饲料用苎麻新品种中饲苎1号的选育研究

"中饲苎1号"是从"湘杂苎一号×园青5号S3"杂交后代中选择出的新品种.该品种生长旺盛,发蔸及再生能力强,前期生长快,适宜一年多次收割,年生物产量高,多点试验中干物质年产量比对照平均增产31.27%.营养品质高,粗蛋白含量为22.00%,粗纤维含量为16.74%,粗灰分含量15.44%,钙含量4.07%,粗脂肪含量2.28%,维生素B2含量(mg/kg)13.36,赖氨酸含量高达1.02%.因此,"中饲苎1号"是高产优质饲料用苎麻新品种.     

苎麻新品种湘饲纤兼用苎1号选育

湘饲纤兼用苎1号是从地方品种咸丰大叶绿的自然变异单株中系统选育的新品种,既可以作为饲用苎麻栽培也可以作为常规纤维用苎麻栽培。2年5点饲用区域试验结果显示:鲜产量为123148.9~138624.7kg/hm^2,平均鲜产量131936.9kg/hm^2,比对照增产17.15%~20.34%,且丰产稳产性好;粗蛋白含量在22.5%,优于对照,粗纤维含量18.5%、粗脂肪含量6.5%、灰分含量13.6%、钙含量3.6%,均低于对照,磷含量0.4%左右,与对照无差异。纤维用区域试验结果显示:平均纤维产量2599.5kg/hm2,比对照平均值低5.2%左右;生产试验平均纤维产量为2676kg/hm2,减产6.5%以内;平均纤维支数2394.8支,比对照湘苎3号和中苎1号分别提高15.22%、22.06%。表明湘饲纤兼用苎1号是一个高产优质的饲纤兼用苎麻新品种。     

“华苎五号”新蔸麻速生丰产栽培技术

“华苎五号”是一个高产、优质、高效新品种,分株力强,植株高大、生长整齐,该品种是由华中农业大学选育、阳新县科技局参与,共同拥有知识产权的苎麻新品种,2003年通过专家审定。目前,阳新苎麻发展的主栽品种有“华苎四号”“、华苎五号”系列和“中苎一号”。2005年6月2日取“华苎五号”嫩枝扦插,6月20日移栽,8月21日破杆,11月2日收第二季麻,当年单产达90kg/666.7m2,2006年收三季麻,单产230kg/666.7m2。     

"华苎五号"新蔸麻速生丰产栽培技术

“华苎五号”是一个高产、优质、高效新品种，分株力强，植株高大、生长整齐，该品种是由华中农业大学选育、阳新县科技局参与，共同拥有知识产权的苎麻新品种，2003年通过专家审定。目前，阳新苎麻发展的主栽品种有“华苎四号”、“华苎五号”系列和“中苎一号”。2005年6月2日取“华苎五号”嫩枝扦插，6月20日移栽，8月21日破杆，11月2日收第二季麻，当年单产达90kg／666．7m^2,2006年收三季麻，单产230kg/666．7m^2。     

苎麻新品种“湘苎5号”在桃江麻区试种简报

“湘苎5号”是中国农业科学院麻类研究听从“湘苎1号”自交种子~(60)Co—γ射线辐射后代中选育出来的优质高产苎麻新品种,我们于1990年引进“湘苎5号”进行试种,两年结果表现“湘苎5号”在桃江麻区具有较强的适应性,产量和品质     

苎麻新品种‘湘饲苎2号’选育报告

‘湘饲苎2号’是从地方品种‘邵阳12号’的自然变异单株中系统选育的新品种。该品种生长旺盛,发蔸能力强,耐刈割。区域试验平均鲜草产量123 946.3 kg/hm~2,比对照增产10.8%~13.6%;生产试验平均鲜草产量达到118 904.7 kg/hm~2,比对照增产13.3%;粗蛋白含量21.92%,粗纤维含量18.20%,粗脂肪含量7.50%,灰分14.12%,P含量0.39%,Ca含量3.80%。各项指标均达到了植物性蛋白饲料的标准。     

我国首次应用辐射育种培育出苎麻新品种“75—10”

中国农业科学院麻类研究所继选育出“湘苎一号”新品种后,采用~(60)Coγ射线辐照“湘苎一号”种子选育出新品种“75—10”,于1984年9月在湖南长沙通过评定。应用辐射育种法育成苎麻新品种为国内外首例。诱变后经定向选择和培育而成的     

我国首次应用辐射育种培育出苎麻新品种“75—10”

中国农业科学院麻类研究所继选育出“湘苎一号”新品种后，采用^60Coγ射线辐照。湘苎一号”种子选育出新品种“75—10”，于1984年9月在湖南长沙通过评定。     

收割次数对“中饲苎1号”生物量积累与粗蛋白含量的影响

连续2年对苎麻饲料专用品种"中饲苎1号"进行不同收割次数田间试验,试验设年收4次(hpy4)、5次(hpy5)、6次(hpy6)3组处理,每组3个重复,小区面积10.8 m2,研究不同收割次数对"中饲苎1号"生物量的积累与茎叶粗蛋白含量的影响。结果表明:随着年收割次数的增加,"中饲苎1号"平均鲜重产量与粗蛋白含量均呈增加趋势,但综合考虑含水量、干物质量及粗蛋白总产量等,年收割5次处理组在综合产量和饲料品质上占优。     

镉、砷复合污染对苎麻生长及吸收镉、砷的影响

采用室内盆栽试验,研究镉、砷复合污染对中苎1号、湘苎3号、多倍体1号和湘苎7号生长及吸收积累镉的影响。结果表明,随着污染物中砷浓度增高,苎麻株高、茎粗、生物量等下降。苎麻各部位镉、砷含量大小依次是根叶茎。在镉5 mg/kg、砷50 mg/kg处理下,中苎1号、湘苎3号根内镉含量有所增加,中苎1号、湘苎3号、湘苎7号茎内镉含量降低;四个苎麻品种根、茎内镉积累量降低,叶内镉含量及镉积累量均增高。在镉5 mg/kg、砷100 mg/kg处理下,苎麻根、茎、叶内镉含量及镉积累量均下降。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.