黄土高原降水资源环境容量下侧柏合理密度的研究

利用降水资源环境容量理论和水量平衡理论对黄土高原10年生侧柏的水量平衡和合理造林密度进行了分析。研究结果表明:目前黄土高原10年生侧柏的造林密度不合理,大多存在着水分盈余或水分亏缺,应进行适当调整。在该地区降水资源环境容量条件下,10年生侧柏的最大造林密度为2004株/hm2,最合理的密度应为1856株/hm2,相应集水面积为3.89m2。     

元谋干热河谷不同水分处理石榴的水量平衡研究

对元谋干热河谷微区域集水造林试验区不同水分处理下石榴的水量平衡研究结果表明:(1)降雨和坡面汇集径流是集水系统植树带的水分输入,其中降雨占输入的90.2%;坡面汇集径流量占水分输入量的9.8%。蒸散是水分输出项,整个生长季内,不同水分处理的土壤水分均有盈余,但不同水分处理间的蒸散量和土壤水分盈余量存在差异,土壤含水率为10.08%,11.63%,13.23%,14.79%,16.85%和19.14%的总蒸散量分别占系统水分输入的44.5%,60.8%,67.0%,82.0%,85.4%和87.0%;土壤水分盈余量分别占系统水分输入的55.5%,39.2%,33.0%,18.0%,14.6%和13.0%,表现出蒸散量随土壤含水率的增大而增大,土壤水分盈余量随土壤含水率的增大而减小。(2)石榴的生长状况与土壤水分状况相关。土壤含水率的增加有利于石榴的生长发育。对于元谋干热河谷而言,土壤含水率控制在14%~15%的供水较好,这时,在节水的同时又对石榴的生长未造成严重影响。     

集雨措施下柠条植树带域土壤水量平衡分析

为了解决干旱半干旱区缺水导致目前植被生态建设中林灌木生长的不良问题,对不同集雨面积措施下柠条生长环境水量平衡做了初步分析研究。结果表明:不同的集雨面积对植树带的来水量、耗水量和水量平衡影响较大,其自然集雨面积为5 0m2 的处理比其他三个集雨面积处理中的土壤剩余量、土壤水分含量和生长量都大     

黄土高原沟壑区阳坡侧柏集水造林集蓄比试验研究

按照水量平衡原理,采用水平阶整地的方式,对黄土高原沟壑区阳坡在不同集蓄比时的土壤水分分布规律,树木耗水规律、成活率、生长量和投入费用等进行了研究,汛期是黄土高原沟壑区土壤水分盈余最大的时段,休眠期是土壤水分亏缺最大的时段。通过集水造林整地,汛期可最大限度地集蓄有效降水,提高土壤含水率,缓解春季和汛前土壤水分亏缺,提高苗木成活率并促进林木正常生长。黄土高原沟壑区阳坡造林适宜的集蓄比为4∶1,适宜的造林密度为1 000株/hm2。     

黄土高原坡面集水工程的抗旱造林技术研究

选取4种不同的坡面集水处理(有机硅、拍光、地衣和草坡)措施,探讨抗旱造林的坡面集水技术对降雨集水量、集水率的影响,以及坡面集水处理对林木生长的影响,旨在为黄土高原地区生态建设提供基础理论依据和具体的抗旱节水造林方案.结果显示,集水量和集水率最大的是有机硅处理面,而后依次是水泥处理面、地衣处理面、拍光处理面和荒草面,从生态角度考虑,地衣处理面最佳.拍光面和地衣面促进林木生长的效果远大于普通面、地衣面促进林木生长的作用大于拍光面的作用.选取6种造林密度条件下刺槐林地的水分利用效率、降水生产效率、蒸散水分生产效率和蒸腾水分生产效率进行对比分析,结果为随着刺槐造林密度的降低,其4种效率均得以提高.     

集水技术与林木生长的土壤水环境研究

该文依据多种集水技术条件下的降雨径流观测资料和林地不同空间位置上定期土壤水分观测资料，分析了在半干旱黄土地区集水造林技术与土壤水环境的关系，林木对水分的利用状况及林地水量平衡。结果表明：集水技术不仅改善了土壤水环境，而且提高了林木对降水的利用率。     

覆膜方式毛管密度和灌水下限对温室甜瓜生长的影响

为探明在日光温室内不同的覆膜方式、毛管密度、灌水下限等农艺措施对甜瓜生长及产量的影响,采用正交试验设计,研究了不同的覆膜方式(全覆膜、半覆膜、无膜)、滴灌毛管密度(1管1行、3管4行、1管2行)和灌水下限(田间持水量的60%、70%、80%)组合对日光温室甜瓜的植株生长、光合效率、生物量、产量和水分利用效率等的影响,分析了甜瓜产量与植株生长、光合效率、生物量等的关系。结果表明,半膜覆盖的根区土壤温度较高、水分分布更均匀,其叶面积指数、根鲜质量、根冠比等指标优于全膜和无膜处理,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性等也显著高于全膜和无膜处理,提高了甜瓜的生物量和产量及水分利用效率。毛管密度对甜瓜生长与产量具有显著影响,3管4行的植株鲜质量和植株干质量等均低于1管1行和1管2行处理,但茎粗、根鲜质量、根冠比等高于其他两个处理。3管4行模式有利于作物吸收更多的养分和水分,光合产物更多地向果实分配,产量比1管1行和1管2行分别提高了8.56%和3.37%,其水分利用效率也最高。灌水下限是影响甜瓜生长和产量的重要因素,与田间持水量的60%和80%比较,灌水下限为田间持水量的70%时,植株平衡生长,产量比60%时和80%时分别提高了22.58%和2.42%。全膜、半膜覆盖的水分利用效率(Irrigation water use efficiency,IWUE)分别比无膜高57.21%、56.41%,3管4行的IWUE分别比管1行和1管2行高3.54%和0.80%,灌水下限70%田间持水量的IWUE比80%时高58.46%。根据试验结果,建议日光温室的甜瓜栽培宜采用半膜覆盖,3管4行和70%田间持水量组合。     

黄土高原坡面集水工程的抗旱造林技术研究

选取4种不同的坡面集水处理（有机硅、拍光、地衣和草坡）措施,探讨抗旱造林的坡面集水技术对降雨集水量、集水率的影响,以及坡面集水处理对林木生长的影响,旨在为黄土高原地区生态建设提供了基础理论依据和具体抗旱节水造林方案。结果显示,集水量和集水率最大的是有机硅处理面,而后依次是水泥处理面,地衣处理面,拍光处理面和荒草面,从生态角度考虑,地衣处理面最佳。拍光面和地衣面促进林木生长的效果远大于普通面,地衣面促进林木生长的作用大于拍光面的作用。选取了6种造林密度条件下刺槐林地的水分利用效率、降水生产效率、蒸散水分生产效率和蒸腾水分生产效率进行对比分析,结果为随着刺槐造林密度的降低,其4种效率均得以提高。     

苜蓿生产力动态及其水分生态环境效应

根据长期田间试验实测数据 ,分析了苜蓿人工草地鲜草产量水平 ,产量随生长年限的变化 ,以及产草量和降水量的关系 ;苜蓿对肥料的敏感性较低 ,但肥料有延长苜蓿经济性生长年限的功能 ;水量平衡法计算苜蓿耗水量时 ,土层计算深度具有重要意义。当采用2m和 1 0m两种不同计算深度时 ,所得耗水量差值巨大 ,特别是在揭露水分生态环境演变趋势上 ,会得到不同结论。 1 0m测深研究结果表明 ,在黄土高原 ,苜蓿草地年蒸散量大于年降水量 ,根系吸水层达 1 0m以下 ,多年连续种植会导致土壤干燥化 ,形成生物性土壤下伏干层 ,从而对陆地水分循环路径发生影响。据此提出黄土高原草地生产要改高产目标为适度生产力目标 ,以减缓或阻止下伏干层的形成 ,并提出了相应的农业技术措施。     

干旱区灌溉饲草料地载畜量计算方法

水分是制约干旱区荒漠草原草畜平衡管理的最关键因子,解决这一问题的关键在于如何合理实现"以水定草,以草定畜,实现水草畜平衡"的思路。鉴于传统理论载畜量计算方法在产草量估测和牲畜采食量计算中存在较大误差,该文从水量平衡角度出发,提出了基于水草畜平衡的理论载畜量计算方法,以内蒙古中部达尔罕茂明安联合旗为研究区域,根据不同降水量和灌溉水量条件下的水分生产率曲线,对1 a生优质牧草青贮玉米进行估产,在分析不同体质量下绵羊采食和饮水规律的基础上,分别计算出草量载畜量和水量载畜量,以此确定理论载畜量。计算结果表明,在丰水年情景,该文方法比传统方法多6只羊/万m2,有利于提高畜牧业的经济效益;在枯水年情景,该文方法比传统方法少7只羊/万m2,有利于保护草原生态,避免草原退化。该文提出的载畜量计算方法适用于达茂旗荒漠草原,对牧区畜牧业的可持续发展和草原生态环境保护具有重要的指导作用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.