颗粒饲料投喂点带石斑鱼苗,经过64天的饲养对比试验,A、B、C、D各组鱼平均尾相对增重率为671%、664%、518%和443%,尾平均日增重为0.32g、0.32g、0.26g和0.21g,平均饲料系数分别为1.49、1.50、1.68、2.30;试验A、B、C组的丰满度与内脏比各组差异不显著（p〉0.05）,而D组的丰满度显著低于其它各试验组（p〈0.05）,内脏比显著高于其它各试验组（p〈0.05）。各试验组之间鱼的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量没有明显的差异（p〉0.05）,结果表明,当饲料中动植物蛋白比为3.0∶1时,鱼苗生长指标、鱼体品质较佳,当饲料中动植物蛋白比为2.2∶1时,饲料效率较高,饲料成本较低,鱼体品质较佳,这说明了点带石斑鱼饲料中适宜动植物蛋白比为3.0∶1～2.2∶1。     

石斑鱼配合饲料中发酵豆粕和豆粕部分替代白鱼粉的研究

在浮式海水网箱(1.5m×1m×1.5m)中养殖石斑鱼幼鱼(9.4±0.1g),在等氮(52% CP)基础上进行以发酵豆粕和普通豆粕替代鱼粉的实验, 为期56天.结果显示在石斑鱼饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,其增重率、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率和蛋白质效率与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05),以后随着发酵豆粕添加量的上升,这些指标都显著下降(P<0.05).在同样替代水平下,添加21%发酵豆粕组,增重率,SGR,饲料效率和蛋白质效率都比添加20%豆粕组高(P<0.05),表明对海水肉食性鱼类来说,发酵豆粕是一种比豆粕更优良的蛋白源.用折线模型分析增重率随白鱼粉替代水平的变化关系,结果表明在石斑鱼配合饲料中,发酵豆粕替代白鱼粉的最适量为10%.从实际生产的经济效益出发,建议在饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,对石斑鱼的生长和鱼体组成不会造成显著影响.     

饲料蛋白质和能量含量对云纹龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、体组成及消化酶活力的影响

为探求云纹龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus♂×E.moara♀)幼鱼饲料的最适蛋白质和能量含量,以鱼粉和大豆浓缩蛋白为蛋白源、添加鱼油构建能量梯度,配制粗蛋白含量为46%、50%和54%,能量含量为20.00、20.50和21.00 k J/g,蛋能比为22.04~26.87 mg/k J的9组饲料,编号为D1~D9组,投喂初始体重为(46.23±0.51)g的云纹龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼56 d。结果显示,蛋白质和能量的交互作用对云纹龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼增重率影响显著(P0.05),蛋白质和能量升高显著提高增重率和特定生长率(P0.05)。蛋白质和能量的交互作用对蛋白质沉积率和肝体比影响显著(P0.05),蛋白质升高显著提高能量保留率和肥满度(P0.05),蛋白质效率先升后降(P0.05);能量升高显著提高蛋白质效率和能量保留率(P0.05);D6组蛋白质沉积率和蛋白质效率显著高于其他组(P0.05)。蛋白质和能量的交互作用对全鱼及肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分均无显著影响(P0.05),全鱼及肌肉粗蛋白随饲料粗蛋白升高而升高(P0.05),水分随能量升高而降低(P0.05),全鱼粗脂肪随蛋能比降低而升高(P0.05)。蛋白质和能量的交互作用对胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力影响显著(P0.05),胃蛋白酶活力随蛋白质含量升高而升高(P0.05),能量对其无显著影响(P0.05);D6组胰蛋白酶活力最高,其随饲料蛋能比降低呈先升后降的趋势(P0.05),能量为21.00 k J/g时,脂肪酶活力显著高于其他组(P0.05)。综上,在设定的蛋白质和能量范围内云纹龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼饲料以50%粗蛋白,21.00 k J/g能量为宜。     

不同盐度对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响及其与鳃MRCs渗透调节功能的关系

为探究不同盐度对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响及其与鳃线粒体丰富细胞(MRCs)渗透调节功能关系,实验将暂养于盐度为30的水体中的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼直接转移至盐度分别为5、10、20和30(对照组)的水体中,于7和15 d分别检测血清Na~+、K~+、Cl~–浓度和血清皮质醇(COR)水平,并于第15天观察幼鱼鳃MRCs分布和结构的变化。结果显示,随盐度升高,幼鱼血清Na~+、Cl~–浓度显著上升,而K~+浓度无显著变化;COR水平在盐度5和10实验组显著高于盐度20和对照组;随盐度上升,鳃MRCs体积增大,数量增多,且盐度20和对照组鳃MRCs体积显著大于盐度5和10实验组;鳃MRCs表面存在一个特殊的顶膜结构,在不同盐度下呈现不同形态:盐度5和10实验组中鳃MRCs顶膜开口较大,且其表面存在大量的微绒,而盐度20实验组和对照组中鳃MRCs的顶膜向内深陷形成了一个顶隐窝,开口较小,且其表面没有微绒毛。研究表明,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼鳃MRCs在盐度5的水体中可以很好地发挥渗透调节功能,使幼鱼在盐度5的水体中存活。     

斜带石斑鱼肝细胞分离及原代培养方法的建立

本研究以斜带石斑鱼肝细胞为实验对象,在不同培养条件下进行原代培养,旨在探讨稳定可靠的斜带石斑鱼肝细胞分离及原代培养方法。采用组织块分离法和胰蛋白酶(含EDTA)消化法分离肝细胞,并通过密度梯度离心法分离纯化肝细胞,细胞悬液于DMEM/F-12、M199和L-15培养液中培养;细胞活力及数量采用血球计数板计数,并通过MTT法测定细胞增殖率;同时,测定不同时间培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、白蛋白(ALB)和尿素氮(BUN)的含量,以分析肝细胞生长状态。结果表明,组织块方法不适于斜带石斑鱼肝细胞的培养,未见细胞从组织块中迁出,而胰蛋白酶消化法获得良好稳定的培养效果,细胞产量达到1.6×108个/g肝重,活细胞数达到95%;L-15培养基细胞生长明显优于DMEM/F-12和M199培养基;启动原代培养的48~72 h阶段肝细胞生长代谢旺盛,培养上清液中LDH活性显著降低,ALB和BUN含量显著升高。结果显示,0.25%的胰蛋白酶常温消化法适合斜带石斑鱼肝细胞的分离,斜带石斑鱼肝细胞原代培养的最适培养基为L-15培养基,肝细胞在启动原代培养的48~72 h生长代谢旺盛。     

The optimal dietary protein level of large‐size grouper Epinephelus coioides

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the requirement of protein for large‐size grouper Epinephelus coioides (initial body weight: 275.07 ± 1.56 g). Six iso‐lipidic (124 g/kg) diets were formulated containing graded levels of protein (350, 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 g/kg). Grouper was hand‐fed twice daily to apparent satiation with triplicate. The results showed that significantly high weight gain, specific growth rate and significantly low feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed 450 g/kg protein group. High‐protein level diets significantly increased protein content and significantly decreased lipid content of fish body and muscle. Total protein and cholesterol content in serum of 600 g/kg group were significantly higher than those of 350 g/kg group. However, serum glucose and triglyceride contents of fish fed low‐protein diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed high‐protein diets. Meanwhile, liver glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase and glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase in high‐protein diet groups were significantly higher than those of low‐protein diet groups. The intestinal protease activity in high‐protein diet groups was significantly higher that of low‐protein diet groups, but lipase and amylase showed opposite trend. With the increasing of dietary protein level, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme in liver of grouper increased significantly compared with 350 g/kg group, while the activities of acid phosphatase decreased significantly. With specific growth rate as the evaluation index, the optimum dietary protein level of large‐size grouper Epinephelus coioides was 438.39 g/kg by fitting the broken‐line regression analysis.     

Effects of different arginine/lysine level on growth performance,body composition and digestive enzyme activity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Given the universal presence of antagonism between arginine and lysine, determining the optimal dietary arginine/lysine level is of great importance. In this study, eight diets were formulated to contain different arginine/lysine level, followed by a 9‐week feeding trial with shrimps of 2.10 ± 0.01 cm in length and 0.38 ± 0.02 g in weight to determine the effect of dietary arginine/lysine level on growth performance, body composition and enzyme activity. The results showed that the Diet 6 (arginine/lysine level of 29.4/21.0 g/kg) group had significantly higher weight gain rate, and specific growth rate than the control group and most of the other groups (p < .05) did. Similarly, the retention efficiency of arginine and lysine in the Diet 6 group was significantly higher than the control group and most of the other groups (p < .05). Moreover, most digestive enzymes had higher activity levels in the Diet 6 group, and evident antagonism between dietary arginine and lysine was detected. In summary, dietary arginine/lysine level of 29.4/21.0 g/kg produced the best growth performance, suggesting that a better growth performance in Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture can be obtained by adjusting the dietary arginine/lysine level.     

不同密度生态基系统内细菌群落组成与草鱼生长的关系

为了研究生态基系统中细菌群落组成与草鱼生长的关系,实验按生态基表面积占养殖水体表面积的比值50%、100%、150% (S-50、S-100、S-150),设置3个不同密度的生态基养殖系统。首先测量处理组和对照组的草鱼生长性状,进而利用高通量测序技术分析水体中和生态基上的细菌群落组成,探索生态基系统内细菌群落与草鱼生长的关系。结果显示,S-100和 S-150组的草鱼增重率与特定生长率均显著高于S-50和对照组;S-100组的存活率显著高于其他组;S-100和S-150组的饲料转换率均显著低于对照组。细菌群落分析发现：①与水体相比,生态基上γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)比例增加,且该菌在S-100组中显著高于其他组;②水体中细菌主要以黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、红细菌属(Rhodobacte)、鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)和浮霉状菌属(Planctomyces)为主,生态基上不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)占较高比例,并且后3种细菌在S-100组中比例显著高于其他组;③在可鉴定的种水平上,生态基上的细菌主要以产碱假单胞菌(P. alcaligene)和蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereu)为主,其中产碱假单胞菌在S-100和S-150组最高。综合草鱼生长性状、细菌群落组成及生态基生产成本分析发现,生态基比表面积为100%时效果最佳,即细菌多样性和潜在益生菌比例高,饵料系数最低,草鱼的存活率和增重率最高。     

Effect of dietary administration of Psychrobacter sp. on the growth,feed utilization,digestive enzymes and immune responses of grouper Epinephelus coioides

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of incorporating dietary Psychrobacter sp., one predominant bacterium with antagonistic activity in the gut of fast‐growing grouper Epinephelus coioides, on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes and immune responses of E. coioides at regular monthly intervals. The fish were fed with control diet (without probiont) or probiotic diet supplemented with 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU g^?1Psychrobacter sp. No significant improvement in weight gain (WG) and specific growth ratio (SGR) were observed in the probiotic group, but a significant improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed the probiotic diet for 60 days. Although not statistically significant, enhanced hepatopancreatic protease and lipase activities and intestinal amylase activity were observed in probiotic group at day 60. A slightly increase in phagocytic activity and phagocytic index was observed in fish fed probiotic diet for 60 days. Serum lysozyme activity showed no significant differences between the probiotic group and the control group during the whole experiment period, while an increasing trend of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the probiotic group was observed. Serum complement component 3 (C3) level of the probiotic group was higher than that of control in the whole feeding period, while complement component 4 (C4) level of the probiotic group was significantly higher than that of the control at day 60. The results of the current study firstly demonstrated potential for Psychrobacter sp. as a novel probiont to improve feed utilization, digestive enzymes and innate immunity in E. coioides.     

低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和抗胁迫机能的影响

为研究在养殖过程中降低鱼粉用量的同时保持凡纳滨对虾良好的生长性能和抗逆能力,实验在含10%鱼粉的基础饲料中,分别添加酶解豆粕(PSM) 0%(A)、2.5%(B)、3.5%(C)、4.5%(D)、5.5%(E)制成5组等氮等能饲料,分别投喂初始体质量为(0.45±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾8周,检测对虾生长性能及抗胁迫机能。结果显示,8周养殖实验结束后,各实验组对虾的终末体质量为14.65～15.38 g/尾,各组间对虾终末均重、成活率和饲料系数指标均无显著性差异;A组对虾肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著低于其他各实验组;C组、D组和E组对虾肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于A组;各组间灰分和水分均无显著性差异;D组和E组对虾肝胰腺蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、血清溶菌酶和血清总超氧化物歧化酶活性(T-SOD)均显著高于A组;A组对虾血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于D组和E组。人工急性感染高剂量副溶血性弧菌的胁迫实验中,A组对虾在弧菌感染48和60 h时的累积死亡率均显著高于D组对虾同期的累积死亡率;低剂量副溶血性弧菌人工急性感染后,在凡纳滨对虾鳃组织中检测Toll受体、免疫缺陷(IMD)和溶菌酶3种免疫相关基因的表达量,结果显示,对虾Toll受体、IMD和溶菌酶mRNA表达量最大峰值分别出现在添加酶解豆粕的C组、B组和D组,峰值出现时刻分别为感染后24、42和24 h。研究表明,含10%鱼粉的饲料中添加0%～5.5%酶解豆粕对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能改善效果不显著,酶解豆粕会显著提高凡纳滨对虾肌肉粗蛋白质含量和粗脂肪含量;显著降低对虾血清丙二醛含量;同时也会显著改变凡纳滨对虾对弧菌的抵抗力及其免疫相关基因的时空表达,酶解豆粕添加量达到4.5%时可使养殖的凡纳滨对虾获得最佳的抗弧菌能力。     

Optimum arginine requirement of juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary arginine requirement of juvenile black sea bream Sparus macrocephalus in 18 350 L indoors flow‐through circular fibreglass tanks. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain graded levels of l ‐arginine (1.85%, 2.23%, 2.51%, 2.86%, 3.20% and 3.46% dry diet) from dietary ingredients and crystalline arginine. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 juvenile fish (10.51±0.15 g) twice daily (08:00 and 16:00 hours) to apparent satiation. Results showed that the specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing dietary arginine levels up to 2.51% and remained nearly the same thereafter. Feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value all showed an increasing tendency and then levelled off. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy significantly improved up to 2.86% arginine diet and decreased at different extents thereafter. Fish fed 1.85% arginine diet had significantly lower protein content in the whole body and dorsal muscle than those fed diets supplemented with or >2.86% of arginine. Lipid content decreased and lower value occurred at 3.46% of dietary arginine. The dietary essential amino acid composition in the whole body of the black sea bream was significantly influenced by dietary arginine. Arginine retention increased with an increasing dietary arginine level from 1.85% to 3.20%, then declined slightly at 3.46% arginine diet. Serum biochemical parameters were significantly affected by the dietary arginine level except for the cholesterol content. Broken‐line regression based on SGR and second‐order polynomial regression based on PER indicated that the optimum dietary arginine requirements for juvenile black sea bream were 2.79% and 3.09% diet, corresponding to 7.74% and 8.13% of the dietary protein respectively.