免耕对土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳储量的影响

以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,研究免耕条件下土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳储量的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对黄淮海平原土壤结构和质量的影响提供科学依据。设置免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆不还田(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析土壤表层(0~20 cm)及深层(20~60 cm)水稳性团聚体分布特征、土壤有机碳以及团聚体有机碳的变化和相互关系。研究结果表明:由于减少了对土壤的破坏以及增加了秸秆还田和有机肥的施用,与常规耕作相比,NT和NTRR可提高表层土壤有机碳含量和储量、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),以及大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量。其中,秸秆覆盖比施用有机肥对表层土壤有机碳储量和0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳储量的提高具有更显著的作用。与表层不同,深层土壤有机碳和大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量表现为NT相似文献   

Effect of plant residue return on the development of surface soil pH gradients

 In the field, surface soil pH gradients were observed under senescing plants over late spring and summer. A soil incubation experiment was conducted (119 days, 20  °C) to provide direct evidence of the influence of plant residue incorporation on soil pH. This was investigated in terms of plant residue type (wheat and subterranean clover) and dry matter addition rate (0, 6.25, 12.5 and 25.0 g kg^–1), as well as the soil layer of incorporation (0–2.5 and 7.5–10 cm) and moisture regime (continuously moist and moist-dry cycles). During incubation, moist unamended soils slowly acidified. In contrast, the addition of plant residue resulted in a rapid (day 0–7) increase of soil pH due to the association, and particularly oxidation, of added organic anions. This was followed by a gradual (day 7–119) pH decline attributed to the mineralization and subsequent nitrification of added organic N. The addition of 12.5–25.0 g kg^–1 of cereal crop residues, and 6.25–25.0 g kg^–1 of legume-based pasture residues, resulted in a net alkalization of the surface 2.5 cm of soil. It was therefore concluded that surface soil pH gradients observed in the field were largely attributable to an increase of pH at the surface 2.5 cm in response to plant residue return. The magnitude of such gradients will be particularly large with the return of large quantities of plant residues of high ash alkalinity in soils of relatively low initial pH and biological activity, and when the surface of the soil is exposed to moist-dry cycles. Received: 11 October 1999     

Soil organic carbon changes after 12 years of no-tillage and tillage of Grantsburg soils in southern Illinois

Many factors including management history, soil type, climate, and soil landscape processes affect the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). The primary objective of this research was to determine the effects of no-tillage and tillage systems on the SOC content after 12 years of controlled treatments. A tillage experiment with three treatments (no-till (NT), chisel plow (CP) and moldboard plow (MP)) was initiated in the spring of 1989 in southern Illinois. The plot area was previously in a tall fescue hayland for 15 years and had a 6% slope. Maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were grown in the plot area on a yearly rotation system starting with maize. Periodically, the SOC content of various soil layers, to a depth of either 30 or 75 cm, was measured and expressed on both a gravimetric and volumetric basis. After 12 years, the 0–15 cm surface soil layer of MP was significantly lower in SOC than the NT and CP plots. For all but 2 values, the significance of findings did not change with the form of expression (gravimetric versus volumetric). The surface layer (0–15 cm), subsoil (15–75 cm), and rooting zone (0–75 cm) of all treatments had reduction in SOC on a volumetric basis when compared to the pre-treatment values for sod. At the end of the 12-year study, the MP system had significantly less SOC in the surface layer, subsurface layer and rooting zone than the NT system at comparable depths. After 12 years of tillage under a maize–soybean rotation, the NT treatment sequestered or maintained more SOC stock (47.0 Mt ha⁻¹) than the CP (43.7 Mt ha⁻¹) and MP (37.7 Mt ha⁻¹) treatments. The annual rate of SOC stock build up in the root zone (0–75 cm), above the MP system base, was 0.71 Mt ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the NT system and 0.46 Mt ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for the CP system. For land coming out of the Conservation Reserve Program and returning to row crop production, NT and CP systems would maintain more SOC stock than MP system and reduce CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere.     

水稻连续免耕抛栽对土壤理化和生物学性状的影响

于2005~2007年在双季稻田以翻耕处理为对照,研究了水稻连续免耕抛栽对土壤理化和生物学性质的影响。结果表明,稻田免耕1年(2季),有利于土壤物理性状的改善,随着免耕时间(3年6季)的延长,土壤物理性质变差。但免耕2年后,采用紫云英和稻草还田能降低免耕稻田的土壤容重,提高总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度。免耕有利于土壤养分在表层土壤富集。土壤中三大类微生物总量免耕处理小于翻耕处理,免耕土壤细菌的数量增加,而放线菌和真菌的数量减少。土壤中脲酶活性增加,而过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性均降低。脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性均与土壤有机质、全氮含量呈极显著相关,而过氧化物酶活性则与土壤全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著相关。该结果有水稻免耕抛秧栽培技术的推广应用的参考意义。     

模拟不同pH降雨和施氮对水耕铁渗人为土酸化的影响

室内模拟研究3个pH梯度降雨和3水平的施氮量对水耕铁渗人为土土壤酸化的影响。结果表明,不同pH降雨及施氮处理土壤的酸度累积量为4.73～15.57 mmol H+每柱,分别以pH 6.5降雨和不施氮处理、pH 2.5添加高氮量(N2)处理酸化速率为最低和最高,相同pH降雨处理下,致酸量随施氮量增加而上升;相同施氮下,不施氮处理土壤酸度累积随降雨pH降低而增加,但中施氮量(150 mg kg-1土)和高施氮量(300 mg kg-1土)下,pH 4.5处理土壤酸度累积量则小于pH 6.5处理;不同降雨及施氮处理NO3-淋溶致酸量为4.32～12.88 mmol每柱,NH+4淋溶消耗H+量为0.01～0.29 mmol每柱;正常酸沉降(pH 6.5)下,中施氮量和高施氮量处理致酸量都大于各梯度pH降雨的致酸量。以上结果表明,单施氮处理的致酸量大于单纯的酸沉降处理,而无论是降雨还是施氮,NO-3淋溶在加速土壤酸化进程中占主导作用。     

Influence of irrigation with pulp and paper mill effluent on soil chemical and microbiological properties

Summary Irrigation of sugarcane crops with combined pulp and paper mill effluent increased soil pH, organic C, N, P, and K. Over a period of 15 years effluent application increased exchangeable Na by 4.5-fold compared with control soil (well-water irrigated), which ultimately elevated the Na adsorption ratio of the soils. The combined effluent irrigation increased the soil populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, rhizobia, and yeasts. The populations of soil microorganisms were higher after 15 years of effluent treatment, followed by 3, 2, and 1 year of effluent treatment; these populations were directly proportional to soil organic C and to the available nutrient status of the soils. Regular monitoring of microflora showed a considerable change in the populations from one sampling month to another. Soil samples, including the control, collected in May (summer) showed maximum counts of bacteria, fungi, rhizobia, and yeasts.     

长期不同施肥对太湖地区典型土壤酸化的影响

以太湖地区典型土壤黄泥土上26年的长期肥料定位试验为例,研究不同施肥处理对研究区耕作层土壤(0～15 cm)酸化特征及酸化速率的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主区为不施有机肥处理(C)和施有机肥处理(M),副区为不同无机肥及秸秆施用处理。研究结果显示,不同施肥处理对土壤pH和土壤酸碱缓冲容量有显著影响,增施有机肥的主区处理pH显著低于不施有机肥处理,但对应的土壤酸碱缓冲容量略有上升;副区单施尿素处理和尿素增施水稻秸秆处理pH较不施尿素对照分别下降了0.45、0.66个单位,酸碱缓冲容量分别下降1.52、0.95 mmol kg-1;各试验处理的酸化速率为H+0.61～1.74 kmol hm-2a-1,单施尿素处理高于不施尿素处理,而尿素增施有机肥或水稻秸秆的大于单施尿素处理,以尿素配施有机肥和水稻秸秆处理最高。相关分析表明,各处理土壤pH与外源氮输入量、土壤全氮及速效氮存在显著的依变关系。尿素对土壤的酸化影响与有机肥及水稻秸秆存在差异,前者在降低土壤pH的同时还导致土壤酸碱缓冲容量的降低,而增施有机肥及水稻秸秆处理土壤缓冲容量保持稳定甚至提升,但其各自对土壤酸化的具体贡献率等还需进一步研究。     

种植花生、施用尿素对红壤酸化作用及有机物料的改良效果

通过连续2年盆栽试验,比较研究了种植花生和施用尿素对红壤pH和交换性Al含量的影响,以及施用几种有机物料(稻草、紫云英、猪粪)对土壤酸化的改良效果,为花生种植地区合理施用有机物料缓解土壤酸化、提高产量提供参考依据。结果表明,与同一季中相同施肥处理不种花生的土壤相比,种植花生1季和2季后土壤pH分别降低了0.06～0.28和0.08～0.27,土壤交换性Al则分别增加了7.69%～72.94%和8.49%～46.20%;施用尿素增加了花生产量,但同时也加剧了土壤酸化,同一季中有机物料施用相同情况下,与低尿素水平处理的土壤相比,高尿素水平处理1季和2季后土壤pH分别下降了0.02～0.10和0.01～0.16;不同有机物料对土壤酸化的改良效果:猪粪稻草紫云英,且有机物料施用量越大,土壤pH升幅越大,土壤交换性Al含量则越低;几种有机物料中,猪粪处理显著增加了花生产量,2季中花生秸秆干重平均增加了11.12%～59.28%,花生籽粒干重平均增加了12.42%～68.20%;紫云英效果次之,稻草增产效果不明显。     

冬小麦免耕覆盖与有机栽培对土壤微生物群落组成的影响

为揭示农业管理活动对土壤微生物群落结构及AM真菌多样性的影响,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,选取免耕覆盖+施有机肥（NF）、免耕覆盖+不施有机肥（NC）、传统耕作不覆盖+施有机肥（TF）和传统耕作不覆盖+不施有机肥（TC）4种处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序及磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs）分析方法,研究持续冬小麦免耕覆盖有机栽培3年后,土壤微生物群落结构组成、AM真菌及其多样性与土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明,持续免耕覆盖有机栽培能增加以PLFA表征的土壤微生物群落的生物量,传统耕作显著提高了土壤革兰氏阳性菌（G⁺）、阴性菌（G^-）的生物量（P<0.05）。且随免耕栽培管理年限增加,土壤AM真菌生物量呈显著上升趋势;以16：1ω5c中性脂（NLFA）与16：1ω5c磷脂（PLFA）表征的AM真菌生物量比值显著升高（P<0.05）。免耕覆盖措施下,有机肥的施用提高了土壤AM真菌丰富度指数（Chao1指数和ACE指数）,但降低了土壤AM真菌的多样性（香农指数、辛普森指数）。主成分分析结果显示,AM真菌孢子（16：1ω5c中性脂）的生物量与土壤有机质、土壤易提取球囊霉素含量呈正相关关系,AM真菌丰富度指数与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,AM真菌多样性指数与土壤全氮含量、脲酶活性呈正相关。受农业管理措施导致的土壤理化性状及土壤生物学差异等综合因素影响,土壤微生物生物量及AM真菌多样性和丰富度改变。免耕覆盖措施提高了土壤AM真菌多样性指数,有机肥施用显著影响了AM真菌NLFA/PLFA生物量的比例,改变了AM真菌孢子和菌丝间生物量碳的分配关系。     

免耕与土壤侵蚀研究进展

综述了国内外免耕控制土壤侵蚀的机理研究以及对土壤性质的影响,并提出免耕在我国的应用方向。     

免耕对潮土不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量及微生物碳代谢活性的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态国家实验站玉米-小麦轮作免耕定位试验平台,研究不同耕作方式对潮土不同粒级团聚体的分布、有机碳含量及微生物群落碳代谢活性的影响。结果表明,与传统翻耕处理相比,免耕潮土中大于250μm粒级团聚体显著增加(p0.05),50～2μm粒级团聚体显著减少(p0.05),250～50μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体没有明显变化;大于250μm和250～50μm两个粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著升高(p0.05),50～2μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体有机碳含量没有明显变化,250～50μm粒级取代50～2μm粒级成为对土壤有机碳总量贡献最大的团聚体。BIOLOG测试结果表明,免耕和翻耕两种措施下不同粒级团聚体微生物群落碳代谢特征存在明显差异,且免耕处理250～50μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体微生物群落碳代谢活性显著低于翻耕处理(p0.05)。结果显示,免耕有利于小粒级团聚体向大粒级团聚体方向聚合,大于50μm粒级团聚体固持的有机碳增多,其中持碳最多的250～50μm粒级团聚体的微生物碳代谢活性下降,故土壤有机碳稳定性升高。     

积盐条件下土壤酸化过程的特异性研究

为探求设施内土壤积盐酸化与露地酸化的区别,人为模拟酸化和盐基淋失(自然洗盐)过程,分析洗盐前后土壤酸度特征的变化。结果表明:洗盐使电导值、有效钙(A-Ca)、交换性酸(EA)、有效阳离子交换量(CEC)、活性锰(Ac-Mn)含量均显著降低,活性铁铝(Ac-Fe、Ac-Al)含量、盐基饱和度(BSP)保持稳定或显著增高,p H显著升高。洗盐前后,土壤的EA、Ac-Al和Ac-Fe均随着p H的降低显著增高,而Ac-Mn、CEC均随着p H的降低显著下降;在出现一定量EA以后,BSP随p H降低显著下降,表明积盐酸化与露地酸化本质相同。但在等量酸加入时,设施内积盐土壤耕层酸化更快,酸害更严重,且易积盐,在治理酸化时须避免引入更多的盐分,以防加重盐害。     

Aggregate associated-C and physical protection in a tropical clayey soil under Malagasy conventional and no-tillage systems

Share-ploughed tillage with residue removed (CT-R) is the traditional tillage practice in the Highlands of Madagascar. No-tillage with residue mulching (NT+R) is nowadays often used as an alternative cultivation practice. Soils (0–5 cm layer) were sampled in Spring 2003 from both management systems after 11 years of soybean–maize annual rotation on a clayey Ferralsol. Soil aggregate stability can influence soil organic carbon (SOC) storage by its protection from microbial decomposition. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was significantly impacted by systems and crop residues derived-carbon represented 64% of the annual benefit in SOC of NT+R system. The carbon associated with soil water stable macro- (200–2000 μm), meso- (20–200 μm) and microaggregates (<20 μm) from both systems, and their physical protection was studied by an incubation experiment of intact vs. crushed aggregates. Results showed macroaggregate content was significantly higher in NT+R than in CT-R system and mesoaggregate content was significantly higher in CT-R than in NT+R. Macroaggregates associated-C were 1.8 time higher in NT+R than in CT-R (31.9 and 17.9 g C g⁻¹ soil, respectively) and made up the largest percentage (>80%) of the difference of SOC content between NT+R and CT-R systems. The amount of mineralized C over 28 days was higher in NT+R than in CT-R, and higher in meso- than in macroaggregates. However, crushing aggregates did not significantly affect the amount of mineralized C in macro- and mesoaggregates for both management systems. The macro- and mesoaggregates protected-C was lower than 54 μg g⁻¹ soil for both NT+R and CT-R systems. Hence, the physical protection of C in aggregate larger than 50 μm was not the main process of C protection in the studied systems. Thus, C protection might occur in aggregates larger or smaller than 50 μm via physico-chemical protection mechanisms by association of organic matter to clay and silt fractions, or by protection due to chemical composition.     

Nutrient storage in soils and nests of mound-building <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trinervitermes</Emphasis> termites in Central Burkina Faso: consequences for soil fertility

Nest structures of two termite species (Trinervitermes spp.) with epigeal (above-ground) mounds were analyzed to compare their nutrient status with that of adjacent soils. To take into account soil variability, the observations and samplings were made in three toposequences of different and representative West African savanna soils. The data showed the high degree of adaptation of these termite species to a large range of soil types and environments. Mounds of Trinervitermes geminatus and Trinervitermes trinervius, both grass-feeders, contained more clay, organic matter (OM), and exchangeable cations than the surrounding surface layer soil. The storage of OM and exchangeable cations was determined for T. geminatus nests and compared to the surrounding soil. Despite substantial nutrient storage in mounds, its total weight appeared low when compared to the nutrient storage in the surrounding 0–15 cm of soil surface layer. This illustrates how contradictory points of view on the use of termite mounds in agriculture need to be clarified using a classical approach that takes into account data by species; and this also evaluates the contribution of different termite mounds to nutrient fluxes and storage and the exact stocking rate of living mounds.     

重庆渝东北植烟区土壤交换性钙镁与土壤属性的关联特性研究

为明确重庆渝东北植烟区土壤中交换性钙、镁养分状况与土壤属性的关联特性，为烟区养分管理提供参考依据，利用GPS定位技术在渝东北植烟区采集了1 092个代表性土壤样品，对巫溪、巫山、奉节、万州、涪陵和丰都6个区县植烟土壤交换性钙和交换性镁含量分析，同时与其他土壤属性进行关联分析。结果表明：重庆渝东北植烟土壤交换性钙、镁含量丰富，其平均值分别为10.85 cmol/kg和1.79 cmol/kg，但也存在缺乏现象，且区域分布不均衡。总体来看，土壤交换性钙缺乏(<6 cmol/kg)占比28.30%，土壤交换性镁缺乏(<1.0 cmol/kg)占比42.75%。涪陵县与丰都县的土壤交换性钙、镁缺乏最严重，占比分别为40.00%和55.00%。丰都县与万州区土壤交换性钙、镁含量最适宜烤烟种植，占比分别为42.00%和36.61%。母质是影响土壤交换性钙、镁含量的重要因素，二叠系泥灰岩发育形成的土壤交换性钙、镁含量较高，侏罗纪紫色砂岩含量最低。植烟土壤pH、阳离子交换量与交换性钙、镁存在显著正相关关系，而土壤交换性酸总量与二者呈显著负相关，交换性钙镁缺乏是引起烟田酸化的主要原因。1～2...     

The carbon content of topsoil and its geographical distribution in France

Abstract. An estimate of organic carbon stored in French soils to a depth of 30 cm was made using data from geo-referenced databases. We produced statistics on carbon stocks in soils according to land use, different land uses and soil type. Then, using a combination of maps of soil and land use we were able to estimate regional and national carbon stocks. This soil carbon map of France allowed us to identify the main controlling factors of the carbon distribution: land use, soil type in some cases, clay content, and elevation. Carbon stocks in French soils were found to be about 3.1 Pg (10¹⁵g).     

Effects of Protein Hydrolysate on Soil Fertility and Heavy-Metal Accumulation in Sinapis alba L.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of protein hydrolysate (Hemozym) for fertilization purposes used in unpolluted and cadmium-polluted soil. Three levels of Hemozym (0, 0.1, and 0.2 cm³ kg^?1 dry weight [DW] soil) and cadmium (Cd) rate 5 mg kg^?1 DW soil were used. The fertilizer value of Hemozym was evaluated based on characteristics of the sorptive complex and soil respiratory activity as well as based on the soil and plant heavy-metal content. Increased soil fertility due to the beneficial effect of Hemozym on the improvement in the physicochemical properties of the soil and its microbial activity. However, they do not allow us to determine unambiguously the effect of this fertilizer on solubility vs. binding of heavy metals that occur naturally in the soil (zinc [Zn], copper [Cu], and lead [Pb]) and of intentionally introduced Cd, in spite of an indicative tendency towards the conversion of metals into poorly soluble forms.     

Soil chemical properties and microbial biomass after 16 years of no-tillage farming on the Loess Plateau, China

Data from a 16-year field experiment conducted in Shanxi, on the Chinese Loess Plateau, were used to compare the long-term effects of no-tillage with straw cover (NTSC) and traditional tillage with straw removal (TTSR) in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monoculture. Long-term no-tillage with straw cover increased SOM by 21.7% and TN by 51.0% at 0–10 cm depth and available P by 97.3% at 0–5 cm depth compared to traditional tillage. Soil microbial biomass C and N increased by 135.3% and 104.4% with NTSC compared to TTSR for 0–10 cm depth, respectively. Under NTSC, the metabolic quotient (CO₂ evolved per unit of MBC) decreased by 45.1% on average in the top 10 cm soil layer, which suggests that TTSR produced a microbial pool that was more metabolically active than under NTSC. Consequently, winter wheat yield was about 15.5% higher under NTSC than under TTSR. The data collected from our 16-year experiment show that NTSC is a more sustainable farming system which can improve soil chemical properties, microbial biomass and activity, and thus increase crop yield in the rainfed dryland farming areas of northern China. The soil processes responsible for the improved yields and soil quality, in particular soil organic matter, require further research.     

不同施肥处理对碱性设施土壤酸化的影响

为深入了解设施栽培中几种常见的施肥处理对碱性土壤酸化的影响,开展了长期定点试验。三茬试验结束后,各处理pHw(去二氧化碳水浸提测定)、pHCa(0.01 mol/L CaCl_2浸提测定)均显著降低,土壤发生酸化。U(底肥为尿素、过磷酸钙和硫酸钾,追肥为尿素)与CF(底肥为硝基复合肥(15-15-15)、尿素和硫酸钾,追肥为尿素)处理(两处理施入氮磷钾量相等)氮吸收量与超量阳离子吸收量总体无差异,使得U与CF处理两者间的pH(pHw与p HCa)总体无差异。有机肥添加可促进作物氮与超量阳离子吸收,使得10~20 cm土壤p H下降幅度显著增大,加强土壤酸化。由于土壤为碱性,酸化有助于改良土壤,目前无需采取措施抑制土壤酸化。     

有机无机肥长期施用对潮土团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

用湿筛法和密度分级相结合的方法,将土壤区分为不同粒径团聚体,并进一步把团聚体细分成不同组分,系统比较了有机无机肥长期施用对潮土及其团聚体中有机C含量的影响。结果表明,潮土团聚体以53～250μm为主,有机肥长期施用显著提高了250～2000μm团聚体数量,降低了53～250μm团聚体的比例。无机肥施用增加了各粒径团聚体有机C含量,但没有改变团聚体的比例。团聚体中有机C以细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)为主,有机肥施用显著增加了矿物态有机C含量,并通过增加250～2000μm团聚体中细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)和矿物态有机C比例来提高土壤有机C含量。无机肥则通过比较均匀地增加团聚体中各组分有机C含量来提高土壤有机C水平。因此,有机肥和无机肥在潮土上增加土壤有机质含量的机制存在明显差异。