Influence of Hypericum perforatum Extract on Piglet Infected with Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus

To study the influence of Hypericum perforatum extract （HPE） on piglets infected with porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus （PRRSV）, enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and cytopathic effect （CPE） were used to determine in vitro whether HPE could induce swine pulmonary alveolar macrophages （PAMs） to secrete IFN-γ, and whether PRRSV titers in PAMs were affected by the levels of HPE-induced IFN-γ. HPE （200 mg·kg-1） was administrated by oral gavage to piglets infected with the PRRSV in vivo to observe whether HPE affected the viremia, lung viral titers, and weight gain of piglets infected with PRRSV. The results showed that HPE was capable of inducing PAMs to produce IFN-γ in a dose dependent manner and HPE pretreatment was capable of significantly reducing PRRSV viral titers in PAMs （P〈 0.01）. Administration of HPE to the PRRSV-infected animals significantly （P〈 0.05） reduced viremia over time as compared with the PRRSV-infected animals. But there was not significant decrease in lung viral titers at day 21 post-infection between the HPE- treated animals and the PRRSV-infected control piglets. There were no significant differences in weight gain over time among the HPE-treatment animals, the normal control, and the HPE control animals. The PRRSV-infected animals caused significant （P〈 0.01） growth retardation as compared with the HPE controls and the normal piglets. It suggested that HPE might be an effective novel therapeutic approach to diminish the PRRSV-induced disease in swine.     

Enhancement Effect of CpG DNA on the Somatostatin DNA Vaccine in Mice

To study the immune effect of CpGDNA on somatostatin （SS） DNA vaccine, the 20-day-old experimental mice were immunized with 20 lag SS eukaryotic expression plasmid pES/2SS with different adjuvants in equal dose, such as the synthetic CpG-ODN, the pE-CpG plasmid, E. coli DNA and the crude liposome. A booster was given two weeks later. The results showed that the body weight gain of female mice in the SS immunized group was higher than that of the control （P 〈0.05）. The levels of antibodies against SS, IgG2a/IgG1, spleen lymphocyte proliferation activity and the concentrations of GH and IGF-Ⅰ in the DNA vaccine groups combined with CpGDNA were significantly increased compared to that of the group immunized with DNA vaccine alone. All these suggested the recombinant SS expression plasmid can stimulate animals to produce antibodies against SS, and CpGDNA adjuvant can enhance the immune effect of DNA vaccine against SS and influence the concentration of GH and IGF-Ⅰ .     

Macromineral requirements of Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred female lambs

A comparative slaughter trial was conducted to determine the net mineral requirements for maintenance and growth of Dorper crossbred female lambs raised from 20 to 35 kg of body weight(BW).Thirty-five Dorper×thin-tailed Han crossbred female lambs of(20.3±1.14) kg BW were used: 7 lambs were randomly chosen and slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment as the baseline group for measuring the initial body composition; another 7 lambs were randomly chosen and offered a pelleted mixed diet ad libitum and slaughtered at(27.0±0.73) kg BW; the remaining 21 lambs were randomly divided into 3 groups of 7 animals each and subjected to the same diet either ad l ibitum or at 70 or 40% of ad libitum intake.The 21 lambs were fed in 7 slaughter groups, with each group consisting of one lamb from each treatment(ad libitum, 70 or 40% of ad libitum intake).The 3 groups were slaughtered when the sheep fed ad libitum attained(33.8±0.52) kg of BW.The body composition of five minerals(Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg) was determined.The net mineral requirements for maintenance were 35.01, 25.18, 9.30, 31.35, and 2.03 mg kg–1 empty BW(EBW) for Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg, respectively, and the net growth requirement per kg of EBW gain ranged from 9.73 to 8.87 g of Ca, 5.83 to 5.27 g of P, 1.73 to 1.63 g of Na, 3.73 to 4.08 g of K, and 0.26 to 0.25 g of Mg for Dorper crossbred lambs in China, respectively.The estimates of mineral requirements with Dorper crossbred lambs in the current study were not consistent with the recommendations from previous studies.     

Influence of REV and ALV-J Co-Infection on Immunologic Function of T Lymphocytes and Histopathology in Broiler Chickens

The aim of present investigation is to study the effect of single- and co-infection with REV and ALV-J on T lymphocytes bioactivities and histopathology in broiler chickens. The bioactivities of blood and spleen T lymphocytes including lymphoproliferation responses, cytotoxicitic responses, and histopathology of spleen were detected in broiler chickens singly- or co-infected with REV and ALV-J at different days post inoculation and the virus expressions in spleen of infected broiler chickens were detected with immunofluorescence assay （IFA）. The results indicated that blood and spleen T lymphocytes proliferation responses and cytotoxicity in broilers infected with REV or/and ALV-J were inhibited in the whole observed period compared with controls. In the co-infected chickens they were highly inhibited than in the single-infected. The histopathology of spleen in infected chickens at 17 and 37 d post inoculation （dpi） indicated that cell interium increased, the numbers of lymphocytes decreased, and the regrowth were destroyed or decreased, especially more significantly at 17 than at 37 dpi. The different numbers of virus were detected in spleen lymphocytes in REV- infected and/or ALV-J-infected chickens. In the spleen of co-infected chicken, both REV and ALV-J were detected and the total numbers of viruses were more than in chickens singly-infected with REV or ALV-J. Thus, the co-effect of REV and ALV-J caused more immunosuppression on T lymphocytes bioactivities in broiler chickens than single-effect of ALV-J or REV, which contributed to the sever histopathology and the product of tumor cells. This study will be helpful for understanding the effect of co-infection with many viruses and control them in poultry.     

禽霍乱·新城疫二联油乳剂灭活疫苗研究(Ⅲ)——疫苗对鸭和鹅的安全性及免疫效力试验(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to provide theoretical basis for immunizing waterfowls(duck and goose)with the inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine against Newcastle Disease(ND)and Fowl Cholera(FC).[Method]Bacterial liquid from solid culture media inoculated avian Pasteurella multocida(APM)type A and allantoic fluid from embryonic eggs infected with Newcastle Disease Virus(NDV)attenuated strain La Sota were mixed and inactivated by formalin to prepare 5 batches of inactivated oil emulsion binary vaccine,which were then used for the safety and immune efficacy test on duck and goose.[Result]Immunized ducks and geese didn’t performed any adverse reactions in the safety test of the 5 batches of vaccine;the immune efficacy test showed that ND-HI antibody titers of ducks and geese were no less than 4 log2 three weeks after inoculation,and the protection rates against NDV and APM were 100% and 66.7%-83.3%,respectively.[Conclusion]The binary vaccine against ND and FC is safe and reliable for duck and goose,and can provide them with sufficient immunity protection against ND and FC.     

Effects of Supplemental Histamine on Gastric Acid Secretion, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Microfloral of Early Weaned Piglets

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplemental histamine in the diet ofearly-weaned piglets. In experiment A, 24 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6.10±0.40 kg,weaned at the age of 28 days, were divided into four groups, fed with basal diet of low dietary copper without(control) or with supplemental histamine at 60, 120, 180 μg kg-1 BW. During the two weeks and the thirdweek after weaning, ADG(average daily gain) of piglets were increased by 15.8% (P＜0.05), 9.5% (P＜0.10) by addition of 60 μg kg-1BW histamine, but decreased by addition of 180 μg kg-1BW histamine, whichalso increased the amount of E. coli in colon and the scour incidence. The secretion of gastric acid and pepsinwere improved by both dose of supplemental histamine (60, 180 pg kg-1BW) and gastric digesta pH were de-creased by both. Addition of 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine improved the activities of trypsin, amylase in duodelumdigesta. In experiment B, 12 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6.85±0.35 kg, weaned at theage of 28 days, were divided into two groups, fed with basal diet of high dietary copper without (control) orwith supplemental 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine. During the two weeks and the third week after weaning, ADG ofpiglets were increased by 9.8% (P＜0.05), 7.0% (P＜0.10). The secretion of gastric acid, activities oftrypsin and amylase in duodelum digesta, were also improved by addition of 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine. The re-sults showed that addition of histamine (60 μg kg-1 BW) in early weaned piglets could increase the secretion ofgastric acid and pepsin, reduce gastric digesta pH and scour incidence, improve activities of trypsin, amylasein duodelum digesta, and the growing performance of early weaned piglets.     

Effects of Monoclonal Antibody Against Porcine 40-kDa Adipocyte-Specific Membrane Protein on Endocrine Secretion in Pigs

The present study was to investigate the effect of monoclonal antibody against porcine 40-kDa adipocyte-specific membrane protein on endocrine secretion in pigs, in order to provide the evidence for application of this antibody to reduce excessive fat deposition in pig production. 40 Landrace×Saba pigs were randomly divided into 8 groups： 2 control groups were given saline with 10 mL, respectively, and the 6 treatment groups were given monoclonal antibody against porcine 40-kDa adipocyte-specific membrane protein with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg ·kg^-1 body weight at 15 or 60 kg body weight, respectively, all treatments were performed by intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that this monoclonal antibody could significantly reduce serum insulin level and increase levels of serum growth hormone （GH）, insulin-like growth factor-1（IGF-1）, triiodothyronine （T3）, and tetraiodothyronine （T4） either at 15 or 60 kg body weight injection. However, more marked effect was observed at 15 kg body weight treatment. Moreover, the dose-dependent effect of this monoclonal antibody on endocrine secretion was also observed. This result revealed that this monoclonal antibody increased secretion of hormones regulating fat lysis and reduced secretion of hormones regulating fat synthesis, suggests the reduction of porcine excessive fat deposition by this monoclonal antibody was carried out through affecting hormones regulating fat metabolism.     

Effects of Size Grading on Growth and Non-Specific Immunity Factors of the Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone

The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with an average body length （BL） of （3.04 ± 0.36） cm and body weight （BW） （0.412± 0.35） g], the large group [GL, with a BL of （4.29±0.55） cm and BW of （1.098 ±0.42） g], and the ungraded group [Gm, with a BL of （3.47±0.81） cm and BW of （0.611 ±0.79） g], were reared under the same conditions for 8 wk. Growth performance and non- specific immunity factors were measured. The results showed that BW gain, biomass gain and the specific growth rate of body length （SGRL） were significantly influenced by size grading （one-way ANOVA, P 〈 0.05）. The peroxidase （POD） and antibacterial （Ua） activities of GL were lower than those of G. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and lysozyme （U1） activities of Gm were lower than those of G. No significant difference （P = 0.121 〉 0.05） was found on phenoloxidase （PO） activity among the three size groups. Synthetically, size grading could enhance growth and rearing efficiency, and did not have a significant influence on the immunity of L. vannamei Boone. Therefore, graded fanning in L. vannamei Boone was feasible in the culture practice.     

Decursin Safety from Root of Angelica gigas in Rats

The subacute intraperitoneal toxicity of decursin was investigated in Spargue-Dawly（SD） rats. The rats were treated with decursin at a dose of 125 and 250 mg·kg-1·day-1for 4 weeks. All animals were observed daily for clinical signs. Their body weights were recorded weekly, no mortality was observed in two doses of 125 and 250 mg·kg-1of decursin. There were no significant differences in the clinical observations, body weight, food and water consumption, hematology, blood chemistry, gross pathological examination or organ weight between control and treated animals of both sexes. In conclusion, no evidence of a subacute toxic potential was observed in this study and no indication for adverse effects was noted at a dose level of 250 mg·kg-1·day-1.     

Effects of the Sheep Polyclonal Antibodies Against the Porcine Adipocyte Plasma Membrane Proteins on Porcine Carcass Composition and Meat Quality

To detect the effects of the polyclonal antibodies raised in sheep against porcine adipocyte plasma membranes on the porcine carcass composition and meat quality, 30 pigs assigned into 6 treatment groups were given intraperitoneal injections of sheep antipig adipocyte plasma membrane immunoglobulin （ASIg） or sheep nonimmune serum immunoglobulin （NSIg）. At the end of the experiment, the pigs were slaughtered at 90 kg body weight, and carcasses and meat quality were evaluated. The results showed that when pigs intraperitoneally immunized with 20 or 30 mg ASIg at 15 kg body weight, 20 mg purified ASIg twice at 15 and 60 kg body weight, or 20 mg purified ASIg at 60 kg body weight, respectively, their lean meat percentage, fat meat percentage, backfat thickness, loin eye area leaf fat weight, caul fat weight, heart weight, liver weight, and kidney weight were significantly affected. However, the kidney weight, lurrg weight, dressing percentage, and spleen weight did not remarkably change. Our results indicated that pigs intraperitoneally immunized with 20 or 30 mg ASIg at 15 kg body weight, and 20 mg ASIg twice at 15 and 60 kg body weight, have significantly different drip loss rate, cooked meat ratio, tenderness, storage loss rate, muscle fiber diameter, moisture content, dry matter content, crude protein content, and crude fat content from the control group that received 20 mg NSIg at 15 kg body weight. However, meat pH, meat color value, meat marbling score, inosinate, and myohemoglobin were not significantly affected. Our results indicated ASIg could not significantly affect the content of most muscular amino acids and intramuscular fatty acids.     

鸭肝炎病毒(DHV-1)及水飞蓟素对雏鸭生长的影响

 【目的】观察雏鸭接种亚致死量鸭肝炎病毒后生长速度的改变及水飞蓟素对其的影响。【方法】100只雏鸭分为8组,于10日龄接种病毒。第1、2、3组腿肌接种105倍稀释的病毒尿囊液,并分别口服0、30、50 mg•kg-1bw•d-1的水飞蓟素;第4、5、6组腿肌接种5×105倍稀病毒尿囊液并分别口服0、10、30 mg•kg-1bw•d-1的水飞蓟素;第7组为水飞蓟素对照组,不接种病毒,但口服水飞蓟素10 mg•kg-1bw•d-1;第8组为空白对照组,仅腿肌注射0.2 ml灭菌生理盐水。水飞蓟素连续给药5 d,于攻毒的第5天采集血浆,测定血浆T3、甲状腺素（T4）、IGF-Ⅰ浓度。于攻毒后10 d测定体重。【结果】用5×105倍稀释病毒尿囊液接种雏鸭,动物显示出显著高的生长速度（P＜0.01,与对照组比较）,此种效应可被口服水飞蓟素剂量依赖性的抑制。T4水平在接种病毒后极显著的降低,未见水飞蓟素对其显著的影响,生长速度与血浆T3水平在一定程度上呈正相关关系,与IGF-Ⅰ水平相关性不强。【结论】 亚致死量鸭肝炎病毒可显著促进雏鸭的生长,水飞蓟素可拮抗病毒的这种作用,血浆T3水平与动物生长速度关系密切。     

鸭肝炎病毒（DHV）刺激雏鸭增重和发育及水飞蓟素对其影响的研究

 【目的】观察接种致死量鸭肝炎病毒后雏鸭生长及发育的改变及水飞蓟素对其的影响。【方法】100只11日龄雏鸭分为5组,分别为攻毒组、攻毒+30 mg水飞蓟素组、攻毒+10 mg水飞蓟素组、10 mg水飞蓟素组、空白对照组。试验期内正常喂食及饮水,并每隔3 d空腹测定一次体重,观察动物发病及死亡情况。于攻毒后的第15 d和第30 d测定动物吻尾长度,于攻毒后第30 d扑杀,并测定腹脂重以及各内脏器官指数。【结果】用致死量鸭肝炎病毒攻击后,雏鸭在96 h内死亡严重,死亡率达75%（第1组）;30、10 mg?kg-1bw?d-1的水飞蓟素具有良好的保护作用,死亡率分别为20%和0（第2组,第3组）。第1、第2组的幸存者显示出显著快的增重和发育速度,胴体构成发生了明显改变,内脏指数显著降低,胸肌指数显著上升。10 mg?kg-1bw?d-1的水飞蓟素可有效抑制病毒的促生长发育效应,但30 mg?kg-1bw?d-1的水飞蓟素却没有抑制效应。【结论】致死量鸭肝炎病毒可显著促进存活雏鸭的生长发育,水飞蓟素对鸭肝炎病毒的促生长发育效应具有双相性作用,在较低剂量时可发挥抑制作用,但在较高剂量时抑制作用丧失。     

Effects of Chinese Medicinal Herb on Growth and Immunization of Laying Chicks

1　Introduction　　 The results of many animal experiments and clinical trails have shown that Chinese medicinal herb( CMH) are very active on immunological functions of animals and contain many immunomodulating a-gents,such as polysaccharides or saponins isolated from Astragalus membranacens( AM) ,Schisandra chi-nensis( SC) ,Ligustrum Lucidum( LL) ,Codonopsis,Scutellaria baicalensis( SB) ,Atractylodes macrocepha-la( AMA) ,Haw,Ginger,Acanthopanax scenticosns ( AS) ,Angelica and Lyci…     

1-脱氧野尻霉素对SAMP8小鼠感觉运动能力和体重的影响

利用平衡木和紧绳任务检测长期口服桑叶提取物1-脱氧野尻霉素(DNJ)对SAMP8的体重和感觉运动能力的影响。结果显示,受DNJ处理小鼠的体重无显著性改变(与同龄空白对照组比较,P0.05)。老年空白对照组平衡木和紧绳平衡时间显著短于青年组(Ps0.05)。20 mg.kg-1.d-1DNJ组平衡木和紧绳平衡时间显著长于空白对照组(Ps0.05);10 mg.kg-1.d-1DNJ组的紧绳平衡时间也显著长于空白对照组(P0.05)。上述结果提示长期口服DNJ可以延缓SAMP8小鼠年龄相关性感觉运动能力减退,对体重无显著性影响。     

道寒杂交公羊育肥期能量需要量研究

【目的】确定道寒杂交公羊育肥期维持和生长的净能与代谢能需要量参数,为肉羊的科学饲养提供理论依据。【方法】本试验选用34只年龄相近（6月龄）、平均体重(34.54±0.40)kg的无角道赛特和小尾寒羊杂交公羔为试验羊。其中25只用于比较屠宰试验,随机分为自由采食组（15只）、60%自由采食组（5只）、40%自由采食组（5只）,其中自由采食组又随机分为3组,每组5只。在正式试验开始后的第1天、第19 天（平均体重43 kg）、第63 天（平均体重50 kg）分别从自由采食第一组、第二组、第三组中选择体重接近的4只试验羊进行屠宰,同时,从60%自由采食组、40%自由采食组中分别选择体重接近的4只试验羊与自由采食第三组一起屠宰。另外9只用于消化代谢试验,同样按上述饲喂水平随机分为3组,采用全收粪尿法收集粪、尿,利用推荐公式对试验羊的甲烷能进行预测。【结果】道寒杂交公羊育肥期的维持净能需要量为286.88 kJ•kg-1 EBW0.75（269.09 kJ•kg-1 BW0.75）,维持代谢能需要量为423.89 kJ•kg-1 EBW0.75（397.60 kJ•kg-1 BW0.75）。日增重100—350 g时生长净能和生长代谢能需要量分别为1.45—6.20 MJ•d-1、3.21—13.72 MJ•d-1。代谢能维持利用效率为0.68,代谢能生长利用效率为0.45。【结论】道寒杂交公羊育肥期能量代谢参数值与NRC（2007）推荐的能量需要量相比有一定差异。     

雏番鸭细小病毒病病毒分离鉴定

采集以腹泻、呼吸困难及主要症状的雏番鸭肝、脾病科，接种14d龄非免疫番鸭胚，80%胚在3～7d死亡，胚体呈弥漫性充血、出血。接种番鸭胚成纤维原代细胞72h可见细胞圆缩、聚团等变化。收集尿囊液及细胞培养物，以番鸭细小病毒（Muscovy duckling parvovirus,MDPV)阳性血清进行聚苯乙烯乳胶凝集，病料培养物均呈阳性反应，提取病料接种的尿囊液及细胞基因组DNA，用自行设计引物PCR扩增到与设计相符的600bp片段，经酶切鉴定，结果表明克隆到的片段为雏番鸭细小病毒特异性片段，从而初步证明分离到的病毒为雏番鸭细小病毒。     

育成公鸭硝基苯急性毒性试验

本试验采用Weil′s平移法对金定育成公鸭进行硝基苯(NB)急性毒性试验。结果表明,NB对公鸭的经口急性中毒半数致死量(LD50)为447.20mg·kg-1BW,其可信区间为210.09-951.92mg·kg-1BW。急性中毒公鸭主要表现神经症状,剖检变化以腺胃胃壁增厚、黏膜脱落及肠道充血较明显。说明NB对公鸭具有较强的急性毒性作用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵米糠及其对临武鸭生长性能的影响

为提高米糠的合理利用率和探索枯草芽孢杆菌在临武鸭生产中的作用效果,试验采用枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵米糠,并优化其发酵条件,发酵产物饲喂1日龄临武鸭240羽,随机分为4组,每组60羽,分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组);在基础饲粮+金霉素150 mg·kg-1(抗生素组);基础饲粮+枯草芽孢杆菌5×108cfu·kg-1(试验Ⅰ组)和基础饲粮+枯草芽孢杆菌5×1010cfu·kg-1(试验Ⅱ组)。结果表明,接种生长9~10 h的枯草芽孢杆菌在发酵5 d、含水量35%、接种量3%的条件下,发酵产物的蛋白质可提高至20.34%,除丙氨酸、半胱氨酸外,其他氨基酸水平显著提高(P0.05)。临武鸭平均日增重提高0.72%和0.82%,料重比分别改善0.14%和0.19%,极显著降低死亡率(P0.01)。     

鸭病毒性肝炎病毒的分离鉴定及其病原特性研究

[目的]调查鸭病毒性肝炎的病原,并分析近年来该病不断发生和难以控制的原因。[方法]从山东临沂、潍坊、滨州等地区鸭场有鸭肝炎典型症状的雏鸭的肝、脾中分离病毒,通过鸡胚和鸭胚接种、RT-PCR检测、血清学试验、攻毒试验等研究其病原特性。[结果]分离到4株鸭病毒性肝炎病毒（DHV）,第5代鸭胚分离毒的ELD50为103.41～105.20,与传统的Ⅰ型DHV的血清交叉保护率为20%～80%。分离株对4日龄雏鸭的致死率为50%～100%。攻毒后雏鸭均出现典型的鸭肝炎症状,24～48 h出现死亡高峰。[结论]DHV分离株的毒力存在地区差异。