槟榔江水牛生长发育规律分析

[目的]为了探讨槟榔江水牛的生长发育规律。[方法]分别测定槟榔水公牛(225)头,水母牛(446)头的体重、体尺,利用SAS 9.0软件对测定数据进行分析。采用试位法(DUD)进行迭代求解,作出生长曲线并进行分析。[结果]表明,在该公司饲养环境下,槟榔江水牛生长发育正常;生长发育阶段的体重和体尺相关性与性别有关,母牛体重与体尺最大相关度达到98%,而公牛最大相关度为74%;公犊的初生重显著高于母犊。[结论]提示在6～12月龄要加强公牛的营养,12月龄后加强对母牛的营养。     

中国林蛙Sox基因的PCR扩增

以特异扩增人SRY基因HMG -box保守区的一对引物 ,扩增了中国林蛙Sox基因(SRY -boxgene)。结果表明 ,雄性中国林蛙扩增出了两条带 ,分子长分别为 2 5 0bp和 60 0bp ,而雌性个体中未见扩增带 ,显示了中国林蛙Sox基因在雌雄性别间有差异。本研究为探讨中国林蛙的性别决定机制及性别控制的早期鉴定提供了分子依据     

Dot immunobinding assay for detection of bovine herpesvirus 4 antibodies in rabbits.

A dot immunobinding assay (DIA) was used for the detection of antibody against bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) in experimentally infected specific-pathogen-free male and female rabbits. A semipurified virus preparation was used as the antigen, and protein A/G-horseradish-peroxidase conjugate and diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride were used as the detection system. Results of the DIA procedure on serum samples of experimentally infected male and female rabbits were compared with those of a complement-dependent virus neutralization (VN) test. None of the tested sera (0/60 samples) from either male or female rabbits were positive by the complement-dependent VN test. Results of the DIA procedure for the same tested sera were positive in 35 of 60 samples (58%) from BHV-4 infected rabbits, indicating higher sensitivity of DIA procedure as compared with the complement-dependent VN test.     

雌性动情状态和雄性等级对布氏田鼠社会行为的影响

在雄性竞争条件下,不同动情雌性布氏田鼠与雄鼠之间行为观察表明:(1)雌鼠动情状态下,优势雄鼠的攻击、自我修饰行为以及交配频次与交配时间均显著高于从属雄鼠,并具有交配优先权;优先被动情雌性选择交配。而从属雄鼠则表现出更频繁的上跳(逃跑或亢奋)行为。(2)当雌鼠处于非动情状态下,雌鼠与优势雄鼠间的相互嗅问行为频次显著高于雌鼠与从属鼠;优势鼠对雌鼠和从属雄鼠的攻击行为频次均显著高于从属鼠对雌鼠和优势雄鼠的攻击;从属鼠也表现出频繁的上跳行为。(3)在与不同雌鼠动情状态下共栖时,从属雄鼠对动情雌鼠的攻击行为频次显著高于对非动情雌鼠;优势雄鼠和从属雄鼠,与非动情雌鼠的友好行为频次均高于雌鼠;与非动情状态雌鼠共栖,雄鼠之间的友好行为频次显著高于动情雌鼠状态。(4)雌鼠动情状态和雄鼠等级会影响雌雄鼠之间的相互行为,动情雌鼠优先与优势雄鼠交配。     

Genetic correlation between growth and female and male contributions to fertility in rabbit

A Bayesian bivariate Linear-Threshold Animal Model was implemented to determine the genetic correlation between fertility (F), defined as success or failure to conceive, and average daily gain (ADG) in a rabbit line selected for ADG. A total of 27 234 records of F from 7895 females and 1293 males, and 114 135 records of ADG were used for the analysis. The pedigree included 114 485 animals. The model used for ADG included the systematic effects of year-season, parity order and number of kids born alive, the animal additive effect, the maternal and paternal permanent environmental effects, the common litter permanent environmental effect and the residual. The model for the liability of F included the systematic effects of year-season and physiological status of the female, the female and male additive genetic effects, the female and male permanent environmental effects and the residual, which was divided into a permanent environmental effect related to the common litter effect for ADG, and an independent term. The estimated heritabilities were 0.15 for ADG and 0.07 and 0.04 for the female and male contributions to F, respectively. Male and female contributions to F had a positive genetic correlation (0.34). The genetic correlation between ADG and the female component of F was low to moderate and negative (-0.31), whereas it was null for the male contribution to F. Thus, it is expected that only the female contribution to reproductive performance may be impaired by selection for ADG in rabbit lines.     

Solexa测序技术分析鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交雌性和雄性胚胎的差异microRNAs

分别从孵化3d的已鉴定性别的鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交早期雌性和雄性胚胎组织中提取小RNA,并构建各自的cDNA文库,通过Illumina／Solexa二代测序平台对两样本SmallRNA进行高通量深度测序,结合生物信息学的方法对其属间杂交早期的雌性和雄性胚胎中已知的和预测的miRNAs的类型、长度、丰度以及参与的KEGG通路等进行了初步的统计和分析。结果显示,鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交早期雌性胚胎组织的比对序列有16058009条,雄性组织有17943294条;雌性胚胎预测得到132种miRNA,雄性胚胎预测得到460种miRNA;雌性和雄性样本间差异显著的miRNA有117个（P〈0．01）;KEGG通路分析表明,这些差异miRNAs的靶基因主要参与了wnt信号通路、MAPK信号通路、TGF-beta信号通路等与胚胎生长发育相关的途径。结果表明,就已知的miRNAs而言,在鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交雌性和雄性胚胎问存在着一定的差异,这些差异的miRNAs将为后续的功能和调控机理实验研究提供依据。     

Male Burmese pythons follow female scent trails and show sex‐specific behaviors

Animals communicate with potential mates using species‐specific signals, and pheromones are powerful sexual signals that modify conspecific behavior to facilitate mate location. Among the vertebrates, snakes are especially adept in mate searching via chemical trailing, which is particularly relevant given that many snake species are invasive outside their native ranges. Chemical signals used in mate choice are, thus, potentially valuable tools for management of invasive snake species. The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is an invasive snake in the Florida Everglades where it is negatively impacting native fauna. In this study, we sought to: (i) determine if males can follow conspecific chemical trails in a Y‐maze; and (ii) describe the mate searching behaviors exhibited by males while trailing. All males consistently followed a single female scent trail in the maze, but when only a male scent trail was present they did not discriminate between the male and blank arms. Rate of tongue‐flicking, a proxy for chemosensory sampling, was also marginally higher when males were following female versus male scent trails. However, when both female and male scent trails were simultaneously present in the Y‐maze, males did not show a preference for the female arm, although the tongue‐flick rate was higher in the female‐only trial compared to female versus male. Analyses of multiple male behaviors individually and using an ethogram revealed that behaviors were more frequent and complex in the female‐only trials compared to male‐only trials. Additional behavioral trials are needed to determine if an effective pheromonal approach to Burmese python management is possible.     

Steroid hormone concentration profiles in healthy intact and neutered dogs before and after cosyntropin administration

The purpose of this study was to determine steroid hormone concentration profiles in healthy intact and neutered male and female dogs. Seventeen intact female dogs, 20 intact male dogs, 30 spayed female dogs, and 30 castrated male dogs were used in this study. Serum samples were collected before and 1h after cosyntropin administration, and serum concentrations were determined for cortisol, progesterone, 17-OH progesterone (17-OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, testosterone, and estradiol. Intact male dogs had greater concentrations of DHEAS, androstenedione, and testosterone. Intact female dogs had greater concentrations of progesterone. There was no significant difference in estradiol concentration among the four groups. Intact male dogs had lower concentrations of cortisol post-stimulation. DHEAS and testosterone did not increase in response to ACTH in intact males, and estradiol concentrations did not increase in response to ACTH in any group. Results from this study will enhance interpretation of suspected adrenal and/or gonadal disorders of dogs. Because estradiol concentrations were similar in all groups of dogs, measuring estradiol may not be a useful diagnostic test. Cortisol concentrations for intact male dogs with hyperadrenocorticism may be lower than those of female or neutered dogs.     

SPF级新西兰兔血液生理生化指标的测定

为了解SPF级新西兰兔血液生理生化指标 ,为毒理学实验提供相关的实验动物背景资料 ,试验测定了SPF级新西兰雌、雄兔各 1 0只的 3 4个血液生理生化指标 ,并且对其进行比较。结果显示 ,SPF级新西兰雌、雄兔之间的血液成分中除了红细胞平均体积和血小板压积值有显著性差异外 (P <0 .0 5) ,其它各项指标几乎没有显著性差异。     

朝鲜龙城系鹌鹑适宜配种年龄的研究

本试验用三组交配试验测定了朝鲜龙城系鹌鹑的适宜初配年龄。结果表明成年公鹑与青年母鹑交配，青年母鹑在５７～６３日龄时，受精率达８８．８９％，受精蛋孵化率为９１．６７％，健雏率达９８．７０％。成年母鹑与青年公鹑交配，青年公鹑在５７～６３日龄时，受精率可达８８．２０％，受精蛋孵化率达９３．６９％．健雏率达９２．３１％。青年公鹑与青年母鹑交配，在６４～７０日龄时，受精率为８７．０３％，受精蛋孵化率为８９．８５％，健雏率为９７．３８％。提示朝鲜龙城系鹌鹑６４日龄就可作种用。     

人工授精技术在骡鸭生产中的应用

番鸭与家鸭为不同属的鸭种,自然交配受精率较低,平均受精率为30%～40%。本研究采用人工授精技术,对公番鸭进行隔离调教,按摩法采精,母家鸭以翻肛法输精。结果表明:公番鸭调教1周即可使用,每天采精1次,采精量可达0.8毫升/只;精子在输精后第4天活力最强,两次输精间隔以4天为宜;常温下采出的新鲜精液应在30分钟用完;每只母家鸭每次输精0.05毫升,种蛋受精率平均达71.5%。     

白羽番鸭生长曲线拟合比较分析

试验测定不同性别法国白羽番鸭早期体重,用Logistic、Von Bertalanffy和Gompertz 3种非线性生长模型拟合其生长曲线。研究结果表明,白羽番鸭公鸭、母鸭4周龄前生长缓慢,后期公鸭生长快于母鸭;通过比较拟合优度（R2）、残差平方和（E）和进行适合性χ2检验结果发现,Gompertz模型拟合效果最佳。进一步比较不同性别Gompertz模型拟合参数,结果发现公鸭与母鸭相比,有较高的初始体重、极限体重、最大周增重和拐点体重,较低的初始生长速度。公鸭拐点周龄为7.03周,较母鸭的5.37周龄晚;公鸭4周龄前相对生长率小于母鸭,4周龄后则超过母鸭,绝对生长率差异较大。     

不同窝箱环境对育成期水貂生长性能的影响

选择45日龄健康公母水貂各50只,随机分为5组,每组10个重复,其中A、AB、AC、AD组均为新型窝箱且构造各不相同,E组为传统窝箱。结果表明:窝箱环境对母貂的体重没有显著影响(P>0.05);AD组公貂的体重明显低于其他各组,与E组差异显著(P<0.05);不同组别水貂采食量所呈现的差异性基本上与水貂体重所呈现的差异性大体一致;窝箱环境对水貂干物质和蛋白质消化率没有显著性作用(P>0.05);不同组间母貂的氮代谢水平基本一致(P>0.05),E组公貂食入氮和粪氮最高,但在氮沉积和净蛋白利用率上与其他各组不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);AC窝箱干净度最高,各组间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。由此得出:窝箱环境不能影响饲粮营养物质的消化代谢能力,但能影响公貂的采食量及体重。     

日粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸水平对不同性别肉鸡生长性能的影响

本试验研究日粮赖氨酸或蛋氨酸水平对不同性别肉鸡生长性能的影响以及与血清总蛋白和尿酸含量之间的关系。试验１日粮采用３个赖氨酸水平（１．２％，１．３％和１．３５％）。试验２日粮采用３个蛋氨酸水平（０．２５％，０．４５％和０．５５％）。结果表明，公鸡比母鸡生长速度快（１４％～１６％），饲料报酬高。公鸡随着日龄的增长，对日粮赖氨酸的需求降低，从１．３５％降至１．２％。采食较低水平的赖氨酸（１．２％），母鸡就可达到较快的生长速度。母鸡比公鸡较早地可以降低其日粮中的蛋氨酸水平。本试验的结论是，公母肉鸡对日粮赖氨酸或蛋氨酸的需求与利用具有不同的特点。母鸡对日粮中赖氨酸或蛋氨酸的需求比公鸡低，利用效率比公鸡高。母鸡的生长速度与其血清中尿酸水平呈显著的负相关。母鸡的生长速度越快，其血清中的尿酸水平越低。     

不同性别雷州黑鸭屠宰性能及肉品质的测定

随机选取60只健康无病的300日龄雷州黑羽鸭,公、母各半,进行屠宰试验及肉品质分析。结果表明,公鸭全净膛率和瘦肉率显著高于母鸭(P<0.05);母鸭腹脂率和皮脂率极显著高于公鸭(P<0.01),而胸肌率却极显著低于公鸭(P<0.01);公、母鸭胸肌肉色(L、a、b值)、腿肌蒸煮损失率和胸肌嫩度均存在极显著差异(P<0.01);母鸭胸肌脂肪含量显著高于公鸭(P<0.05),胸肌和腿肌粗蛋白质含量极显著高于公鸭(P<0.01)。提示,雷州黑鸭屠宰率和全净膛率都较高,母鸭肉质和肌肉营养成分高于公鸭,胸肌优于腿肌。     

氟化物对不同抗性家蚕品种的GST和AChE酶活性影响及雌雄个体间的酶活性差异

为了探明家蚕的耐氟性机制以及耐氟性在不同性别蚕体间的差异,以家蚕耐氟品种T6和氟化物敏感品种734为材料,自5龄起蚕开始分雌雄喂食清水和200 mg/kg NaF溶液浸泡后的桑叶,检测幼虫中肠谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)和头部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性变化。添食氟化物后耐氟和敏感家蚕品种5龄幼虫中肠的GST活力随添氟时间的变化趋势与对照组比较一致,且与对照组相比酶活性均呈增高趋势;敏感品种734添氟组5龄雌蚕的GST平均活力为雄蚕的1.486倍,耐氟品种T6添氟组5龄雌蚕的GST平均活力为雄蚕的1.529倍。敏感品种734对照组5龄幼虫在试验第3天头部的AChE酶活性显著升高,但添氟组雄蚕在试验第2天AChE酶活性即显著升高,而雌蚕的AChE酶活性在整个5龄试验期均呈平缓下降趋势;耐氟品种T6添氟组5龄雌、雄幼虫的AChE活力与对照组差异不大,酶活力随添氟时间的变化趋势也与对照组较为一致,均在第3天出现最低值;2个品种添氟组AChE酶活性的性别差异与GST相反,即雄蚕的AChE平均活力大于雌蚕。推测氟化物处理后耐氟家蚕品种仍然能够保持AChE酶活性水平,从而呈现对氟化物的耐受性;2种类型解毒酶活力在雌雄家蚕间的差异可能暗示同一品种雄蚕的耐氟能力较多涉及靶标抗性,而雌蚕的耐氟能力较多依赖于代谢抗性。     

不同公母配比对提高豪猪繁殖性能的影响

为探讨不同公母配比对提高豪猪产仔数、存活数等繁殖性能的影响。选取2岁左右、胎次及产仔数相近的成年豪猪92只(32公60母),随机分为5组,每组4个重复,分别按1公1母、1公2母、1公3母、2公5母、3公4母搭配分成5种试验方案,各组采用相同的日粮进行饲喂,经过1年的试验,期间记录各组豪猪的流产母豪猪数、产仔母豪猪数、产仔数、食仔数、成活仔豪猪数。结果表明:5种不同的公母搭配中,公母配比为1公2母的产仔率和仔豪猪的成活率分别达到了87.50%、94.12%,平均产仔数为2.13只,繁殖性能和经济效益最理想。     

东北民猪生殖腺发育的组织学观察

选用不同日龄东北民猪母猪16头和公猪18头,进行卵巢和睾丸的组织学观察。结果表明,母猪在90日龄时均出现成熟卵泡,并且有1头试猪出现黄体;公猪90日龄时曲细精管出现精子,120日龄时附睾内出现精子。     

Male to female ratios for broiler‐type and egg production‐type breeders 1

Two experiments using commercial broiler‐type breeders and one experiment using commercial egg production‐type breeders were conducted to determine the effect of male to female ratios on fertility and hatchability. Breeding pens were made up with 36 females and 4, 3, 2 or 1 male(s) per pen giving ratios of one male to 9, 12, 18 and 36 females. Five replicate pens were used per treatment.

Within the ratios and genetic strains used, maximum fertility was obtained with male to female ratios of 1 to 12 with broiler‐type breeders and 1 to 18 with egg production‐type breeders. It is concluded that using fewer females per male than in these ratios would be unwarranted and in some cases more females per male would be feasible.

Hatchability of fertile eggs was not affected by male to female ratios.     

鹌鹑早期胚胎bcl-2基因表达的差异及发育性变化

采用RT-PCR方法,用Wpkci和β-actin引物进行多重PCR鉴定66～120 h鹌鹑胚胎样本性别后,选取不同时间点雌、雄胚胎各4枚,以β-actin为内标,测定bcl-2 mRNA的相对丰度;探讨bcl-2对鹌鹑早期胚胎发育的影响。结果表明：①雄性胚胎在66～90 h bcl-2 mRNA表达量一直维持在较低水平,96～102 h bcl-2 mRNA有所增加,但96与102 h间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,在108 h显著降低（P＜0.05）;与108 h相比,114 h显著升高,120 h维持在较高水平。雄性胚胎在66～108 h（72 h除外）bcl-2 mRNA表达均比雌性胚胎的表达量低,在114～120 h bcl-2 mRNA表达水平均比雌性胚胎的高。②雌性胚胎在66～90 h bcl-2 mRNA表达量一直维持在较低水平;与90 h相比,96 h显著升高,96～120 h逐渐降低,其中96～108 h下降,但三者间差异不显著（P＞0.05）;与108 h相比,114～120 h显著下降（P＜0.05）。③相同时间点雌、雄胚胎间的比较结果表明,84 h雌性胚胎bcl-2 mRNA表达显著高于雄性胚胎（P＜0.05）,90、108 h雌性胚胎bcl-2 mRNA表达极显著高于雄性胚胎（P＜0.01）;而在120 h雄性胚胎bcl-2 mRNA表达极显著高于雌性胚胎（P＜0.01）。鹌鹑胚胎发育早期,雌、雄样本bcl-2 mRNA表达存在一定的时序性,说明bcl-2对雌、雄鹌鹑早期分化及早期胚胎发育有重要影响。