Effects of meperidine or saline on thermal, mechanical and electrical nociceptive thresholds in cats

ObjectiveTo measure cutaneous electrical nociceptive thresholds in relation to known thermal and mechanical stimulation for nociceptive threshold detection in cats.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized cross-over study with 1-week washout interval.AnimalsEight adult cats [bodyweight 5.1 ± 1.8 kg (mean + SD)].MethodsMechanical nociceptive thresholds were tested using a step-wise manual inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder attached to the cat’s thoracic limb. Thermal nociceptive thresholds were measured by increasing the temperature of a probe placed on the thorax. The electrical nociceptive threshold was tested using an escalating current from a constant current generator passed between electrodes placed on the thoracic region. A positive response (threshold) was recorded when cats displayed any or all of the following behaviors: leg shake, head turn, avoidance, or vocalization. Four baseline readings were performed before intramuscular injection of meperidine (5 mg kg⁻¹) or an equal volume of saline. Threshold recordings with each modality were made at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-injection. Data were analyzed using anova and paired t-tests (significance at p < 0.05).ResultsThere were no significant changes in thermal, mechanical, or electrical thresholds after saline. Thermal thresholds increased at 15–60 minutes (p < 0.01) and mechanical threshold increased at 30 and 45 minutes after meperidine (p < 0.05). Maximum thermal threshold was +4.1 ± 0.3 °C above baseline at 15 minutes while maximum mechanical threshold was 296 ± 265 mmHg above baseline at 30 minutes after meperidine. Electrical thresholds following meperidine were not significantly different than baseline (p > 0.05). Thermal and electrical thresholds after meperidine were significantly higher than saline at 30 and 45 minutes (p < 0.05), and at 120 minutes (p < 0.05), respectively. Mechanical thresholds were significantly higher than saline treatment at 30 minutes (p ≤ 0.05).Conclusion and clinical relevanceElectrical stimulation did not detect meperidine analgesia whereas both thermal and mechanical thresholds changed after meperidine administration in cats.     

The effects of chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone on spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses without clinical signs

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Common methods used to treat back problems in horses need to be assessed objectively. OBJECTIVES: To measure spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and evaluate the effects of chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone, compared with active and inactive control groups. METHODS: Baseline MNTs at 7 sites within the thoracolumbar and sacral regions were measured in 38 healthy mature horses exhibiting no clinical signs of lumbar pain. Horses were assigned to one of 3 treatment groups: instrument-assisted chiropractic treatment, therapeutic massage and phenylbutazone; or 2 control groups: ridden exercise (active control) or routine paddock turnout with no ridden exercise (inactive control). MNT measurements were repeated at 1, 3 and 7 days post treatment. The percentage change from baseline MNT values was calculated within groups. RESULTS: On Day 7, the median MNT had increased by 27, 12 and 8% in the chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone groups, respectively. MNT changes of <1% were seen within the active and inactive control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Chiropractic treatment and massage therapy increased spinal MNTs within horses not exhibiting signs of lumbar pain. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Pressure algometry provides an objective tool to evaluate the effects of commonly used, but currently unproven treatment modalities on spinal MNTs. Future studies need to evaluate combined treatment effects and longer-term MNT changes in horses with documented back pain.     

Mechanical nociceptive thresholds within the pastern region of Tennessee Walking Horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: 'Soring' is the term used to describe the application of an irritant to the distal forelimbs of gaited horses with the sole intent of inflicting pain and inducing altered gait, illegally practiced in Tennessee Walking Horses. Objective methods for the detection of limb pain due to this practice are, however, lacking. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether Tennessee Walking Horses respond to manual pressures相似文献   

Effects of acepromazine, butorphanol and buprenorphine on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses

Reasons for performing study: To investigate the antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine administered in combination with acepromazine in horses and to establish an effective dose for use in a clinical environment. Objectives: To evaluate the responses to thermal and mechanical stimulation following administration of 3 doses of buprenorphine compared to positive (butorphanol) and negative (glucose) controls. Methods: Observer blinded, randomised, crossover design using 6 Thoroughbred geldings (3–10 years, 500–560 kg). Thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured 3 times at 15 min intervals. Horses then received acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg bwt with one of 5 treatments i.v.: 5% glucose (Glu), butorphanol 100 µg/kg bwt (But) buprenorphine 5 µg/kg bwt (Bup5), buprenorphine 7.5 µg/kg bwt (Bup7.5) and buprenorphine 10 µg/kg bwt (Bup10). Thresholds were measured 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 230 min, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 24 h post treatment administration. The 95% confidence intervals for threshold temperature (ΔT) for each horse were calculated and an antinociceptive effect defined as ΔT, which was higher than the upper limit of the confidence interval. Duration of thermal antinociception was analysed using a within‐subjects ANOVA and peak mechanical thresholds with a general linear model with post hoc Tukey tests. Significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Mean (± s.d.) durations of thermal antinociception following treatment administration were: Glu 0.5 (1.1), But 2.9 (2.0), Bup5 7.4 (2.3), Bup7.5 7.8 (2.7) and Bup10 9.4 (1.1) h. B5, B7.5 and B10 were significantly different from Glu and But. No serious adverse effects occurred, although determination of mechanical thresholds was confounded by locomotor stimulation. Conclusions: Administration of acepromazine and all doses of buprenorphine produced antinociception to a thermal stimulus for significantly longer than acepromazine and either butorphanol or glucose. Potential relevance: This study suggests that buprenorphine has considerable potential as an analgesic in horses and should be examined further under clinical conditions and by investigation of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile.     

Assessment of a carbon dioxide laser for the measurement of thermal nociceptive thresholds following intramuscular administration of analgesic drugs in pain‐free female cats

ObjectiveTo assess the potential of a thermal carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser to explore antinociception in pain-free cats.Study designExperimental, prospective, blinded, randomized study.AnimalsSixty healthy adult female cats with a (mean ± standard deviation) weight of 3.3 ± 0.6 kg.MethodsCats were systematically allocated to one of six treatments: saline 0.2 mL per cat; morphine 0.5 mg kg⁻¹; buprenorphine 20 μg kg⁻¹; medetomidine 2 μg kg⁻¹; tramadol 2 mg kg⁻¹, and ketoprofen 2 mg kg⁻¹. Latency to respond to thermal stimulation was assessed at baseline and at intervals of 15–30, 30–45, 45–60, 60–75, 90–105 and 120–135 minutes. Thermal thresholds were assessed using time to respond behaviourally to stimulation with a 500 mW CO₂ laser. Within-treatment differences in response latency were assessed using Friedman’s test. Differences amongst treatments were assessed using independent Kruskal–Wallis tests. Where significant effects were identified, pairwise comparisons were conducted to elucidate the direction of the effect.ResultsCats treated with morphine (X² = 12.90, df = 6, p = 0.045) and tramadol (X² = 20.28, df = 6, p = 0.002) showed significant increases in latency to respond. However, subsequent pairwise comparisons indicated that differences in latencies at specific time-points were significant (p < 0.05) only for tramadol at 60–75 and 90–105 minutes after administration (21.9 and 43.6 seconds, respectively) in comparison with baseline (11.0 seconds). No significant pairwise comparisons were found within the morphine treatment. Injections of saline, ketoprofen, medetomidine or buprenorphine showed no significant effect on latency to respond.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe CO₂ laser technique may have utility in the assessment of thermal nociceptive thresholds in pain-free cats after analgesic administration and may provide a simpler alternative to existing systems. Further exploration is required to examine its sensitivity and comparative utility.     

The influence of various confounding factors on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the donkey

ObjectiveTo evaluate a mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing device in the donkey, and to investigate the influence of potential confounders on MNTs generated.Study designProspective, randomised.AnimalsSixteen castrated male donkeys aged 4–9 years, weighing 105–170 kg.MethodsMechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured using an actuator with three pins placed on the dorsal aspect of the distal limb, connected to a force meter. The pins (surface area 15 mm²) were extruded onto the limb by pressurising an air-filled syringe, until the MNT force (when foot-lift was observed) or 25 N (cut-off force) was reached. Effect on MNT of presence of a companion donkey, the limb tested, rate of application of force, testing location, level of distraction, ambient temperature and hair cover at the test site was evaluated. Long and short-term repeatability of MNT was assessed. Data were analysed using general linear models and Mann–Whitney U tests, p < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsIncreasing the rate of force application significantly increased the mean ± SD MNT from 9.2 ± 2.0 N when applied at 0.4 N sec^?1 to 10.6 ± 2.1 N when applied at 1.2 N sec^?1 (p = 0.001). No other factors significantly influenced MNT. Mean MNT remained stable over a 3 week period, however MNTs were significantly (p = 0.006) higher (12.8 ± 3.0 N cf 10.3 ± 1.9 N) after a 12 month interval.Conclusions and clinical relevanceWhen designing studies measuring MNT in donkeys, rate of application of force must be standardised. Donkeys’ MNTs have good short-term stability suggesting this technique is appropriate for short-term analgesiometry studies; however variability of MNTs over the long-term is greater.     

Use of nociceptive threshold testing in cats in experimental and clinical settings: a qualitative review

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to review the scientific articles on the use of nociceptive threshold testing (NTT) in cats and to summarize the clinical and experimental applications in this species.Databases usedPertinent literature was searched with PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Universitätsbibliothek Basel (swissbib Basel Bern) and Google Scholar. The search was then refined manually based first on article titles and abstracts, and subsequently on full texts.ConclusionsOf the four classical acute nociceptive models used for NTT, thermal and mechanical are most commonly used in cats. Thermal stimulation is applicable in experimental settings and has been used in pharmacodynamics studies assessing feline antinociception. Although mechanical stimulation is currently less used in cats, in the future it might play a role in the evaluation of clinical feline pain. However, the low response reliability after stimulus repetition within a narrow time interval represents a major limitation for the clinical use of mechanical thresholds in this species. Challenges remain when thermal thresholds are used to investigate analgesics that have the potential to affect skin temperature, such as opioids and α2-adrenergic agonists, and when a model of inflammatory pain is reproduced in experimental cats with the purpose of evaluating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as analgesics.     

Effects of buprenorphine, carprofen and saline on thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds in cats

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a prototype pressure stimulus device for use in the cat and to compare with a known thermal threshold device. ANIMALS: Eight healthy adult cats weighing between 3.0 and 4.9 kg. METHODS: Pressure stimulation was given via a plastic bracelet taped around the forearm. Three 2.4 mm diameter ball bearings, in a 10-mm triangle, were advanced against the craniolateral surface of the antebrachium by manual inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder. Pressure in the cuff was recorded at the end point (leg shake and head turn). Thermal threshold was also tested. Stimuli were stopped if they reached 55 degrees C or 450 mmHg without response. After four pressure and thermal threshold baselines, each cat received SC buprenorphine 0.01 mg kg(-1), carprofen 4 mg kg(-1) or saline 0.3 mL in a three period cross-over study with a 1-week interval. The investigator was blinded to the treatment. Measurements were made at 0.25. 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after injection. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in thermal or pressure threshold after administration of saline or carprofen, but thermal threshold increased from 60 minutes until 8 hours after administration of buprenorphine (p < 0.05). The maximum increase in threshold from baseline (DeltaT(max)) was 3.5 +/- 3.1 degrees C at 2 hours. Pressure threshold increased 2 hours after administration of buprenorphine (p < 0.05) when the increase in threshold above baseline (DeltaP(max)) was 162 +/- 189 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This pressure device resulted in thresholds that were affected by analgesic treatment in a similar manner but to a lesser degree than the thermal method. Pressure stimulation may be a useful additional method for analgesic studies in cats.     

The effect of immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide on an experimental porcine enterovirus infection in piglets.

Eleven specific pathogen-free, five week old piglets were infected orally with the T80 strain of porcine enterovirus type 2. Three days after infection, five of the piglets were treated with cyclophosphamide, together with two of four uninfected control piglets. The treated, infected piglets developed severe diarrhea, and one showed signs of encephalomyelitis. These piglets showed no virological evidence of recovery from the infection, since the virus persisted throughout the intestinal tract, and they failed to mount a serological response. It was concluded that immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide impaired the normal recovery mechanisms in this infection, providing further evidence that the humoral immune response is an important defence mechanism against porcine enterovirus infection in piglets.     

国内部分地区猪场猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的检测及高致病性毒株的分离与毒力鉴定

为了解国内部分地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的流行情况,采用国标RT-PCR方法,对2017至2019年间来自全国14个省(市)的不同规模化猪场的1 441份病料进行了PRRSV检测,并对分离到的高致病性PRRSV(HP-PRRSV)毒株进行了分子特性和致病特性研究。结果表明,猪场PRRSV阳性率为22.14%,其中HP-PRRSV占到了阳性样品的49.84%;筛选部分病料分别接种猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)和Marc-145细胞,成功分离到1株病毒,经电镜观察和间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)鉴定为PRRSV,并命名为RP19。对RP19毒株nsp2和ORF5基因序列分析表明,RP19与高致病性毒株TJ的序列相似度最高,并且其nsp2基因编码区含有特征性的(29+1)个氨基酸缺失。以10^5.0 TCID₅₀/mL的攻毒剂量在5周龄的仔猪上进行动物回归试验。结果显示,与对照组相比,RP19的攻毒组仔猪的日增重显著减少,体温升高,出现咳嗽、身体颤抖以及后肢麻痹等严重的临床症状,且有1头仔猪出现死亡,说明RP19有较强毒力。病理组织学结果显示,病...     

耐热素对猪饲粮养分消化率的影响

选取杜×长×大三元杂交肥育猪48头,随机分成3组,即对照组、试验1组和试验2组。对3组猪的试验处理如下:用基础饲粮直接喂对照组猪;在基础饲粮中加0.5%耐热素A后,喂试验1组的猪;将基础饲粮中食盐含量降到0.2%,再加0.5%耐热素B后,喂试验2组的猪。饲养试验期为54d。试验结果如下:试验1、2组猪的体温均在不同程度上低于对照组猪,但差异不显著(P>0.05);在高温下,耐热素能较好地维持猪健康状态;试验1组猪饲粮中的粗纤维(CF)、粗灰分(Ash)、钙、磷的消化率均显著地高于对照组(P<0.05),粗脂肪(EE)、粗蛋白(CP)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、干物质(DM)的消化率也比对照组高,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验表明,耐热素A在高温下对维持猪体健康和提高饲粮养分消化率有积极的作用。     

Adenosine deaminase and porcine meat quality. I. Effect of dipyridamole on plasma free fatty acids, glucose, lactate and c-AMP in pigs representing high and low red cell adenosine deaminase activity

The effect of dipyridamole--an adenosine uptake inhibitor--on the plasma concentration of free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, lactate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been examined in 2 groups of Landrace pigs representing low (Ada 0) and high (Ada A) red cell adenosine deaminase (Ada) activity. Pigs fitted with a jugular vein catheter were given dipyridamole (0.16 mg/kg/min) over a period of 30 min. The infusions were performed 22 h after the last meal at a time where pigs were found to show steady increase and decline in rates of lipolysis and glycogenolysis, respectively. The results showed that lipid mobilization as identified by the plasma FFA concentration was markedly depressed. During the infusion of dipyridamole similar degree of inhibition was seen in Ada 0 and Ada A pigs, however, in the period following the infusion, a significantly stronger suppression persisted in the Ada 0 pigs. Both the blood glucose and lactate level rose distinctly as a result of the dipyridamole treatment. This stimulation of the glycolysis rate was significantly more expressed in Ada 0 pigs compared to that of the Ada A pigs. When theophylline, an antagonist of adenosine, was given together with dipyridamole, the rise in the lactate level was considerably diminished. Dipyridamole also produced a distinct rise in the plasma cAMP levels.     

Evaluation of serovar-independent ELISA antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs, following experimental challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida

Objective To compare the sensitivity and specificity of six serological enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on serovar‐independent antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and investigate cross‐reactivity in disease‐free pigs challenged with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Design Five experimental pig trials using direct challenge with App serovars 1, 7 or 15 or direct challenge with M. hyopneumoniae and/or various dose rates of P. multocida. Procedure A 39‐kDa outer membrane protein antigen and five recombinant antigens from the apxIVA gene of App were evaluated. The latter were derived from the ApxIVA N‐terminus (ApxIVA‐N, ApxIVA‐NP, ApxIVA‐NPS) or C‐terminus (ApxIVA‐C, ApxIVA‐CP). Pigs were sampled after challenge and clinical and necropsy findings evaluated. Results The 39‐kDa ELISA had high sensitivity but lacked specificity, with significantly increased cross‐reactivity following P. multocida challenge. ELISAs based on ApxIVA N‐terminus antigens were significantly more sensitive than C‐terminus antigens for the detection of App‐induced disease. Although ApxIVA‐N and ApxIVA‐NP ELISAs had increased reactivity following P. multocida challenge, they retained high specificity for App‐induced disease (90–93%). Affinity purified ApxIVA‐NP antigen had marginally better specificity than ApxIVA‐N, without reduced sensitivity. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae did not affect serological cross‐reactivity. In disease‐free pigs, the specificity of the ApxIVA‐NPS ELISA may be adversely affected by nasal carriage of apparently low‐virulence App strains. Conclusions ApxIVA‐N‐based ELISAs can be used for evaluating App status in commercial herds, but some appear limited by high carriage rates of low‐virulence App. The 39‐kDa antigen is only of merit in exclusion of App disease by negative serology.     

Effect of nose ringing and stocking rate of pregnant and lactating outdoor sows on exploratory behaviour, grass cover and nutrient loss potential

Nose ringing of outdoor sows is practiced to reduce grass sward damage for environmental reasons but conflicts with natural behaviour considerations. We investigated effects of ringing pregnant and lactating outdoor sows on foraging and explorative behaviour, grass cover and nutrient deposition. The experiment included both ringed and unringed sows. For unringed sows the paddocks were either used continuously throughout the experiment or divided into two and sows were moved half way through the experimental period leaving the first used paddock for regrowth. Ringing did not prevent the sow's rooting, but rooting was less pronounced, when sows were ringed. On average, ringing increased grass cover from 14% to 38% and from 64% to 81% in paddocks with pregnant and lactating sows, respectively. In paddocks with unringed sows kept at a double density and followed by a resting period, the grass cover in autumn was restored to a high degree in paddocks with pregnant sows. In lactating sow paddocks the level of inorganic N was high but with no significant relation to extent of grass cover. In pregnant sow paddocks the soil inorganic N content was significantly reduced by increased grass cover and at 60% grass cover soil inorganic N content was at a low level. From the experiment it was evident that although ringing did have a positive environmental effect, it was not the main factor influencing potential losses. Management choices in terms of feeding, animal density and nutrient distribution are considered to be at least as important.     

The effect of isolation and separation on the metabolism of sheep

For experimental purposes sheep are often isolated and/or separated from their conspecifics. In an experiment carried out with 12 Flevolander sheep which were put on a standard ration, we investigated how sheep react to the shift from a loose social housing system to a confined isolated environment (respiration chamber) where they remained for at least 10 days. Moreover we determined how many shifts it takes before the metabolism of the animal is completely adapted and no longer under stress in the less ideal environment.The main and most sensitive reaction after abrupt isolation is a significant increase in metabolic rate as estimated by heat production. Further, the digestive system reacts with a significant decrease in apparent digestibility. The haematocrit (PCV) increased significantly after isolation. All the analysed or calculated physiological parameters on the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and energy (E) and on energy balance (EB), heat production (HP) and haematocrit (PCV) are significantly different for all sheep and periods at the 0.01 level. When the animals were moved for the 4th time into the respiration chamber, the apparent digestibility of the standard ration, the EB and PCV did not differ significantly from the consecutive periods. For metabolic rate (HP) we consider the sheep adapted in the 5th period.The economic importance of keeping sheep under stress free conditions is clearly demonstrated.     

Effects of transdermal lidocaine or lidocaine with prilocaine or tetracaine on mechanical superficial sensation and nociceptive thermal thresholds in horses

Objective

To evaluate the transdermal local anaesthetic effect of lidocaine or lidocaine combined with prilocaine or tetracaine in horses.

Effect of lairage time,behaviour and gender on stress and meat quality parameters in pigs

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of lairage time (short vs. long), behavior (aggressive vs. non‐aggressive) and gender (gilts, barrows and boars) on stress and meat quality parameters in pigs (n = 100). In the group with short lairage, aggressive behavior of gilts and boars was observed. At exsanguination, blood samples were collected and levels of blood lactate and plasma cortisol were determined. Post mortem pH value, temperature, drip loss, sensory and instrumental color and meat quality class were determined on the muscle Longissimus dorsi. Higher blood lactate concentration (P < 0.05) and skin blemish score (P <0.001), lower temperature (P < 0.05) and drip loss (P < 0.01), as well as darker, less red and yellow meat color (P < 0.001) were found after long lairage compared to short lairage. Gilts had higher plasma cortisol concentrations than barrows (P < 0.05), while barrows had lower skin blemish scores (P < 0.05) than gilts and boars after long lairage. The highest incidence of PSE (pale, soft and exudative) meat was observed in barrows (100.00%) and boars (91.67%) after short lairage, while the lowest incidence of PSE meat was found in barrows (28.89%) after long lairage. Aggressiveness affected meat temperature, as aggressive pigs had higher meat temperature (P < 0.05) than non‐aggressive pigs.     

The effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf supplementation on the growth performance, blood and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf (EUL) supplementation on the growth performance, blood and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs. Ninety gilts (L × LW × D, 20 kg initialBW) were housed 10 per pen in a front‐open building with three replicate pens per treatment. Experimental treatment was started from the beginning of the growing stage (20 ± 3 kg) by supplementing EUL at 0(C), 3(T1) and 5% (T2) to the growing and finishing diet. Pigs were slaughtered by electrical stunning at 105 ± 3 kg live weight. Average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg/day) decreased (P < 0.05) by addition of EUL in growth performance, average daily gain (ADG, kg/day) was lower (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. In hematology, leukocytes (WBC, 10³/mm³) decreased (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Erythrocytes (RBC, 10⁶/mm³), hemoglobin (HGB, g/dL) and hematocrit (HCT, %) increased (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Platelet (PLT, 10³/mm³) was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than in C and T1. In biochemical composition of serum, total protein (g/dL), r‐GTP (μ/L), total cholesterol (mg/dL) and triglycerides (mg/dL) were lower (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. On longissimus dorsi muscle, crude protein was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 than in C. Crude ash was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Yellow to blue color scale (CIE b*) in meat color was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in C. CIE b* in back fat color was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in the other treatments. In sensory evaluation scores for fresh meat, the values of meat color, fat color, drip loss and marbling were not significantly affected by addition of EUL. In cooked meat, the values of chewiness and overall acceptability were higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. The results indicate that the addition of EUL affected growth performance, blood parameters and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs.